







                        UNIX



                       ॢ ..













                    ᪢     1991




                                  - 1 -


1.  
   ⥬ UNIX   ࠧࠡ⠭      ࠧ  Computing
Science Research Group  Bell Labs   -  
. ਭ樯  ஥ 뫨 ᠭ ࢮ砫쭮  -
 ⥩ ୠ ⮩  [1],  ࠧ ᯥ  -
짮 -  拉  [2,3,4].

1.1.   UNIX
    - ࠢ ᭮묨 ᠬ (,  -
⨢ )  ਩묨 ன⢠    ࠭-
  ( ᪨,  , ਭ, -
,  裡  ..).
    ⥬ () ࣠    -
ன⢠ ࠭.
   Shell -   :  蠥  ନ 
࠭᫨        .

1.2. ᭮ ᢮⢠ UNIX
                             ------       ------
   ࠪ⨢:            <=====>UNIX
                             ------       ------
   ⨧筮: ᪮쪮 ,  ᮢ;  -
,    " " (back ground);  
    ⢥, ⮡ த - 
(  䮭).
   짮⥫᪠ ⥬ -  ᫥⢨ ।饣
᢮⢠:

                                  - 2 -
                                 ---------    \
                             --->     
                                ---------    
                     ------     ---------    
                       --+-->    
          ------  -->------      ---------    
          UNIX==                           ->  ()
          ------  -->------      ---------    
                       --+-->    
                     ------     ---------    
                                ---------    
                             --->    
                                 ---------    /

1.3. 모 ணࠬ஢  UNIX
   - , ,  ᯮ  ᥣ;
   - ,    㣨 ⠪ 㯭  
ॠ UNIX;
   - ࠪ⨢ 䬥᪨ .
    몮  ணࠬ஢  -    設-
-ᨬ  ॠ権 UNIX,  ⠪   
   ᢮.
1.4. ᨨ UNIX
   ᭮ ᨨ:
   1) ᨨ 6, 7, III, V Bell Labs AT&T (16 , 32  - );
   2)  4.2,  4.3 ୨᪮ 㭨 (32   -
VAX, SUN).
   ⥬ ࠡ⠥  ⪠ ⨯  :    DEC  PDP
(),   DEC VAX,  Honeywall 6070, ᥬ⢮ IBM/370 (
), Amdahl 470, Perkin Elmer, Zilog Z8000, ࠡ稥 ⠭樨
    Motorola  MC 68000,   HP 9000 ,  ᮭ
   Intel 286,386,486  㣨.



                                  - 3 -
2.  
2.1. 砫   ᥠ ࠡ
    짮⥫ :
   -  짮⥫ ( ⠭ ⢨ -
⥫  ᫥ 室);
   - ஫ 짮⥫ ( ஫ 室  ⥬  -
 ᢮ ).
   짮⥫     ꥤ  㯯 ( ࠡ
 ஥⠬  ..)  ࠧ   ᮢ,  ⮣
   㯯 짮⥫.
    짮⥫,뢠 superuser  -
஬ ⥬ (  - root).   ⭮,  ""
(ॣ)   짮⥫.
    ᬥ ᢮ ஫   ६:
   login : peter
   password: . . . .
   $ passwd
   Changing password for peter
   Old password: . . .
   New password:   ***
   Retype new password:  ***
   $ ^D (Control-D)   (室  ᥠ)
   login:
     $ - ᪠ ⥬
(     ᨬ  ப).


2.2. ࠢ 訡   ⥪ 
   ࠢ ᫥ 㪢 ⥬ :
   - backspace
   - ^H
   - # ()

                                  - 4 -
   ࠢ ᫥ ப ⥬ :
   - ^X
   - ^V
   - @

2.3.   
   :
   $ date
   Sun Fed 14 11:38  1985
   $
     짮⥫ (⨢):
   $ who
   mary tty0 Feb 14  08 : 30
   peter tty5 Feb 14 08 : 32
   . . .
   $
   ਠ:
   $ who am i
   mary tty 0 Feb 14 08 : 30

2.4. ଠ 
    ࠧ  殬 ப,  窮 
⮩:
   $ who; date
   mary tty0 Feb 14  08 : 30
   sun Feb 14 11 : 38 1985

                                  - 5 -
    ப - ᫥⥫쭮  ᫮,  ࠧ
஡.  ࢮ ᫮  ப  ;  -
⠫ - ࠬ.
    ࠬ஢:
   -  䠩 = 䨪 (ᯮ ᨬ a-z, A-Z,
0-9, _,.,-);
   -  ()   ;  稭 筮
 .
   ਬ -al (      +      );
 樨   ;
   - ࠦ - 뢠 筮 ப ᨬ   -
 ப.
   冷 ࠬ஢  :
   command options expression filename(s)
   ਬ :
   rm old.news bod.news
   rm -fr goodies.c baddies.o
   grep -o "mary" people
2.5. ਮ⠭ - த 뢮  ࠭
   ^S - ਮ⠭;
   ^Q - த.
2.6. ⠭ 믮 
   ^C   BREAK ( ࠡ⠥   裡).

3.     UNIX
   㪮⢮ UNIX Reference Manual ᮤন 8 ᥪ権:
   1. Commands - ;
   2. System calls - ⥬ 맮;

                                  - 6 -
   3. Subroutines - ணࠬ;
   4. Special files - ᯥ䠩;
   5. File format and convension - ଠ 䠩   ᮣ-
;
   6. Games - ;
   7. Macro  packages and language Conventions - ய
 몮 ᮣ襭 ( ࠡ⪨ ⥪⮢);
   8. Administrator commands and procedures -   -
楤 .

   ᠭ   ⮨  ᫥ ࠧ:
   NAME              -   㭪;
   SYNOPSIS          - ᨭ⠪;
   DESCRIPTION       - ᠭ 㭪樨;
   FILE              - ᯮ㥬 䠩;
   SEE ALSO          - ᬥ ;
   DIAGNOSTIC        - ⢥  訡;
   BUGS              - 祭 ४⭮.

    㪮⢮ UNIX Peference Manual ࠭   ⥬
  ᪥      ⠭  ࠭  ਭ 
 ६ :
   $ man i <>
ਬ:
   $ man grep
 i -  ᥪ樨; ᫨ i 饭, ࠧ㬥 i = 1.

                                  - 7 -

4.   
    ॣ樨 짮⥫  砥  -
஬ ᮡ⢥ ⠫ 짮⥫ (Home directory).

4.1.  ࠡ祣 ⠫
       ⠪:
   $ pwd                          (print working directory)
   /users/mary
   뢮       ࠡ祣   (⥪饣)   ⠫
/users/mary,  users -  墠뢠饣 ⠫  -
娨 ⠫ .    墠뢠騩 ⠫ root -
㬥  㬮砭 (୥  ⠫):
   root/users/mary = /users/mary.
    ⥪饣 ⠫   ᤥ    cd,
ᬠਢ .

4.2.  ᮤন ⠫
   $ ls                -  ⥪饣 ⠫;
   $ ls -al            -a(all) -  䠩  ⠫;
                       -l(long) -  ଠ;
   $ ls /              -  ⠫ root;
   $ ls -l /           -  ⠫ root .


                                  - 8 -
4.3.  ୥ ⠫
    ࠢ,  ୥ ⠫  ᫥ ,
  ⥬    .
                          ---------
                             /   
                          ---------
                              
   ---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
                                                   
                                                   
-------  -------  -------  -------  -------  -------  -------
 dev    lib    bin    usr    etc    tmp   users
-------  -------  -------  -------  -------  -------  -------
 ᯥ-  -                 -   ⠫
   ⥪      ᯮ-         -    짮-
 䠩   (-     㥬            䠩   ⥫
         ண.)                                
                     ---------+---------           -----+----
                                                
                  -------  -------  -------     -------
                   lib   games   bin      peter------
                  -------  -------  -------     -------
                  -        ।
                  ⥪            ᯮ㥬
                                    

   ⠫  ᬮ  ls:
   $ ls -l /bin         -  ᯮ㥬 ;
   $ ls -l /bin/bin     - । ᯮ㥬 ;
   $ ls /dev            - ࠩ ன;
   $ ls /users          - ⠫ 짮⥫.

                                  - 9 -

4.4.  ࠡ祣 ⠫
    ࠡ祣 ⠫ ந 
(cd - change directory).

   $ cd /etc
   $ ls -l      -   
   $ cd /usr
   $ ls -l bin - । ᯮ㥬 
   $ cd        -  ࠬ஢ -   ᮡ⢥
                 (home) ⠫.

4.5. 襭   ⠫  䠩

     訥 㪢  ࠧ묨.  .  _
ࠧ襭 ⮫쪮  .  䠩 㪠뢠 -
  窮  ᨬ (᭮):
   .c - ணࠬ  C (ਬ, program.c);
   .h - ⥪  C, 砥  ணࠬ  C (header);
   .f - ணࠬ  몥 ;
   .p - ணࠬ  몥 ;
   .o - ꥪ , 祭 ࠭஬   몠;
   .a -  (娢) 䠩.



                                  - 10 -
4.6.  ᮤন 䠩
    cat ( concatenate)  -  楯  ᪮쪮  (
)  䠩    ࠢ  १   ⠭ 뢮
(Standart Output), 筮  ࠭ ᯫ.
   ਬ:
   $ cat /etc/motd - ᬮ 䠩 (message of today)
   The system will down at 17:00.
    䠩, ᮧ ஬  ⥪ -
,  筮 ⠥ ⮬᪨  室   ⥬
(login). ᫨  뫨  ᮤঠ,   
ࠧ   ਬ.

4.7. ᬮ  䠩

    tail ⠥  䠩.  㬮砭 - 10 -
 ப:

   $ tail /usr/pub/greek
   .
   .
   .
   .
      ⢮  (    -)    
ப,  ன    (  +):
   $ tail -3 /usr/greek  -  ᫥ ப;
   $ tail +6 /usr/greek  - ᫥ ப, 稭  6-.


                                  - 11 -
4.8. । ⨯ 䠩

   ਬ  file:
   $ file /bin/ls /usr/bin etc/passwd usr/include/stdio.h
   /bin/ls: pure executable             - ᯮ塞;
   /usr/bin: directory                  - ⠫;
   /etc/passwd: ascii text              - ⥪   ASCII;
   /usr/include/stdio.h:C program text  - ⥪ C-ணࠬ.

4.9.  ⠫ 짮⥫

    ࠡ稩 ⠫,  騩 ୥ 襩  ⢨  ,
ᮧ ஬.   ᮧ 騥 -
⠫  mkdir (make directory).
   筠    ⠫  짮⥫  (  ⮬
㯯):


                      ----------
                        users 
                      ----------
                           
    ---------------------+-+-------------------------------
                        
----------           ----------
 group 1            group 2   . . .   ⠫ 㯯
----------           ----------
                         
                         ------------------
                                  . . .

                                  - 12 -
    --+--------------------+-------------------------------
                          
  ----------           ----------        ୥ ⠫-
    mary               peter          짮⥫
  ----------           ----------        㯯 group1
      
      -+------------------------+------------
                               
  ----------                ----------  ७ ⠫
    progs                   texts   짮⥫, ᮧ-
  ----------                ----------    mkdir
                               
                               ----------
      -+----------+----------------      
                                      
   ---------- ----------      ---------- 
       c       p              f    
   ---------- ----------      ----------               - 
                                        ----------  - 
     --+--      --+--           --+--    ---letters --+- 
     /////      /////           /////       ----------  - 
     䠩      䠩           䠩                   - 

    ᮧ ⠪  ᫥ 믮 :
   $ cd                          -  "" (home);
   $ mkdir progs texts           - ᮧ ⠫  home;
   $ cd progs                    - ३  ⠫ progs;
   $ mkdir c p f                 - ᮧ ⠫  progs
 ⠪ .


                                  - 13 -
4.10. ஢ 䠩  cp

    ⥩訩 ᯮᮡ ᮧ 䠩:
   $ cp /etc/motd message.
   ,  ⥪騩 ⠫  progs/c,    ᮧ  䠩
progs/c/message.
    ஢  䠩   ⥪騩  㣮 ⠫,  
  : cp /etc/motd progs/c.
   㤥 ᮧ 䠩 progs/c/motd.
   ᫨ ⥪騩  ⠫ progs/c,  ⮣  䥪 ⨣
:
   $ cp /ets/motd . ( 窮  ⢥ ࠬ).
   ᫨ ன 㬥 ⠫,   ⢥ ࢮ
 㪠뢠 ᪮쪮 䠩:
   $ cp /etc/motd /usr/include/stdio.h progs/c
    㯠  䠩  -  ᮢ  ० 㯠
室 䠩 (. ࠧ 4.16).

4.11. ७  २ 䠩  mv

     ७ 䠩  ⠫      
䠩 ⥬  㣮.   䥪 - २
(᫨ 室   ⠫ ᮢ).
   ⫨稥  ஢: 室 䠩 ய.
   ਬ: $ mv message mesg
           $ ls
           mesg ....

                                  - 14 -
   ᫨ 䠩 祭 饭  ,   ⥬ -
⠥ ० 㯠  訢 ⢥ত ७.
   ਬ:
   $ cp message mesg
   $ chmod 444 message - ⮫쪮 ⥭
   $ mv mesg message
   message: mode 444? y
   ன 㬥   ⠫,  ⮣ 䠩 ७-
  ⥬  :
   $ mv message progs/c
   $ cd progs.c
   $ ls
   message ....
      砥  cp    ७ᥭ ᪮쪮
䠩, ᫨ "ன" 㬥 - ⠫.

4.12.  䠩  rm

   rm 㤠 䠩  ⠫  㭨⮦ :
   $ cd progs/c
   $ rm motd
   $ ls
   message ( motd)

                                  - 15 -
    㤠   rm ᪮쪮 䠩.   ࠪ-
⨢ ਠ, ॡ騩 ⢥ত   䠩 (
-i):
   $ rm -i file1 file2
   file1 : n (no - )
   file2 : y (yes - )
    ஢ 㭨⮦ 箬 -f (  ᫨  䠩
饭  ): -f  -i  ᪫  㣠.
   $ rm -f stdio.h.
    ⨬  ।⢠  㭨⮦ ⠫,  
 㭨⮦  䠩.    ᤥ ४ᨢ: 
-r (㭨⮦  ४ਨ)
   $ rm -r progs.
   ਠ: $ rm -r *     - 㭨⮦  ॢ.

4.13. ⮦ ⮣ ⠫: rmdir
   ⮩ ⠫ 㤠 (remove directory):
   $ rmdir progs
   [rmdir:progs not empty]  -  ᮮ饭,  ᫨  ⠫  
.

4.14. ᯮ짮 ᨬ *, ?, []
   ᨬ 㦠  ⠭  ப    ᨬ-
.   䠩   몠  Shell:
   * - ।⠢ ந ப (, );
   ? -   ;
   [C1 - C2] -     C1 - C2 ( ⠭-
 ASCII).

                                  - 16 -
   ਬ:
   1) $ ls c?
      c1 c2 c3 cs cz
   2) $ ls c*
      c1 c12 c2 c23 c3 cs cs1 cxy cz
   3) $ ls ?1*
      c1 c12
   4) $ ls *1*
      c1 c12 cs1
   5) $ ls c [12 x y z]
      c1 c2 cz
   6) ls c [12 x y z *]
      c1 c2 c12 c25 cz cxy

4.15.  ᨬ   䠩
      control:  ^A, ^[ (escape)  .., -
祭 ६ ⨥  Ctrl  㪠 ᫥
ᨬ ^ ,     .  ls  -
 䠩,  rm  㣨    ਭ  -
 䠩 (..  ᨬ  ). 室 -  ᯮ짮-
 *   ( ᯮ짮 ० rm -i):
   $ ls
   arron circle square triangle
   $ rm square
   rm: square non-existent (᫨  q   ^q)
   $ ls s*
   square

                                  - 17 -
   $ rm s*
   $
    䠩 㤠.

4.16.  䠩   䠩
    䠩   ⠫   - 筮  -
⥫,  ᮧ訩    ࠧ.     ⥬
    䠩  ஭  ᮢ 짮-
:
   -   (ᠬ);
   - 㯯 - 짮⥫ ⮩  㯯,  ;
   - ⠫ - , 騥   ⥬.

    䠩  3  ࠧ襭  :
   - ⥭  (r)  read  -   (ᬮ) ᮤন
                             䠩   ⠫  (  
                             箬 -l  ls);

   -   (w)  write  -   ᮤন 䠩 
                             ⠫ (ᮧ  㤠
                             䠩  ⠫);

   - 믮  (x)  execute - ᯮ짮 䠩  
                             UNIX  ᪠ (search)   -
                             .

                                  - 18 -
    樨    ࠧ襭  㯠    
ᮢ  짮⥫ (9 権) 뢠  ଠ
(᫨  ࠢ )
     rwx               rwx                 rwx      777
                                          
                                   
                      㯯                
                                          ⠫
   ⢨ ࠢ 㯠 㪠뢠 ᮬ:
   r--r--r-       444
   ਬ:
   $ ls -l /bin
   -r-xr-xr-x     1bin  1986  Nov.26    12:00 ar
   ...
     뢠 ० 㯠.

4.17. ⠭   ० 㯠  䠩: chmod
   ଠ  chmod(change mode)  ⠭ ०:
   chmod <०> <䠩>
   ਬ:
   $ chmod 644 f1 f2 f3
 644 ᮮ⢥ rw-r--r--
   ଠ  chmod   ०:
   chmod <> <䠩>
  ᯮ 祭:
   u - user             r - read
   g - group            w - write
   o - other            x - execute
   a - all

                                  - 19 -
   = - 
   + - 
   - - 
   ਬ:
   $ ls -l
   -r-------- ... f1
   -r-------- ... f2
   -r-------- ... f3
      $ chmod  a = r, u + w    f1 f2 f3
       ( ਠ  ࠢ 㯠)
      $ chmod  u = rw, go = r  f1 f2 f3
   $ ls -l
   -rw-r--r-- ... f1
   -rw-r--r-- ... f2
   -rw-r--r-- ... f3
   $ chmod o-r f1 f2 f3
   $ ls -l
   -rw-r----- ... f1
   -rw-r----- ... f2
   -rw-r----- ... f3,
   㣨 짮⥫,  室騥  㯯, 﫨 ࠢ
 䠩.

5.    
5.1. ⠭ 䠩
     ࠡ  㬮砭  ⠭묨
䠩:

                                  - 20 -
   - Standard Input      (S.I.);
   - Standard Output     (S.O.);
   - Diagnostic Output   (D.O.);
     ।⢠   㬮砭,  ..  -
 㪠 㣨 䠩  ⠭. 
⠪  ⢥ D.O. ᯮ짮 S.O.  ।⢠ 뢠-
 ७ࠢ (।४)   뢮.

5.2. ७ࠢ ⠭⭮ 뢮
   ᯮ  >:
   $ ls -l                 - 뢮  ࠭ = standard output;
   $ ls -l > dirconts      - 뢮  䠩 dirconts;
   $ cat dirconts          - 뢮  ࠭.
   ஡  ᨬ > 易⥫.
    ७ࠢ  뢮   ( -
  䠩): 砥 >>:
   $ pwd >> dirconts (  䠩  ⥪饣 ⠫).

5.3. ७ࠢ ⠭⭮ 
   ᯮ  <.
   ਬ:
   $ mail                   -  ᮮ饭  ࠭;
   $ mail < message         -  ᮮ饭  䠩 message.
  ᯮ ०, 祬 ७ࠢ 뢮.
   ਢ 砩 ७ࠢ :

                                  - 21 -
   $ cat < this_file
   $ cat this_file
   .
    ६ ७ࠢ  ,  뢮.
   ਬ:
   $ cat < left > right.
    ஦:  ,  ⮡ left  ࠢ﫮  right,
  ( )  室 䠩.
   ᭥ >>, 祬 > (, 祬 ).

5.4.  䠩  cat
   ᫨   室 䠩,  㤥 । ⠭-
  (). ६ ७ࠢ 뢮 
 (ᮧ) 䠩
   $cat > newfile.
    ⠭  ਧ:  512 (-
)   ⮬ .
   ਧ (,  砩 ᡮ) :
    箬 -u (unbuffered):
   $ cat -u > people
   Mary  101
   Sally 113
   Jana  121
   ^d    [  ⥪(EOF)]
   $

                                  - 22 -
    :
   $ cat -u >> people
   Charlie 122
   Bill    100
   ^d
   $

5.5.    (pipeline)
   ⠭ 뢮        ⠭
 ᫥饩 .  砥  | (⨪-
 ).
   ਬ:
   $ who  | wc -l - ᮧ ᯨ᪠ ⨢ 짮⥫ 
  ᫠ (count); 19 - ⢥,   19 짮-
.
   $
   ਬ:
   $ ls -l /tmp | grep maryann | sort +3nr | lpr
⨭           ᥩ,    ஢    
⠫         ᮤঠ        ( 4- -  㯮冷-
 /tmp            ப "maryann"  )  祭
                                    ᥩ       ᯨ᪠


                                  - 23 -
5.6. 
    뢠  ,       ⠭-
⭮   뢮  ⠭ 뢮.  設⢮
  䨫ࠬ.
    ᪫祭: ls   ࠡ  ⠭ -
. : lpr   ࠡ  ⠭ 뢮.

5.7. ࠫ ⠭ 뢮  ७ࠢ 뢮
                                         -------------------
                                     --->c⠭ 뢮
              ---------  ---------      -------------------
奬 ⠪:  뢮 ->-->
                         tee               ------
              ---------  ---------   ---------->䠩
                                                ------
   ਬ:
         $ ls -l  |  tee dirconts
 ࠭,       㡫஢
⠭ 뢮     뢮  䠩

5.8. ᪨ 뢮
   饭  訡,    믮 ,
뢮  ᪨ 뢮,   㬮砭  ( 
⠭ 뢮) -  ࠭.
   ᪨ 뢮 ⮦   ७ࠢ  -
 䠩.   ⮣ ᯮ ਯ 䠩  (楫),
  ⠭ 䠩 ࠢ:

                                  - 24 -
   0 - Standard input;
   1 - Stfndard output;
   2 - Diagnostic output.
   ਬ:
   $ cat somefile > outfile  2> errfile,
  > ⥭ 1>.
   ᫨  ,  ⮡ ᮮ饭  訡   -
﫨, ࠢ   /dev/null.
   ᫨   ࠢ 訡 㤠 , 㤠 뢮, 

   Shell:  $ cat  somefile 1> outfile 2> &1 (뫪  -
ࠢ)
   Cshell: $ cat somefile >& outfile
 $ cat somefile |& lpr.

5.9. ࠡ⪠   ०   (background)

   筮    믮    ०  ।  
(foreground),  ..  "  ".  , ᫨  ६
믮  ன    믮 㣨 -
,    ()     믮    ०
background:
   $ nroff  doc &
   2042
   $.
 ⮬  騩  &.

                                  - 25 -
   ⥬ UNIX ᮧ ,  믮 -
ᨬ   .  ⢥ 2042 -  -
䨪 ⮣  (PID).
    ७ࠢ  ⠭  뢮  
  䠩 (- ᭮ ᮢ饭 뢮  "।"
 ""   ࠭).
   $ nroff doc > doc.format &
   2042
   $
   :
   $ nroff doc | lpr &
   2042
   $
   ⮡ ᭨ ﭨ   ,  -
짮  ps (process status):
   $ ps
   PID    TTY    TIME   CMD
   2036    02    0:05   sh          (login -  .2)
   2042    02    0:02   nroff doc   (background)
   2043    02    0:01   ps          (cat pS)
   2050    08    0:03   sh          (login -  .8).
    뢠,  nroff   稫.  l  a
  ps    ଠ樨   ⨢  -
:
    -l - ଠ  த⥫, , ਮ  ..
    -a -    ⥬.

                                  - 26 -
5.10. 믮 ᮢ   ਮ⮬
   1) $ nice nroff doc > doc.fmt &
   2099
   $
    믮    訬 ਮ⮬.  -
砫쭮 祭 nice ࠢ  20;  ࠬ  
  nice  㬮砭
ࠢ 10;  ⮣ nice = 30.  ਮ ⥬ ,  祬 
nice.
   :
   $ nice -5 nroff doc > doc.fmt &
    ࠬ   ,  nice  㤥  ࠢ
25,   ਮ 㤥  5  , 祬  㬮-
.
   2) nohup (no hang up) - ⢨⥫쭮  ࠧꥤ
⥫䮭 ,  ன "" standard output)
   $ nohup nroff doc &
   2176
   $ Sending output to nohup.out ( standard output
 ࠧ뢥 )
   3) ᮢ⭮ ᯮ짮:
   $ nice nohup nroff doc > doc.fmt &

5.11. ⠭ 
   $ kill 2042            (㡨   PID = 2042)

   $ kill - 9 2042 (ᨣ  9 ᫮ ⠭; 
㣨 ᨣ  ࢠ (1,15),  뫠 ⥬ -
,  ஢, ᠢ ᮮ⢥ ॠ).


                                  - 27 -
6.  EX  VI
       ᥪ ⥩:  ex -
 । (७  । ed);  vi  -
࠭  । ( 믮 ⠪   ।-
 ex).

6.1. 맮 vi
   ) $ vi myfile (  ᪮쪮  䠩 १ -
  ᫥⥫쭮 맮   ।஢).
   ᫨ ⠪ 䠩 ,    砫 ⮣ 䠩;
 -  砫 ࢮ ப.
   ) $ vi + myfile
    ࠭ -  䠩;    -    砫  ᫥
ப.
   ) $ vi +10 myfile
    ࠭  -    䠩  ப 10 -  業 ࠭;
 -  砫 ⮩ ப.

6.2. 室  vi
   ) ᫨    :

    Esc : w q ! Enter
    (   Esc,   稥 -  
   ࠭,  ᨬ w, q  ᪫⥫
,    Enter).

                                  - 28 -
   ) ᫨ :

    Esc : q ! Enter

6.3. 樮஢ 
   )  <-,,,->;
   ) H - home,  M - middle, L - last: 砫, ।, -
 ࠭;
   ) w - ।  砫 ᫥饣 ᫮;  e -    
⥪饣 ᫮; b -   砫 ᫮.

6.4. ,   㭨⮦ ⥪
      㦭 樨        
㪠 .
   ⮦
   x - 㭨⮦ ⥪ 㪢 ( ),  ⥪ ᤢ-
      .
    ():
   r -   ⥪饩 㪢;  rv -   v.
   s -    ᪮쪨 㪢 ⥪⮬; ਬ,
3stest -   㪢 ப 'test'.
   :
   i -  ⠢  ந  ⥪ । ஬.  
 ⥪ -  Esc;
   a -  ந ⥪ ᫥ .  -
 ⥪ -  Esc.


                                  - 29 -
6.5. 樨  ᫮  ப
     ⮦ ᫮ (᫮):
   -    砫 ᫮  :
   dw (delete word);
   2dw - 2 ᫮;
   ndw - n ᫮ (n - ᫮).
      ᫮:
   -    砫 ᫮  :
   cw  <  ᫮  >  Esc
   2cw < ᫮>  Esc
    ..
     ⮦  ப
   d$ -  ⥪饣 ᨬ   ப (⥪騩  ᨬ
祧 -    D);
   d^ -  砫 ப  ⥪饣 ᨬ (⥪騩 ᨬ
⠥).
     ப (筠)
   c$ (  C)  <⥪    (      ᪮쪨
ப)> Esc -   ப ( );
   c^ <⥪ > Esc -  砫 ப ( ,
  ). ;


     ⮦ 楫 ப
   dd   - 㭨⮦  ப;
   10dd - 㭨⮦ 10 ப.
      楫 ப
   cc  < ⥪ >  Esc  -   ப;
   5cc < ⥪ >  Esc  -   ப.

                                  - 30 -
       ப
    -  ப ᫥ ⥪饩 ப;
   O -  ப । ⥪饩 ப.
        ᫥ ⥪饩 ப:
   ^i ( I) - ;
   $a ( A) - ᫥.

6.6. ⠭  ⥪ (cut-paste)
    ⥪ ࠭   ।, ⥬ ⠢-
  㣮     ᪮쪮    (᫨  ⠢
).      묨   - -
.   믮  ndd ( n - ᫮) 㤠塞
n ப   ஥ ६   .
   ঠ   ⠢:
   - ᫥ ⥪饩 窨  p (put);
   - । ⥪饩 窮  P (Put).
    ,      ࠭ ᫥-
 㭨⮦ ⥪,  ।騥 - ⭮ !
(  (change) - ⮦ 㭨⮦ ).

6.7. ࠭  ⥪  ᫥饣
ᯮ짮 (yank)
   yw            - ࠭ ᫮ ( -  砫 ᫮);
   yy   ( Y)  - ࠭  ப ;
   5yy  ( 5Y) - ࠭ 5 ப;
 .. (  ).

                                  - 31 -
         㪢  a   z;
   -     "x,  x -  .
      a
   "a3yy - ࠭ 3 ப   a ( 砫 ).
   ⠢ ⥪    ( 筮):
   - p - ᫥ ⥪饩 ப;
   - P - । .
   ⠢ ⥪   :
   - "ap - ᫥ ⥪饩 ப   a;
   - "aP - ।    a.
     :
   - "aAdd -   a 㭨⮦  dd ⥪ ப.

7.    SHELL
7.1. ᨨ Shell
   Shell -  ,    ନ 
  䠩.  筠 ணࠬ (..  室 
 樮 ⥬ UNIX).     
  ᪮쪮.
      ᨨ:
   - Shell (ᨨ 7 UNIX)  Bourne Shell ( 䠬  -
 S.R.Bourne   Bell Labs) [5];
   - C-Shell (ᨨ Berkley UNIX).
    宦,     ⫨: C-Shell 魥  -
 ०,   Shell    ࠢ-
騥 .
   Shell -  ணࠬ஢, ⠪  :
   - ६;

                                  - 32 -
   - ࠢ騥  (⨯ if);
   - ணࠬ ( ⮬ ᫥  䠩);
   - । ࠬ஢;
   - ࠡ 뢠.

7.2.  砫 ᥠ (login - 䠩)
   ᨬ  ᨨ Shell  室  ⥬ UNIX  
䠩  砫 ᥠ  ।। ,  ⮡ 믮-
    䠩;
   -  UNIX ᨨ 7 : .profile;
   -  C-Shell : .login / .cshrc.
     䠩 筮  :
   - ⠭ ࠪ⨪ ନ;
   - 饭 ⨯ who, date;
   - ⠭ ⠫ ᪠  (筮: /bin, /usr/bin);
   - ᬥ ᪠  $  㣮 ᨬ  ..

7.3. 楤 몠 Shell
     䠩.  ᯮᮡ  맮  믮:
   1. $ sh dothat ( dothat -   䠩);
   2. $ chmod  755  dothat  (ᤥ    믮,  ..
      -rwxr-xr-x)
      $ dothat.
     冷 ᪠ ⠫  ( 㬮-
):
   - ⥪騩;
   - ⥬ /bin;
   - ⥬ /usr/bin.

                                  - 33 -
   ⥫쭮, ᫨  襣  䠩 㡫
    ⥬ ⠫,  ᫥ ⠭ -
㯭 (᫨ ⮫쪮     ).

7.4. ६ Shell
    몥  Shell  ᨨ  7 । ६ ᮤন
  祭: var = value.
     ६ -     $ ᯥ।:
   fruit = apple (।);
   echo $fruit ();
   apple (१ echo).

    ࠧ, ६ -  ப.  -
 ப:
   $ fruit = apple
   $ fruit = pine$fruit
   $ echo $fruit
   pineapple
   $ fruite = apple
   $ wine = ${fruite}jack
   $ echo $wine
   applejack
   $
   㣨 ᯮᮡ  ⠭  祭  ६ -  
䠩  뢮   (. ࠧ 7.6),  ⠪ ᢠ-
  祭  ६ - ࠬ 横 for  ᯨ᪠
祭,     㬮砭 (. ࠧ 7.9).


                                  - 34 -
   ६  :
   1)    䠩:  $d/filename,  $d - -
६ (ਬ, d = /usr/bin).
   2)  :
   $ S = "sort + 2n + 1 - 2" (稥 ஡ ॡ -
祪 "")
   $ $S tennis/lpr
   $ $S basketball/lpr
   $ $S pingpong/lpr
   $
      祭      ᨬ
|, >,  <,  & (騥 ,  ७ࠢ  䮭
०).

7.5. ।। ६ Shell
       ⮫쪮 .   㯮ॡ-
⥫:
   HOME - "譨" ⠫ 짮⥫; 㦨 㬥⮬
 㬮砭  cd;
   PATH - ⢮ ⠫,   UNIX  ;
   PS1  - ࢨ筠 ᪠ (ப) ⥬ ( v.7 - $).
    PS1 (᪠) 筮   login -  䠩-
,  ਬ:
    PS1 = ?
 PS1 = "? " ( ஡,  㤮).
     PATH:
   $ echo $PATH         -  ᬮ;
   :/bin:/usr/bin       -  祭 PATH;
   $ cd                 -  "";

                                  - 35 -

   $ mkdir bin                  -    ⠫;
   $ echo $HOME                 -  ᬮ;
   /users/maryann               -  ⥪騩   ⠫;
   $ PATH  = :$HOME/bin:$PATH   -   PATH;
   $ echo $PATH                 -  ᬮ;
   :/users/maryann/bin:/bin:/usr/bin -  祭 PATH.

7.6. ⠭ ६ Shell 뢮  
   ਬ 1:
   $ now = `date` ( `` -  窨)
   $ echo $now
   Sun Feb 14  12:00:01 PST  1985
   $
   ਬ 2: (祭 祭 ६  䠩):
   $ menu = `cat food`
   $ echo $menu
   apples cheddar chardonnay (ᨬ  ⪨ -
  ஡).

7.7. ६ Shell - 㬥 楤
    ᮡ ⨯ ६, 㥬 ࠬ.
   ਬ: $ dothis grapes apples pears (楤).
    樮 ࠬ (㬥) ⮩  -
㯭  :
   $1 = `grapes`
   $2 = `apples`
   $3 = `pears`

                                  - 36 -
 ..   $9.     shift,   ᤢ
  ⠫ 㬥, ᫨   9 ( ਭ
9).
   㣮 ᯮᮡ   㬥 ( ᫨  
9):
   $*,  ⭮ $1$2 ...
   ⢮ 㬥⮢  ᢠ  㣮  ६:
$#().  ,  楤 -  $0; ६ $0 
뢠   $#.

7.8.   Shell
   ஬ 楤,   몥 Shell   -
 ⨯ "if-else"  "while-do". ணࠬ஢  Shell,
஬ ᠭ 楤, ᯮ :
   - ࠡ⪨  ⬠  । ஢   몠 
  -77  (  樨,  ஢,  㧪,
 ⫠);
   - 祭 ਭ樯 ணࠬ஢ ணࠬ⮢.

7.9.  横 for
      䠩 makelist (楤)
   $ cat makelist
   sort +1 -2 people | tr -d -9 | pr -h Distribution | lpr.
   ᫨   䠩 people  ᪮쪮, -
ਬ:
   adminpeople, hardpeople, softpeople,...,
 室    믮  楤  ࠧ묨
䠩.     for - . ⠪:

                                  - 37 -
   for <६> in <ᯨ᮪ 祭>
   do  <ᯨ᮪ >
   done
祢 ᫮  for, do, done    砫 ப.
   ਬ ( 楤 makelist)
   for file in adminpeople, hardpeople, softpeople
   do
   Sort +1 -2 $file | tr ... | lpr
   done.
    ᯮ짮 ᨬ Shell  ᯨ᪥ 祭.
   ਬ:
   for file in *people (  ,   people)
   do
   ...
   done.
   ᫨ in 饭,   㬮砭  ⢥ ᯨ᪠ -
  ᯨ᮪ 㬥⮢ 楤,  ன ᮤন-
 横,   ᫨ 横   楤,  - ᯨ᮪ ࠬ஢
 ப (   ⢥ 楤 㯠 -
).
   ਬ: for file
           do
           ...
           done
    맮 makelist adminpeople hardpeople softpeople -
 ᤥ   ᠬ.

7.10. ᫮  if
   ᯮ㥬  ६,  ।⠢騥 祭 -
ࠬ஢ 楤:

                                  - 38 -
   sort +1 -2 $1 | tr ... | lpr
   ਬ ୮ 맮:
   makelist ( ࠬ஢),  $1 ।.
   ࠢ 訡 ,  ஢ ⢮ 㬥⮢ -
祭 ६ $# ।⢮ if - .
   ਬ: ( 楤 makelist):
   if test $# -eq 0
   then echo "You must give a filename"
   exit 1
   else sort +1 -2 $1 | tr ... | lpr
   fi
    test  exit -  ஢ન (.  ࠧ 7.11) 
室.
    ࠧ, ᨭ⠪  if:
   if <᫨   믮 ᯥ譮, >;
   then <믮  ᫥騥   else , ᫨
 ,  fi>;
   [else < 믮 ᫥騥   fi>]
祢 ᫮ if, then, else  fi   砫 ப.
   ᯥ譮 믮 楤 砥,   -
 祭 true = 0 (zero) (ᯥ - 頥 祭
 ࠢ 0).
    exit 1  頥 祭 1    -
筮 믮 makelist  蠥 楤.
     if.   else if  ᮪饭 elif,
஥ ६ ᮪頥 fi.

7.11.  "test"
      Shell,   ਬ    Shell-
楤.

                                  - 39 -
     ⨯ ஢ப:
   - 業 ᫮ 祭;
   - 業 ⨯ 䠩;
   - 業 ப.
     ⨯ ᢮ ਬ⨢ (樨 op).
    ᥫ ᨭ⠪ ⠪:
   N op M,  N, M - ᫠  ᫮ ६;
   op ਭ 祭: -eq, -ne, gt, -lt, -ge, -le (
 ᫮, , ਬ,  ).
    䠩 ᨭ⠪ ⠪:
  op filename,
 op ਭ 祭:
   -s (䠩    );
   -f (䠩,   ⠫);
   -d (䠩-४ (⠫);
   -w (䠩  );
   -r (䠩  ⥭).

                                  - 40 -
    ப ᨭ⠪ ⠪:
   S op R,  S, R - ப  ப ६
 op1 S
   op ਭ 祭:
   = (⭮);
   != ( ⭮);
   op1 ਭ 祭:
   -z (ப 㫥 );
   -n ( 㫥  ப).
   , ᪮쪮 ஢ப ࠧ ⨯    -
 ᪨ ﬨ
   -a (AND)  -o (OR).
   ਬ:
   $ if test -w $2 -a -r S1
   > then cat $1 >> $2
   > else echo "cannot append"
   > fi
   $
     ਠ  UNIX   test ᯮ-
  ᪮, .. if [...]  if test
... .

7.12.  横 while
   ⠪:
   while <>
   do
   <>
   done
   ᫨ "" 믮 ᯥ譮,   믮 "-
", 蠥 祢 ᫮ done.

                                  - 41 -
   ਬ:
   if test $# -eq 0
   then echo "Usage: $0 file ..." > &2
        exit
   fi
   while test $# -gt 0
   do if test -s $1
   then echo "no file $1" > &2
   else sort + 1 - 2 $1 | tr -d ... (楤)
   fi
   shift (* ७㬥஢ 㬥 *)
   done
   楤 믮  ᥬ 㬥⠬.

7.13.  横 until
    ᫮ ७  ࠢ  while
   ⠪:
   until <>
   do
   <>
   done
    ""  믮 ᯥ譮,  믮 ,
蠥 ᫮ done.
   ਬ:
   if test S# -eq 0
   then echo "Usage $0 file..." > &2
        exit
   fi
   until  test  S# -eq 0

                                  - 42 -
   do
          if test -s $1
          then echo "no file $1" > &2
          else sort +1 -2 $1 | tr -d ... (楤)
          fi
          shift                  (ᤢ 㬥⮢)
   done
   ᯮ 筮 ।饬.

7.14.  롮 case
   ⠪:
   case <string> in
   string1) <᫨ string = string1,  믮  ᫥-
騥   ;; > ;;
   string2) <᫨ string = string2,  믮  ᫥-
騥   ;; > ;;
   string3) ...  .. ...
   esac
   ਬ:
    楤   -t,    
  ࠬ:
   .................
   together = no
   case  $1  in
   -t)  together = yes
        shift ;;
   -?)  echo  "$0: no option $1"
        exit ;;
        esac

                                  - 43 -
        if test $together = yes
        then sort ...
        fi
    ?  - ᨬ (᫨ -?, .. "㣠" , ⫨-
    -t,   訡).   㯮ॡ  ᨬ
몠 Shell,  ?, *, [-].
     ( ਬ) 㣨 樨,   
case.

7.15. ᯮ짮 ६ 䠩  ⠫ /tmp
    ᯥ樠 ⠫,   ஬  䠩 㯭 
 ᥬ 짮⥫.
   ᫨  楤,  ᮧ ६ 䠩,  -
 ᪮쪨 짮⥫ﬨ,  室 ᯥ-
 㭨쭮  ᮧ 䠩. ⠭ ਥ
-  ६ 䠩 $0$$,   $0 -  楤,  $$ -
⠭⭠ ६, ࠢ 㭨쭮 䨪樮-
  , 믮饣 ⥪ .
     ਮ᪨ 㤠 ६ 䠩 
/tmp, 襩 ࠪ⨪    㤠 ᫥ -
짮.


                                  - 44 -
7.16. ਨ  楤
    稭   :,  ஥ ⠥ --
,   ⥪  -  㬥⮬. ⮡ Shell 
஢  ᨬ  ($,  *  ..),  ४
 ⥪    窨.
      ਠ    UNIX ਬ砭 稭 
 #.

7.17. ਬ 楤
:' 楤 ࠡ⠥  䠩,  ᮤঠ騬 '
: '  ⥫䮭,'
:'    ஧   ⠥ १ '
:'࠭   ਭ'
:' 楤:'
:'-t (together) - ᫨  ஢  䠩 '
:'-p (printer) -  䠩  ਭ'
if test $# - eq 0
then  echo  "Usage: $ 0 file ... " > & 2
      exit
fi
together = no
print = no
while  test  $# -gt 0
do  case   $1  in
-t) together = yes
     shift ;;
-p) print = yes
     shift ;;

                                  - 45 -
-?) echo "$0: no option $1"
     exit ;;
*)   if test $together = yes
     then sort -u +1 -2 $1 | tr ... > /tmp/$0$$
          if $print = no
          then cat /tmp/$0$$
          else lpr -c /tmp/$0$$
          fi
          rm /tmp/$0$$
          exit
     else if test -s $1
          then echo "no file $1" > &2
          else sort +1 -2 $1 | tr...> /tmp/$0$$
            if $print = no
            then cat /tmp/$0$$
            else lpr -c /tmp/$0$$
            fi
          rm /tmp/$0$$
          fi
          shift
     fi;;
     esac
done.
   楤 ஢ ᫮ ࠬ஢ $#,  ᫨  ࠢ
, 蠥.  ⨢ 砥  ࠡ뢠 -
 ( case).   ⢥ ࠬ  㯠
   (ᨬ,  ।塞  ᮬ),    䠩
(ப, ।⠢ ᨬ *).  ᫨   ⫨祭

                                  - 46 -
 ⨬  (ᨬ ?  ⫨祭  t  p),  楤
蠥.   ᨬ   祩 t  p -
 ⢨,   ਨ  砫 -
.

7.18. ࠡ⪠ 뢠  楤
   ᫨  믮 楤 祭  ᨣ  뢠
(  BREAK  DEL,  ਬ),   ᮧ -
 䠩 ⠭ 㤠묨 (   ᤥ -
)   ४饭 .
   訬 襭  ࠡ⪠ 뢠  -
楤 ஬ trap:
   ⠪: trap 'command arguments' signals...
   窨 ନ  㬥   ᪮쪨  ,
ࠧ 窮  ⮩.   믮, ᫨ -
 뢠, 㪠 㬥⠬ signals (楫):
   2 -   뢠 ;
   1 - ᫨  "᫨" (⪫祭  ⥬)
 .
   ਬ (ࠧ⨥  ।饣):
   case $1 in
   .....
   *) trap 'rm /tmp/*; exit' 2 1 (㤠 ६ 䠩)
   if test -s $1
   ..............
   rm /tmp/*

                                  - 47 -
    뫮 :
   trap 'rm /tmp/* > /dev/null; exit' 2 1
⠪   뢠        ⮣,     䠩
/tmp/$0$$  ᮧ  ਩ ᮮ饭  ⮬ 砥 -
ࠢ  null-ன⢮.

7.19. 믮 䬥᪨ 権: expr
    expr  祭  ࠦ,    
⢥  㬥   뫠 १  ⠭ -
.     ਬ    믮
権  ६묨 몠 Shell.
   ਬ 㬬஢ 3 ᥫ:
   $ cat sum3
   expr $1 + $2 + $3
   $ chmod 755 sum3
   $ sum3  13  49  2
   64
   $
   ਬ ।⢥ ᯮ짮 :
   $ expr 13 + 49 + 2 + 64 + 1
   129
   $
    expr   ਬ ᫥騥 䬥᪨ -
:  +, -, *, /, % (⮪).  ࠭  樨 
 ࠧ ஡.
   ⨬,   㬭 ᫥     窨
(   ),  ਬ:  '*',  ⠪  ᨬ *
  Shell ᯥ樠 .

                                  - 48 -
    ᫮ ਬ expr  楤 (ࠣ):
   num = 'wc -l < $1'
   tot = 100
   count = $num
   avint = 'expr $tot / $num'
   avdec = 'expr $tot % $num'
   while test $count -gt 0
   do ...
 wc -l ⢫  ᫠ ப  䠩,   -
  ᫮ ᯮ  ࠦ.

7.20. ⫠ 楤 Shell
     ।⢠, 騥  ⫠ 楤.
   1) 饭  ⥫ 楤  echo  뤠 -
饭,  ᮩ 믮 楤.
   2)  -v (verbose = ᫮)   Shell -
     ࠭ ।  믮.
   3)  -x (execute)   Shell ਢ    
  ࠭    믮    -
  祭ﬨ;   魮 ।⢮.

8. C-SHELL
      몠 C-Shell   ᨨ -
⥬ UNIX ୨᪮ 㭨  ફ UNIX  BSD4.2
  VAX-11.  ᭮ ⮨⢠ ⮩ ᨨ  
    UNIX  ।஢  ex    vi,   
C-Shell,  ॠ樨  몮      ,   
INGRES  㣨 ⥩.


                                  - 49 -
8.1. 樠 ᨬ  C-Shell
   ⠭   ᪠   業 (%).  
   .
   ᪫⥫   ( ! )  믮  ᯥ樠
㭪樨,  ⭮ ( !! ) 砥 맮 ।饩 -
.
    誠  ( ^ )  ᯮ  ࠧ ப 
४樨  ⥪ ।饩 .
    ⨫줠  ( ~ )  ⢥ 䨪  짮⥫
      ࠡ祣 ⠫.
    ᪮  ({  })  㯯  ᯨ᮪  䠩 
㯯  䠩.

8.2. ⠭ 䠩  C-Shell
     室  C-Shell,    襬 ࠡ祬 -
 䠩 .login  .cshrc.  ᫨ ⠪ 䠩   , 
믮  ,  ᯮ  .  .login -
 ⮫쪮  室  C-Shell  ନ;
.cshrc -   室.

8.3. 堭 ਨ
   ஥ 堭 ਨ  C-Shell ࠭
 ᫮ ᫥   . ᫮ ࠭-
      ࠢ  祭  ।।  ६
history,     ⠭  䠩 .cshrc -
 set:
   % set history = 15
( ⫨稥  Shell  ⠭ ६ ॡ ᫮
set).

                                  - 50 -
   ⮡ ᬮ  ࠭  ,   ᯥ 
࠭  堭 ਨ  history, ਬ:
   % history
   1 ls -l
   2 mail
   3 history
   %
   堭 ਨ ᯥ稢   맢  
 ࠭ ,  ᪫⥫    -
, ਬ:
   % ! 1
   ls -l
   . . . .
   %

8.4. ४ ।饩 
    ࠧ ।⢠  ୮ ᯮ -
 , ,    塞 -
.
    ४樨  ।⢥  ।饩    
᫥騥 ।⢠ ।஢.
   ਬ:
   % cd /users/peter/shels
   /users/peter/shels: No such file or directory.

                                  - 51 -
   饭 訡: shels  shells.  ࠢ
᫥騬 ࠧ:
   %^shels^shells^
   cd/users/peter/shells
   %
   ࠢ     ਨ:
   % history
   1 ls -l
   2 mail
   3 history
   4 cd /users/peter/shels
   5 cd /users/peter/shells
   6 history
   ⮡ ।஢ ந । , -
 ᯮ짮    s  (substitution)  ⠭
(. ࠧ 8.6).

8.5. ୮ ᯮ । 
   ᯮ । ,  ࠭   -
ਨ,    ୮    ⢨ ࠧ묨
ᯮᮡ.
    ᯮᮡ:   ᪫⥫    -
. ᯮ ᠬ ᫥    ਨ
 ⨬ . ਬ:
   % !cd
   cd /users/peter/shells.
   易⥫쭮   . 筮 쭮-
 ⢠ ᨬ 砫 , 室  -
筮     ਨ, ਬ:

                                  - 52 -
   % !c
   cd /users/peter/shells.
   ன ᯮᮡ:        -
ਨ  ஡  . ਬ:
   % !1
   ls -l
   <뢮  ls -l>
   %
   ,   ᯮ짮 ᫥
᫮ ।⢥ ।饩    -
 !$, ਬ:
   % mv /users/wowa/spasewar.c space.c
   % pr  !$ | lpr
     pr  space.c | lpr
   %

8.6.   ୮ ᯮ । 
    ᯮ 筮  ।   -
  ।⢮  ⠭  :s  (substitution)  
⥪ (宦  筮 ।⢮  । ex).
     ᫥騩  ਨ:
   %  history
   1  ls -l
   2  mail
   3  cd /users/peter/shels
   4  cd /users/peter/shells

                                  - 53 -
   5  history
   6  cd /users/peter/shells
   7  ls -l
   8  mv /users/wowa/spacewar.c space.c
   9  pr  space.c | lpr
   10 history
   ᯮ㥬 ।⢮ ⠭    ᯮ-
  mv:
   % !8 : s /spacewar/empire/
   mv /users/wowa/empire.c space.c.

8.7. 뫪  ࠡ稩 ⠫ 짮⥫
    ⨫줠  (~)  ᯮ    C-Shell   뫪 
ᮡ⢥ ࠡ稩  ⠫    ࠡ稩  ⠫  㣮
짮⥫, 㪠  짮⥫.
   ਬ:
   % cd progs
   % mv ~/test.c
   ᫥ 窠 砥 ⥪騩 ⠫ progs. ⮡ -
,     ⢨⥫쭮 믮,  ᬮਬ 
ਨ:
   % !h
   . . . . . . .
   . . . . . . .
   11 mv /users/wowa/empire.c  space.c
   12 cd progs
   12 mv /users/peter/test.c .

                                  - 54 -
      짮⥫    nick.  ⮡ 㧭
 ࠡ稩  ⠫,    ᯮ짮    echo  
।⢮  ⨫줠:
   % echo ~nick
   /users/nick
   %

8.8. ᯮ짮 㯯  䠩
   ஬ । ᨬ  뫪  ⢮ 䠩
 C-Shell ਬ ।⢮ 㯯஢  䠩 
  㪠 ⢠ 䠩   ᯨ  䠩,
祭  䨣 ᪮.
   ਬ:
   % cp /users/peter/animals/{cats, dogs, birds}
: % cp ~mary/animals/{cats, dogs, birds}.
      ⢮   䠩  :
   /users/peter/animals/cats
   /users/peter/animals/dogs
   /users/peter/animals/birds
        ᯮ짮      㯯
䠩, ਬ:
   % echo ls{/bin, /usr/ucb}{pi, is}
   ls /bin/pi /bin/is /usr/ucb/pi /usr/ucb/is

8.9. 堭 २
    堭,  뢠 alias,   -
⥫  (筮  ⪨)   ᯮ㥬 (筮

                                  - 55 -
) .
   ਬ:
   % alias cdm1 cd /users/sys/doce/mans/man/man1
   % alias cdm2 cd /users/sys/doce/mans/man/man2
   % alias cdm3 cd /users/sys/doce/mans/man/man3
   ⮡   ⥪騩 ⠫,  ਬ,   ...man 2,
筮  ᮮ⢥    ⥫-
 :
   % cdm2
   % pwd
   /users/sys/doce/mans/man/man2.
     २  믮   ᯮ짮-
 뫪 !$  ᫥ ᫮ :
   % alias cdm cd /users/sys/docs/mans/man/man \!$
   % cdm 3
   % pwd
   / users/sys/docs/mans/man3.
      ।  ᪫⥫     ᪫砥
⢨ ᪫⥫쭮   ᯥ樠쭮 ᨬ.
   ⬥ २ ந  unalias, -
ਬ:
   % unalias  cdm.

8.10. ६  C-Shell
     Shell, C-Shell  ஥ ६,
⠭       .
⠭  祭  ६  ந   set,
饩 ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:


                                  - 56 -
   set <६> = <祭>
   ᬮਬ   㯮ॡ⥫  ஥ ६-
.
   ६ history    ⢮ । ,
࠭塞   ਨ, ਬ: set history = 30.
   ६ path ⠭ ⠫  ᪠ .
᮪ ⠫, ࠧ ஡, 砥  ᪮-
:
   set path = (/bin /usr/ucb $Home/bin .)
   ६ prompt   ப ᪠ । 믮-
 । .   ⮬ ᨬ \ ! ( 
  ᪫⥫  )   ப ᪠  ⥪騩
 , ᯮ㥬  堭 ਨ.
   ਬ:
   % set prompt =  "ed \ ! >"
   ed5> history
   . . . . . . . .
   5 history
   ६ Shell 㪠뢠,    
  ⢥  砫쭮.    祭:  /bin/csh 
/bin/sh.
   㫥᪠ ६  noclobber  ᯮ   
㦥 饣 䠩  砩  ⥬ १
   ७ࠢ ⠭⭮ 뢮.  ⮣ 
 ⠭  祭 "⨭":


                                  - 57 -
   % set noclobber
   % fgrep ounds /usr/dict/words > shells
   Shells: File exists -
(䠩     shells  㦥    ⥪ 
뫠  ﭠ).  ᫨  ⥬    १
  䠩,  ᯮ  ७ࠢ   ᪫⥫
 (>!):
   % fgrep ounds /usr/dict/words >! shells
    ⮬  砥 १ ⮨.  ⠭ 㫥᪮
६  ⨢ 祭 "" 믮 -
:
   unset noclobber.
   ६ home    cwd,  ⠭  ⮬᪨,
ࠢ   ᮡ⢥  ⥪饣 ⠫  ᮮ-
⢥.
   ६ status ⮬᪨ 頥 㫥 -
,  ᫨  ⥪  襭  訡.  㫥
祭 㪠뢠 訡筮 襭.
   ६ argv ᮤন 㬥  ப  -
樥 㬥⮢ ᫥騬 ࠧ:  argv [0] -  ,
argv [1] -  㬥  ⠪  (  몥 C).
     ६ ᯥ稢  뫪      
।騬  $, ਬ, $cwd, $argv [0]  ..
   ᬮ ⥪騥 祭 ஥  ६  
 set  ࠬ஢:

                                  - 58 -
   % set
   짮⥫  । ᢮ ६ ⨯ ப
. ਬ:
   % set wd = `pwd`
   % echo $wd
   /users/sys/docs.
    १ 믮   pwd  (ப  
  ࠡ祣  ⠫  짮⥫) ᢮ ६
wd, 祭 ன ஢७  echo.
   ஬ ப  ६  । ᫮ -
६,  ਭ騥 祭 ⨯ 楫, ⢥ 
㫥᪮.    ⢥ 祭 稭饥  -
,  ⠥ 쬥,   - .  ⠭
祭  ᫮ ६ 믮  @ (
set  ப ६).
   ਬ:
   % @ sum = (1 + 4)
   % echo $sum
   5
    饬 砥 ᨭ⠪  @ ⠪:
   @ <६> <C-> <C-ࠦ>,
    C- -   ஢ ᢠ,  ਭ-
  몥 C (=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=),  C-ࠦ - -
  ᨭ⠪ 몠 C.


                                  - 59 -
8.11. ᨬ  C-Shell
   ᨬ 뢠  ᨬ,  騥   ᯥ樠쭮
祭  .
    C-Shell  ᫥騥 ᨬ:
   - ᨭ⠪᪨;
   -  䠩;
   - 窨;
   -  - 뢮;
   - ⠭;
   - 稥.
      室  㭪  묨 㭪ﬨ
ᨬ 筮 Shell.

   ⠪᪨ ᨬ:
   ; - ࠧ ,   믮 ᫥-
⥫쭮;
    - ࠧ , ᮥ , ⠪  ⠭-
 뢮   ⠭  ࠢ;
   & - 筮 ,  ᪨ 뢮 ⮦ -
ࠢ   ᫥饩 ;
   ( ) - ꥤ ,  ࠧ ।騬 -
,    楫  ᯮ짮    ᫥⥫쭮
  ;
   & - ।뢠 믮       -
ࠫ쭮  ᫥饩 , ਬ:
   cat  letter>/dev/lp &

                                  - 60 -
    - 祭  ,  ࠢ  믮-
, ⮫쪮 ᫨  訫 ਩;
   && - 祭  ,  ࠢ 믮, ⮫-
 ᫨  訫 ଠ쭮.

   ᨬ  䠩:
   ? -    ᨬ   䠩.  ਬ,  䠩 fa.o,
fb.o, fc.o   ⠭  :
   $ cat f?.o > total.o
   * -  ப   䠩.  ਬ,  㤠 
䠩,   稭  old:
   % rm old*
   [] -    㪢  㪠   ᪮
. ਬ:
   % ls  f.[a  -  z] -   䠩 ⨯ f.x,   x -
㪢   a - z;
   {} -   ᪮ [],   -
 㪠 ⢮ 㪢. ਬ,  䠩 list,
last, lost:
   % ls l{iao}st;
   ~ -   ࠡ祣 ⠫ 짮⥫ (.);
   / - ࠧ  ⠫  䠩   
䠩  ⠫.

                                  - 61 -
   ᨬ - 窨:
   \ - ⬥ -祭 ᫥饣    -
ᨬ. ਬ:
   % ls \*
   * not found
   (  ६  %  ls * -   䠩 ⥪饣 -
⠫)
   ' ' - ⬥ -祭 㯯 ᨬ. ਬ:
   % set string = 'ws - l $dir / $file'
   " " -   窠,    ⠭
祭 ६   믮. ਬ:
   % echo "$dir is not a directory."

   ᨬ  - 뢮:
   < - ७ࠢ ;
   > - ७ࠢ 뢮 (᫨ ६ noclobber -
⠭, १ 饣 䠩 뢮  ந-
);
   >& - ७ࠢ ᪮ 뢮;
   >! - ७ࠢ 뢮 (  易⥫쭮  १
饣 䠩 뢮);
   >&! - 筮 >!  ᪮ 뢮;
   >> - 筮 >,   뢮     -
饣 䠩 뢮; ᫨ 䠩    ६-
 noclobber ⠭,  訡;
   >>& -  筮  >&,    뢮   
䠩 뢮;
   >>! - 筮 >>,  , ᫨ 䠩 뢮  -
,  ᮧ (訡  );

                                  - 62 -
   >>&! -  >>&  >>!

   ᨬ ⠭:
   $ - 㪠뢠 ⠭ 祭 ६, ਬ:
   % set M1 = /usr/man/man3
   % cd $M1
   ! - 㪠뢠 ⠭    ਨ;
   : - 㪠뢠 ⠭ ப     -
ਨ;
   ? - ᯮ  ᯥ樠  ⠭ 
  ਨ.

   稥 ᨬ:
   # () - 㪠뢠 ਩ C-Shell;  稭 
६ 䠩;       ᨬ  
䠩  C-Shell;
   % - 㪠뢠  , ਬ:
   kill %1.

8.12.   C-Shell
       몠 Shell    C-Shell  
  . ᬮਬ   .
    ls  箬 -F   ⨭ ⠫-
  㪠  * ᯮ 䠩   / ⠫-
.
   ਬ:

                                  - 63 -
   % ls -F
   mail help lint1* tabset/
    head,  ᨬ筠  tail,   -
  ࠭  ⢮  ப 䠩 (
㬮砭 10 ப), ਬ:
   % head -2 people
   Mary  Clark  101
   Sally Smith  113
   ⠭ 䠩    ࠭   ⢨ 
more, ਬ:
   % more somefile
   <ࢠ ࠭ 䠫>
   - - More - - (3 %)
   %
   業   ᪮ 㪠뢠 㦥 ᬮ७  䠩-
.   ᫥⥫쭮 ࠭筮  ᬮ  
 ஡,  筮 -   ⪨.
     砫 ᬮ  ப    -
஬   祭. ਬ:
   % more +194 somefile
   . . . . .
   % more +'more then' somefile
    饬  砥  祭  ॣ ࠦ,
  ed  grep (. ࠧ 10.5).
    apropos   ࠧ 㪮, -
騥  祢 ᫮.

                                  - 64 -
   ਬ:
   % apropos sort
   ddsort (3/21/80) - sort DDBS files
   look (1)         - find lines in a sorted list
   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
   tsort (1)        - topological sort
   % man look
   <㪮⢮  look (1)>
   ᬮ  㪮   whatis,
   ਬ:
   % whatis mv ln cp
   cp (1)  - copy
   ln (1)  - make links
   mv (1)  - move or rename files
    whereis    ᯥ樠 䠩,  -
  㪠  ( -m 室 䠩 㪮-
⢠,  -b - 䠩  ).
   ਬ:
   % wheris -m rm
   rm: /usr/man/man1/rm.1
   % wheris -b rm
   rm: /bin/rm
    strings  ᬮ   ( ⮬ -
 믮) 䠩  ப (  ASCII).


                                  - 65 -
8.13. 業 ﭨ 䠩
   ࠦ, 饥 祭,  饥  ﭨ
䠩,  ᯮ  ᫮  (.). -
 ࠢ  (1),  ᫨ ࠦ ⨭,    (0),
᫨    䠩  .
   ⠪ ࠦ:
   -op < 䠩>,
 op ਭ 祭:
   d -   䠩 ⠫?
   e - 䠩 ?
   f -   䠩  䠩?
   o -   ᮡ⢥ 䠩?
   r -    ࠢ ⥭ 䠩?
   w -    ࠢ  䠩?
   x -    믮 䠩?
   z - 䠩  (  ⮢)?
   ਬ:
   if (-d $dir) then
   echo "**** $dir is a directory"

8.14. 
    ᫥⥫쭮 , ࠧ ᨬ-
 ;  ,  ⠪ ⤥쭠   ࠡ⮩. -
 ࠡ 믮 ⤥ ᮬ.
   稢 ⠪ ᫥⥫쭮    ⤥
  &,   믮 ࠡ    

                                  - 66 -
,   ࠫ쭮  騬 ࠡ⠬.   ⮬ -
砥 ⥬ ᮮ頥   ࠡ  ᪮   -
, ਬ:
   % du > usage &
   [1] 503
   % ls -al
   <ঠ ⥪饣 ⠫>
   %.
    砭 ࠡ ⥬ ᮮ頥   襭  (-
쭮    ਩),  㪠뢠  ࠡ  ,
ਬ:
   .....
   [1] 503 - Done  du > usage
   %.
   ⮡ ᬮ,   ࠡ ⨢    ,
ᯮ  jobs -l.
     ᯥ⠥ ᯨ᮪ ࠡ  㪠   -
ﭨ:
   Running (믮)  Stopped (⠭).

8.15.  䠩 (ਯ)  C-Shell
    䠩 (ਯ) -  䠩,  騩  ,
믮塞 㯯. ਬ ਯ⮢ - 䠩 .login,.cshrc,
.logout. ०  祬    ᢮  ਯ,  ஢  UNIX
Reference ᯮ㥬  ᨨ UNIX,   ⠬ ,
㦥 饩  .


                                  - 67 -
    ᯮᮡ 믮 ਯ -  :
   % csh sname arg1 arg2 ...,
 sname -  ਯ; arg1, arg2 ... - 㬥 ਯ.
   㬥 ਯ  ⮬᪨   ஥
६ $argv[1], $argv[2]  ⠪ .
   ஬ ⮣, 㬥 㯭  뫪 $n,  n - -
,  ࠢ 樨 㬥;  $0 砥 sname. 稥
 $argv[n]  $n 砥  ⮬,  ࢠ 뫪 -
 訡  室 祭 n    ⨬  ।,  
 - .
   ன ᯮᮡ 믮 ਯ  C-Shell  -  ᯥ
 믮 ( chmod)    ⮬, -
  稭  ᨬ #();  ⨢ 砥 ਯ
㤥 믮  Shell.
   ਬ:
   % chmod a+x sname
   % sname arg1, arg2, ...
    믮  ਯ  ந ⠭ 祭
६,  뫪   㪠뢠  $.  ६
  祭   뫪  ,  -
 訡.
   , ᢮  祭 ६,   
ࠦ $?<> (1 - ᢮,  0 -  ),    ⢮
⮢ 祭  ࠦ $#<>.
       祭      뫠   ࠦ
$<>[n],  n -  .      祭

                                  - 68 -
ࠧ ஡,  ⭮ 祭 -
  ᪮.
   ਬ:
   % set sum1 = (a b c)
   % echo $?sum1
   1
   % echo $#sum1
   3
   % echo $sum1[2]
   b
   % unset sum1
   % echo $?sum1
   0.
   㣨 묨 ⠭,  稭騬  $,
:
   $* - ⭮ $argv;
   $$ -  ; ᪮  㭨  ⥬, 
㤮  ᯮ짮  樨 㭨쭮  ६-
 䠩;
   $< -  ப ᫥饣   ⠭⭮-
  ( ନ),  祭   -
ᠭ ࠪ⨢ ਯ⮢.
   ਬ:
   echo "yes or no?"
   set a = ($<)
    ࠭  ᢥ    (yes or no?),  ⥬ 㤥
⠭ ⢥  ᢮ ६ a.

                                  - 69 -

8.16. ࠦ  ਯ
   ᪠ ᯮ짮  ࠦ    ६묨 
ࠢ 権  몥 C.  ਬ, 樨 '=='  '!='
ࠢ  ப,  樨  '&'  '' ॠ 㫥᪨
樨 ''  ''  ⠪ .   ⠪ ᯥ樠
樨 '=~'  '!~',   '=='  '!=', 
 ࠢ ப ᪠ ᨬ C-Shell (*, ?  []).
   ஬ ⮣, ⨬ ࠦ  業 ﭨ 䠩-
 (. ࠧ 8.13).
    믮  ।饩   (ଠ쭮 
਩ 襭)      祭  -

   $status ( -  訡,   - ).

8.17. ࠢ騥  ਯ⮢
   ⨬  C-Shell ࠢ騥    몠
C. ,  ਯ  C-Shell  稭  ᨬ-
 #(). ⨬  ᨬ  ਩, த-
騩   ப.

8.17.1.  foreach
    横 foreach  ᨭ⠪:
   foreach <> (<ᯨ᮪ 祭  १ ஡>)
   < 1>

                                  - 70 -
   < 2>
   ..........
   end.
      믮    祭  
ᯨ᪠ 祭.
    横  ᯮ짮  break  ४-
饭 믮 横   continue   ०६-
 ४饭  ⥪饩 樨.
    室  横   祭 ᫥ -
  ᯨ᪠ 祭.

8.17.2.  if-then-endif
   ᫮   ᨭ⠪:
   if (<ࠦ>) then
   < 1>
   < 2>
   ..........
   else
   < A>
   < >
   ..........
   endif
   ᫨ ୠ⨢ else  ( ,  ,  ... -
),  else    .   C-Shell ॡ,
⮡ if  then 뫨 易⥫쭮   ப.


                                  - 71 -
   ⨬  ᫮ , ਬ:
   if (<ࠦ 1>) then
   < 1>
   ..........
   else if (ࠦ 2> then
   < >
   ..........
   else
   < X>
   ..........
   endif
   endif

   ᫨  ࢮ ୠ⨢ ⮫쪮  ,  ᪠-
 ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:
   if (<ࠦ>) < 1>
   : if (ࠦ>\
   <>
    ᨬ  \   ।⢮ ᨬ ॢ -
⪨.
8.17.3.  while
    横 while  ᨭ⠪:
   while (<ࠦ>)
   < 1>
   < 2>
   ..........
   end.
    横  ⨬     break      continue
(.foreach).

                                  - 72 -

8.17.4.  switch
    롮  ᨭ⠪:
   switch (<६>)
   case <祭 1>:
   <>
   ........
   breaksw
   case <祭 2>:
   <>
   ........
   breaksw
   ........
   case <祭 n>:
   <>
   ........
   breaksw
   default:
   <>
   ........
   breaksw
   endsw
    ⫨稥  筮   몥 C    -
  ᯥ樠   breaksw  室  -
ୠ⨢.

                                  - 73 -
   믮 ⢫ ᫥騬 ࠧ: 祭 -
६ ࠢ ᫥⥫쭮   祭ﬨ  1,  2,
..., n,  믮  ࢮ  ୠ⨢,  -
 祭 ᮢ.  ᫨ ⠪ 祭    ,
믮   ୠ⨢  㬮砭 (default).

8.17.5.  goto
   ᪠ ⪨ ஢   goto.
   ਬ:
   loop:
   < 1>
   < 2>
   ..........
   goto loop
8.18.    ਯ
   ᯥ祭    ਯ  C-Shell   ⮪
ᨬ ⥪ ਯ  ⠭⭮  (ᯮ-
  㬮砭),  ॡ  ᯥ樠쭮 ᨭ-
⠪. ᬮਬ ਬ ਯ:
   #
   foreach i ($argv)
   ed -$i << 'STOP'
   1, $s/wine/water/g
   w
   q

                                  - 74 -
   'STOP'
   end
   ப 'STOP',    ⥪ ਯ , -
 ⪮,  ࠭稢饩 ⥪ ,   砥, 
⠭    ed  ।⢮ -
 ७ࠢ ( <<)  ⥪  䠩 ᠬ-
  ਯ.  ࠭⥫ 'STOP' 祭  窨,  ⮡
। ⠭ ६     .
 ਬ  । ed 믮  ⠭ 
宦 ப wine  ப water (. ࠧ 12.4).

8.19. ࠡ⪠ 뢠  ਯ
   ᫨  ਯ ᮧ ६ 䠩,    -
 㭨⮦ ,  ᫨ 뢠 ਯ  
 믮 ਯ   (।,     
ਯ ६ 䠩 ᥣ 㭨⮦).
    ⮣  㦭  砫  ਯ  믮  
onintr label,   label - ந쭠 ⪠, 稭  -
ன  襬 ਯ  ,    믮-
,  ᫨ ந 뢠 (⠪   砥 뢠
C-Shell ⮬᪨ 믮  goto label,  label
- ⪠   onintr).

                                  - 75 -
    ⮬   ।ᬮ । 믮塞  -
砥  뢠    ⢥ ᫥  exit 1,
⮡ ᯥ 㫥 祭 ६ $status, ᢨ-
⥫饩  筮 襭 ਯ.

8.20. ਬ ਯ
    ਯ 믮 ࠭ 䠩 C-ணࠬ, -
 㦥 ࠭﫨 ࠭.  ࠭  ⠫
backup 襣 ࠡ祣 ⠫.
   #
   foreach i ($argv)
   if ($i \ !~  ~/*.c)
   then #   䠩 $i 䠩 -ணࠬ ?
   echo 䠩 $i   䠩 -ணࠬ
   continue
   else
   echo 䠩 $i  䠩 -ணࠬ
   endif
   echo check file ~/backup/$i
   if (-e ~/backup/$i)
   then # 室  䠩 $i  ⠫  backup?
   echo  䠩 $i  室  ⠫  backup
   continue
   endif
   echo compare two files $i and ~/backup/$i
   cmp -s $i ~/backup/$i



                                  - 76 -
   if ($status != 0) then
   echo   䠩 $i
   cp $i ~/backup/$i
   endif
   end.
   ⢥ ஢   cp,      -
⠫ 窨  ਯ ࣠ 横  ⢫ -
ન.

9.  -
   ⥬ UNIX ।  ⨢ ࠡ
 樨 짮⥫.    ॡ  ࠧ  ।
裡 짮⥫  ᮡ.  ⥬  ᫥騥
।⢠:
   -   write    ।⢥ 뫪 ᮮ饭
㣮 짮⥫;
   - ।⢮ mail, ॠ饥 ஭ .
9.1. 뫪 ᮮ饭  write
    write  뫠 ᮮ饭 㪠 짮⥫
  ᯮ ⮩ .   砥,  
 ࠡ  ⥬   .   ࠢ,
 ᮮ饭 室,     砥,   砩
,    ᮡ  ६  ᮡ⢥ ⥪.
⮬    㢥७  室 ⠪ -
 ⢨.
    ਬ:
   $ write boris
   ᠩ,  㦨  !!!
   ^D
   $

                                  - 77 -
   饭 稢             䠩
control-D.
    㢨  ᥡ  ࠭:
   Message from george tty 00 ...
   ᠩ,  㦨  !!!
   EOF
   ᫨   ७   ⢥   ,   
   䠩   .
   ਬ:
   $ write mary
   㦨 ᥣ ஬?
   , ᥣ   ஬ ⭨.          (⢥)
    ?
      .   ᫥饩 ?      (⢥)
   , .
   EOF                                               (⢥)
   ^D
   $
   砥   ⥪ 祭 ᫮  (⢥).
    ஭   ࠭ 㤥:
   $ Massage from peter tty 03 ...
   㦨 ᥣ ஬?
   , ᥣ   ஬ ⭨.
    ?
      .   ᫥饩 ?      (⢥)
   , .
   ^D
   $

                                  - 78 -

   ⮡ 㧭,  ࠡ⠥    ⥬   -
,   who.
   ਬ:
   $ who
   george tty  00  08:30
   peter  tty  03  08:31
   boris  tty  07  04:12
   mary   tty  08  09:01
    ᮮ饭    䠩, ७ࠢ ⠭-
   write  ⮣ 䠩.
   ਬ (ᮮ饭  䠩 message):
   write peter < message
    ᮮ饭  ନ஢, 믮  -
 ⥪.   ⮬ 砥  । ᪫⥫-
 , ਬ:
   $ write peter
   㦭 ⥡ 䠩  ⠫:
   !pwd
   /users/mary/docs/specs
   !
   /users/mary/docs/specs
   ^D
   $

                                  - 79 -
   ⢥  蠥 ⮦ ᪫⥫ . 
,  ⢥  ⥪ ᮮ饭  .
   ᫨   㢥७,   祭 ᮮ饭   
  ࠡ  (ਬ,   ⥪⮢ 䠩),   
  뫠  ᮮ饭  mesg:
   $ mesg n
   $
 n -  no ().
     ,  㦥 ᯮᮡ  ᮮ饭, -
:
   $ mesg y
 y -  yes ().
       ࠬ஢ ᪠ ,   -
ﭨ  ਥ ᮮ饭  室 (no  yes),  -
ਬ:
   $ mesg
   is y
   .. ਥ ࠧ襭.   室  ⥬ ⠭
ﭨ y.

9.2. ஭  (mail)
   ஭  -  ।⢮, 饥 짮-
 뫠   ᮮ饭,    ᪫뢠  
⮢ 騪, ॠ  ⥬.
     室  ⥬,      稨  
 , ਬ:

                                  - 80 -
   login: mary
   password: ...
   you have mail
   $
    ⫨稥  write  ⥬ mail  室   
 ,    ⥪ ࠡ,  -
饭:
   you have mail          (   ).
    祭    mail  ࠬ஢:
   $ mail
   Form peter Wed Jun 9 17:58:23   1991
     16:30    ⥭.
    ⨬?
   ?
   ᪠ (?) 砥,   ⥬ mail  㪠 
⮬,     ⮩:  ,  ࠭, 㭨⮦
    mail.
     ,     ⢨:
   ??
   q quit                       - ;
   x exit without changing mail -    ;
   p print                      - ;
   s [file] save                - ࠭  䠩;
   w [file] same without header -    ;
   - print previous             -  ।饥;
   d delete                     - 㭨⮦;

                                  - 81 -
   + next (no delete)           - ᫥饥 ( 㭨⮦);
   m user mail to user          - ९ࠢ 㣮
                                  짮⥫;
   !cmd execute cmd             - 믮 ;
   ?
   ஬     ⢨       ⠪   
control-D  ( ,    q)     -
⪨.
    ࠭   䠩  ࠭ ᢥ稢 ᫥-
饥 쬮, ᫨  :
   ? s from_peter
   From peter
   ...........
   ?
    ᫠  쬮 㣨 짮⥫.
   ਬ:
   ? m mary boris george
   ?
    뫪        mail  ࠬ஬ -
 짮⥫   ⥪ 쬠,  稢  
  䠩 (control-D).
   ਬ:
   $ mail peter
   ,   ᬮ  .
      ⠫    ⠡.
   ^D
   $

                                  - 82 -
   뫪 ⢥   ந  ᬮ .
   ਬ:
   ?! mail peter
   ,  .....
   ..........
   ^D
   !
   ?
    ᬮ   䠩   mail   -
箬 - f:
   $ mail -f from_peter
    室  ⥬ mail  q.
   ਬ:
   ? q
   you have mail
   $.
     ⮩ 祭.

10.    
    ࠧࠡ⪥  㬥஢ ணࠬ  ᯥ-
    讥  ६  ࠡ  ᮧ,
, ஢થ  ࠢ ⥪⮢ 䠩.  믮-
 筮 묨 ।⢠  䠩,  ᪠
ப,   㪢  ப,  ࠢ 䠩  ⮬ -
.  ⢥騥 ⨫ 쬠 䥪⨢  믮-
 ⠪ ࠡ  ࠢ   ⥪⮢ ।஬.


                                  - 83 -
10.1.  䠩
   ⥩訩 ᯮᮡ  -  ७ࠢ  ⠭-
 뢮  cat  ନ,  騩 ன⢮ -
.
   ਬ:
   $ cat file > /dev/lp.
       ନ  ᮡ⢥ ன⢮ -
.  砥 饣 ன⢠  ⥬ ᯥ稢
  ⨢  ᯮ짮,   ஬   -
,  ⠢ ன⢮ ,  ⠢  ।  
  ᢮  ன⢠,  ᫥ 祣  ॡ
㤮⢮ ⮬᪨.   ⮬  砥  ᯮ
 lpr  lp.
   ਬ:
   $ lpr file1  file2  file3
    ⠪  ᬮ ।    
lpstat  㤠   । (cancel).   lpr 
lp  ᯥ稢 ࠧ   ࠭.    
  ᤥ    pr  ⮢  (prepare) 䠩 
࠭筮 ,  । .
   ਬ:
   $ pr myfyle | lpr.
    ࠭    㬮砭 ࠢ 66 ப ( -
length)  72  (ਭ - width).  砬 -w  -l 
 㣨 ࠧ.
   ਬ:
   $ pr -w 132 -h"Conversion program" conv.c | lpr
   $ pr -l 25 addr | lpr

                                  - 84 -
    -h  (head)   .   窨
ॡ  稨   ஡,    
 饭.

10.2. ઠ  ᡮઠ 䠩
     ࠭稢 ࠧ  䠩,    
  ࠡ.  ᫨   䠩 ᫨誮 ,   
ࠧ     split,    ᫥⢨  ᫥
ࠡ⪨ ᮡ   ⥩  cat.   
⠭ ᨬ 䠩      㬮砭  xaa,
xab, xac, ..., xzz.    㬮砭 - 1000 ப.
   ਬ:
   $ split bigfile.
      ࠧ    㬮砭,    ,
ਬ, 500 ப:
   $ split -500 bigfile.
      ⥩, ਬ:
   $ split bigfile ribs.
    ⮬ 砥   ribsaa, ribsab, ... ribszz.
   ᫥ 室  ࠡ⪨       ⥩
ᡮઠ 䠩  ⥩ 믮,  ਬ, ᫥騬 -
ࠧ:
   $ cat ribs?? > bigfile.new,
   - ᨬ, 騥  ᨬ.

                                  - 85 -
    ਬ஬ ਬ 孮 ࠧન - ᡮન
  ⤥ ࠭ ࠭ 䠩.
   ਬ:
   $ pr bigfile > bigpr
   $ split -66 bigpr
   $ lpr xaf xaj
     ⠭ 6-  10-  ࠭  ࠧ஬  66
ப 室 䠩.

10.3. ஢ ⥪⮢ 䠩
   ⨫ sort 㯮冷稢  䠩   䠢⭮--
஢ 浪.
   ਬ:
   $ sort people
   Bill Williams  100
   Henry Morgan   112
   Mary Clark     101
   $
    ஢  ࢮ 㪢 .   
믮 ஢   䠬:
   $ sort +1 people
   Mary Clark     102
   Henry Morgan   112
   Bill Williams  100
   $

                                  - 86 -
    +1 砥,      砫  뫮 -
஢  ஢.
   ஢   쥬    ஢ 
஡ 믮  ᯮ짮  - b (blank):
   $ sort -b +2 people
   Bill Williams  100
   Mary Clark     101
   Henry Morgan   112
   $
    ࠭ १ ஢  䠩 ᯮ
 -o (output):
   sort -o sortpeople +1 people
    ᫨ﭨ  㦥 ஢ 䠩 ᯮ 
-m.
   ਬ:
   $ sort +1 admpeople > sortadm
   $ sort +1 hardpeople > sorthard
   $ sort +1 sortpeople > sortsoft
   $ sort -m +1 sortadm, sorthard, sortsoft > sortall
   $
      㤠 㡫஢ ᥩ,  -
  -u (uniq),   ⠪  ஢    ᪮쪨
ᬥ .

10.4.  ப, ᫮,   䠩
    ᫠ ப,  ᫮     䠩  -
  wc.

                                  - 87 -
   ਬ:
   $ wc people
   3     9     51  people
   $
    - l (lines), - w (words) - c (character)  㪠-
  ꥪ .
   ਬ:
   $ wc -l people
   3 people
   $ wc -lc people
   10    51  people
   $

10.5.  ப  䠩  ࠧ (grep)
   ⨫ grep ⢫      ᪮쪨
䠩  ⠥  ப, ᮤঠ騥 । -
 ⥪,  ⠭⭮ 뢮.
    ⥩襬  砥  ࠧ  ﭭ ப
.   饬  砥   ॣ ࠦ
(grep - ஭  global regular expression printer).
   ਬ:
   $ grep Henry admpeople hardpeople softpeople
   Softpeople: Henry Morgan 112
   $
:

                                  - 88 -
   $ grep Henry *people
   Softpeople: Henry Morgan 112
   $
    -v (invert) ।뢠     ப,  ஬
, ਬ:
   $ grep -v "Henry Morgan" Softpeople
   Bill Williams 100
   Mary Clark    101
   $
    窨 ॡ  ࠧ饭  ࠧ ஡-
.
    ࠦ      ⨯:  
 ᫮   㪢, 稭騥  d,   ᫮,
騥  able,  ⮬ . ᬮਬ ਬ -
 ࠧ殢 ।⢮ ॣ ࠦ.
    ^  $  砫   ப ᮮ⢥⢥:
   "^Genesis" -        ப,  稭騥  ᫮
Genesis;
   "eschatus$" -        ப,  騥  ᫮
eschatus;
   "^Out in cold$" -   ப, ࠢ ࠧ.
   窠 砥  㪢:
   "d..."  -   ᫮  4 㪢, 稭騥  d;
   "d...$" -     ப;
   "d..\ ." -   ᫮  4 㪢,  稭騥  d 
稢騥 窮 ( \ -      -  ⬥
ᯥ樠쭮 祭 ᫥饣 ᨬ).

                                  - 89 -
    ᪮   祭 :
   "^ [abcxyz]"  -      ப,  稭騥  㪢
a,b,c,x,y  z:
   "[^Dd][a-z][a-z][a-z]" -     ᫮  4 㪢,  
稭騥  D  d,    ᫥  㪢 - -
 ( a  z).
    ᪮   ⢮ ७ (몠)
।饣 :
   "[^Dd][a-z]{3}" -   ᠬ,   ।騩 ਬ;
   "[a-z]{3,5}" -   ᫮,  ᮤঠ騥  3  5 -
 㪢.
    砨  몠  ᯥ樠 -
:
   *  {0} -    ࠧ;
   +  {1} -    ࠧ;
   ?   {0,1} -    ࠧ.
   ਬ:
   $ grep  ".*" people -  ⠥  ப 䠩.
   ਬ ᯮ짮  ॣ  ࠦ:
㭨⮦     ப   䠩:
   $ grep -v "^ $" file > newfile;
㭨⮦   ப,  騥 ⮫쪮  ஡:
   $ grep -v "^ *$" file > newfile.

10.6. ࠭  (tr)
   ⨫ tr ࠡ⠥  ⠭     -
㬥, 騥 㯮冷祭 ⢠ ,  

                                  - 90 -
   ࢮ  ⢠    ᮮ⢥騬
 ண.
   ਬ:
   $ tr a-z A-Z < people
   MARY CLARK     101
   HENRY MORGAN   112
   BILL WILLIAMS  100
   $
    -d   ⢮ ᨬ,   -
 㭨⮦.
   ਬ:
   $ tr -d 0-9 < people
   Mary Clark
   Henry Morgan
   Bill Williams
   $

10.7.  ࠢ 䠩 (diff, cmp, comm)
      ࠧࠡ⪨ ணࠬ ᯥ祭 
室 ࠢ ᨩ 䠩   ࠧ  ⠯  
ࠧࠡ⪨.  ,  祬  ᨨ  ⫨   㣠,
㤮      diff,       뢠    ࠧ
(difference)  䠩; ࠢ 䠩 ⢫ 
ப ().  १ 믮  -
 ப  (c), 㭨⮦ (d)   (a)
 ஬ 䠩-㬥  ࠢ  .

                                  - 91 -
   ਬ:
   $ cat people
   Mary Clark    101
   Sally Smith   113
   Jane Buily    121
   $ cat people.new
   Mary Clark    101
   Sally White   113
   James Walker  112
   $ diff people people.new
     2 c 2
   <Sally Smith  113
     - - - -
   >Sally White  113
     3 d 2
   <Jane Baily   121
     3 a 3
   >James Walker 112
    <  >  㤠   ப; 
뢠 ⠪  ப,    ⫨.
   ᫨ ப  ⫨  ⮫쪮  ᫮ ࠧ ᫮
஡, ⠪ ⫨   箬 -b (blank).
   ਬ:
   $ diff -b oldfile newfile
   $.

                                  - 92 -
   㣠  ண ࠢ  䠩  -  
cmp  (compare),  ॠ  ᭮ ⮢ (-
) ࠢ  䠩.
   ਬ:
   $ cmp people people.new
   people, people.new differ: char 17, line 2
    ⢥ १ ⠥ ᫮ ⫨  -
⮢ (㪢)  ப ().
    -l (long)  ᯥ ࠧ 䠩  -
 ⮢ (  ⫨騥 祭).
   ਬ:
   $ cmp people people, new
   26   123   127
   27   155   150
   30   150   155
   - - - - - - - -
   197   60    61
   198   60    61
   ᫨ 䠩 ᨫ쭮 ⫨   㣠,  ࠢ  
䥪⨢  comm (common),   뢠, 
  䠩  饥.
   ਬ:
   $ cat people
   Mary Clark   101
   Sally Smith  113
   Jane Baily   121

                                  - 93 -
   $ cat people.new
   Mary Clark   101
   Sally White  113
   James Walker 112
   $ comm people people.new
                   Mary Clark
   Sally Smith
         Sally White
   Jane Baily
         James Walker
     comm ⠥    :  ப
ࢮ 䠩,  騥  ஬: ப ண 䠩-
, 騥  ࢮ,  ப, 騥   䠩.
         ⮫殢,  㪠뢠
    ,  ਬ  (  ⮫쪮  쥣
⮫):
   $ comm -12 people people.new
   Mary Clark
   $

10.8. ࠡ⪠ ⥪⮢ 䠩  awk
   Awk - ⨫,  grep. , ஬ ᪠  -
ࠧ,    ஢ ⭮襭  ﬨ ப
(ᥩ)  믮  ⢨  ப (-
஢ ).    ஭,   -

                                  - 94 -
 묨    㪢    䠬    ஢    (A.V.Aho,
P.Y.Weinberger, B.W.Kernighan).
    ᪠-⢨ ᫥ ᨭ⠪:
   /<ࠧ>/{<⢨>}
    ࠧ,   ⢨  ⢮.   
ࠧ ப  ⢨  ⢨ 뢮 
⠭ 뢮 ( ࠭).
   ࠧ  ॣ ࠦ,    grep. -
 ࠧ , ࠡ뢠  ப.
   ᬮਬ ਬ ⢨,    믮 -
 awk.
   ⠭  ப 믮   뫪 
 $n,  n -  .
   ਬ:
   $ cat people
   Mary Clark        101
   Henry Morgan      112
   Bill Williams     100
   $ awk '{print $2 "," $1 "^I" $3}' people
   Clark, Mary       101
   Morgan, Henry     112
   Williams, Bill    100
    ^(control - I) -  ⠡樨   ⪨ 
। 樨 ⠡樨 ( ࠢ  쥣  -
).

                                  - 95 -
   ⢨  awk     䠩.
   ਬ:
   $ cat swap
   {print $2 "," $1 "^I" $3}
   $ awk -f swap people
   Awk  ஥ ࠧ  ६.  ࠧ BEGIN
 END  砫   䠩 ᮮ⢥⢥. ६-
  NR (Number of Records) 砥 ᫮ ᥩ (ப) 
䠩,  NF - ᫮   .   ᯮ짮 -
,   짮⥫.  ਬ,  뢠騩
। 祭 쥣  䠩 tennis (ணࠬ -
⢨  awk -  䠩 average):
   $ cat > average
   {total = total + $3}
   END {print "Average value is", total/NR}
   ^D
   $ awk -f average tennis
   Average value is 8.9
   $
   ࠧ ᪠   awk  ᮤঠ ᫮ ࠦ.
ਬ,   ஬  䠩 tennis   , -
 쥣      10:
      $ awk '$3 >= 10 {print $0}'tennis
   Steve Daniel     11
   Hank Parker      18
   Jack Austen      14
   $

                                  - 96 -
    $0 (-)  뫪    (ப).
    饬 砥 ࠦ  ᫮ 稭  ᨭ⠪-
,   ᨭ⠪ ࠦ  몥 C. ஬ ⮣,
  awk ⨬ 㪠뢠 १  ࠧ殢.  ਬ
롮ન  ᥩ, ᤥ  1976  1978 .:
   $ sort -n -o chard.s chard
   $ awk '/1976/, /1978/ {if($2 < 8.00 print $0}' chard.s
   1976  7.50  Chateau
   1977  7.75  Chateau
   1978  5.99  Charles
      ਬ,  ணࠬ ⢨  awk 
ᯮ짮 ࠢ騥   ᨭ⠪ᮬ,   
 C.
   ਬ 横     ᥩ 䠩  -
 浪:
   $ awk {for (i = NF; i > 0; --i) print $i} f1,
 NF - ᫮   .
    ᠭ  । awk     ஢
[6].

11.   
   ⥬ UNIX ᯥ稢   ।   ࠧ-
ࠡ⪨ ணࠬ, 騩 , , ᨬ
⫠稪, ।⢠  ணࠬ ஥⮢  ࠧࠡ⪨

                                  - 97 -
몮 ஢, 娢 ।⢠  㣨.

11.1 맮 ஢
    ⥬ UNIX    몮 C, -77
   㣨.  맮    cc,
f77  fc, pc  ..
   ࠬࠬ      䠩  ⥪⠬ ண-
ࠬ  室 몠,      稢
 .c, .f, .p  .. ᮮ⢥⢥.
   ਬ:
   $ cc program.c
   $ fc test.f
   $ pc example.p
   ⮬ ࠡ   䠩 ᯮ塞
,  騩  㬮砭  a.out. ᫨   㣮
,    㪠  箬 -o <>  맮 -
.
   ਬ:
   $ fc -o test test.f
   $ ls
   test
   test.f
   $


                                  - 98 -
11.2. 
    ࠪ⨪ ணࠬ ᮧ    ⢠  ࠧ쭮
࠭᫨㥬 㫥,      ⤥
䠩.  ⮬ 樨      䠩
ꥪ⭮ (६塞) ,  ண 砥 -
 .c ( .f, .p  ..)  .c. ⥬  ꥪ 䠩-
 ꥤ   ணࠬ, 頥  䠩 ᯮ-
塞 ,  ।⢮ .    뢠
 ᨬ  ld,  ⠪  ⮬᪨  믮-
  맮  cc,  fc, pc  ..  ᫥-
 砥     ᪮쪮 ࠬ஢-䠩-
,     稢  ⮫쪮  .c,  .f,
.p, ...,    .o.  室 ⥪ , 
⥬  䠩 ꥪ⭮ ,  祭  १
樨,  ⠪  ࠬ  맮 , -
। .  ⮬ -०   䠩  
    㬮砭 a.out,  ᫨   㪠  㣮
.
    ⮬,  ࠢ, ꥪ 䠩 㭨⮦. -
 ࠭ ,   ⮬᪨ 맮 
箬 -c (⮫쪮 )   맮 .
   ਬ:
   $ fc -c test.f check prove.f
   $ ld /lib/frt0.o *.o -lF77

                                  - 99 -
   $ ls
   a.out
   check.f
   check.o
   prove.f
   prove.o
   test.f
   test.o
   $
     䠩 /lib/frt0.o  ⮢    
ணࠬ      (  C /lib/crt0.o)  ⥪ -
lF77 ணࠬ   ( C - lc);     -
  㣨 ⥪. 祭 -lx  ᮪-
饭  /lib/libx.a   x.   ,  
⥪  㪠뢠  ᫥ (  砬 -
 ld).   ⮬᪮ 맮  ⮢  -
   ⥪ 뢠  㬮砭.  ⮡  㢨-
, ᫥ ਬ  -v   맮 -
.

11.3. ⥪
      ,  室    
⮫쪮 䠩 ꥪ⭮ ,    䠩, -
 뢠 祭 㤮 ।⢮  ࠭  ꥪ
㫥, ᫨  ⠭ 祭 .

                                  - 100 -
    筮 䠩 筮 稢  .a. -
   ar (娢)  ᮧ,    ᬮ
 䠩.
   ਬ ᮧ ⥪   ꥪ 䠩:
   $ ar rcv exam.a test.o check.o prove.o
   a - test.o
   a - check.o
   a - prove.o
   $
      ar :
   r -  (replace) 㫨  ⥪;
   c - ᮧ (create) ⥪;
   v -  砥 㫨 (verbose).
      ᯥ ᮤন ⥪ -
 ar  箬 t (table of content):
   $ ar t exam.a
   test.o
   check.o
   prove.o
   $
    뫠  ⥪   맮  ஢
 , ਬ:
   $ ld -o test /lib/frt0.o exam.a -lF77
    ,  冷 ࠧ饭 㫥  -
⥪ ⢥.
   ਬ, ᫨  ணࠬ  test  뢠 ணࠬ
check,  test.o  ।⢮ check.o  ⥪.

                                  - 101 -
     ⠪ ᨬ⥩ ।祭 -
 lorder.

11.4.  ⫠稪
    ࠢ,   ᨬ ⫠稪  ண-
ࠬ  ᪮쪨 몠 ணࠬ஢,   -
 ࠡ뢠 ꥪ   ⠡ ᨬ  -
 ଠ.   ⫠稪 筮  ୠ⨢
  ࠧ 몮, ਬ, cdb, fdb  pdb  몮
C,  -77  PASCAL ᮮ⢥⢥. 맮 ⫠稪 -
   ,   ன 㪠뢠 䠩
 ⫠ ணࠬ,  㬮砭 a.out.  -
樨    ࠭  ⫠筮 ଠ樨 (⠡ ᨬ 
..)  ணࠬ  ந  箬 -g.
   ਬ:
   $ fc -g test.f check.f prove.f
   $ fdb
   >
    > - ᪠ ⫠稪, ਣ  -
 ⫠稪.  ⫠稪 :
   - ᬮ  ⥪騥  祭  ६  믮塞
,  ப 室 ⥪, 楤, 䠩  㪠-
 ଠ;
   - ⠭  뢠 窨 뢠  蠣-
  믮 ⫠ ணࠬ  窠 -
 /  ﭭ 蠣;

                                  - 102 -
   -   ⢥ত,  ஢塞  ।  믮
   ⠭ । ⥬  ࠬ,  
 ⢥ত ⨭;
   - ஢  ᨣ,  易  ⫠ ண-
ࠬ;
   - 뢠  ୮ ᯮ짮   ᥠ  -
 ( 䠩  室 ⫠稪).
    ஡ ଠ  ᨬ쭮  ⫠稪  
  㪮⢥   cdb.

11.5. ।⢠ 業 䥪⨢ ᯮ ணࠬ
    ।⢠, 騥 ᭨, ᪮쪮 ६ 
  ॡ   믮 ணࠬ   ⥩.  
।⢠   ࠢ ⢠ ॠ樨 ணࠬ
  ࠧ 몠 ணࠬ஢   ࠧ  -
⥬ UNIX.
    time  ᭨  祭 祭
 襭 㪠 ணࠬ ६  ᥪ㭤:  ॠ쭮-
,  ࠢ ६, ७  ᥪ㭤, 饣
 ⢠ 짮⥫    ;  짮⥫-
᪮, ࠢ ६  ணࠬ   짮-
⥫,  ⥬, ࠢ ६ ⥬  㦨
⮩ ணࠬ.   time  Shell   C-Shell  ࠧ-
  뤠.

                                  - 103 -
   ਬ ( Shell):
   $ time test
   real 30.0
   user 27.6
   sys   0.5
   $
    size  뢠 ࠧ     ࠧ-
  ⥩  ணࠬ:  믮塞    (뢠
⥪⮬),  樨㥬    樨-
 .
   ਬ:
   $ size test
   1356 + 260 + 613 = 2226 b = 004265 b
   騩 ࠧ ணࠬ test ࠢ 4265 ⮢.
   ᫨  業 䠩 ,  ࠧ㬥
a.out.
    ணࠬ  몥 C   ⮭ ।⢮, -
饥  䨫 ணࠬ, 뢠騩  
ணࠬ   ६    믮    業  (%
time),  㬬୮  ६  믮  ᥪ㭤 (cumsecs),
⢮  맮 (# call)  ६,  祭  
맮  ᥪ㭤 (ms/call).   祭 䨫 ᫥-
 ࠭᫨஢ ணࠬ  箬  -p  (䨫),  
᫥  ᪠  ணࠬ,   ६ ண ᪠
ଠ 㤥 ᮡ࠭  䠩 mon.out,  믮 
prof  ࠡ⪨ 㪠 䠩.

                                  - 104 -
   ਬ:
   $ cc -p program.c
   $ mv a.out program
   $ program
   $ ls
   mon.out
   program
   program.c
   $ prof program
   name   % time   cumsecs   # call   ms/call
   conv   58.6     11.38     2000     5.69
   strcat 30.1      9.50      100     95.0
   main    1.1      2.1         1      2.1
   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
   atoi    0.0      0.1         1      0.0

11.6. ஢ ணࠬ: make
   ᫨ ணࠬ த ,  ᮤন  室,
ꥪ  ᯮ塞 㫥,    ᮯ஢ 
䨪樨   祭 ⨫⮩ make,  -
 ⮬⨧஢  ⨭ 樨   ࠭-
樨  ५஢    㫥  ᥭ
  .
   ⨫ make ࠡ⠥  䠩 Makefile,    -
뢠 室 ଠ    䠩  ணࠬ  
  .

                                  - 105 -
   ਬ:
   $ cat Makefile
   FILES   = test.f  check.f  prove.f
   OBJECTS = test.o  check.o  prove.o
   test:  $ {OBJECTS}
          ld -o test/lib/frt0.o ${OBJECTS} -lF77
   $
      ਬ,   䠩 Makefile  -
।, 騥 :

   ப1 = ப2

 ࠢ, 騥 :

    䠩 : 室 䠩
   

   ࢠ ப  ࠢ  뢠 ᨬ.  -
 㪠뢠,    䠩  १⮬ -
 , 㪠  ன ப ࠢ,  室-
묨 䠩.  ᨬ  뫠  ம-
।  ଥ $(ப1).
   ⮢ ⠪ Makefile,  ஢ ண-
ࠬ test  맮  make, ਬ:
   $ make
   fc -c test.f
   fc -c check.f
   fc -c prove.f
   ld -o test/lib/frt0.o check.o prove.o -lF77
   $

                                  - 106 -
    믮 ⮫쪮  ⮬ 砥, ᫨  ᮧ-
  䨪樨 筮 䠩 , 祬 ᮮ⢥-
     室 䠩 (   ᫨  -
 䠩 ५).
     ⮫쪮  ணࠬ, ਬ:
   $ make  prove.o
   fc -c  prove.f
   $
     砥 ⨫ make   㬮砭  "",  
䠩  prove.o   䠩 prove.f  ॠ ⮩ -
ᨬ  㪠 맮 .
     -n ⨫ make   믮 ।-
ᠭ ⢨ ।⥫쭮 ᬮ,  뫮  -
, ᫨     .
   ஡  make  㧭  㪮⢠    
make   [7,8].

11.7. ।⢠ ॠ樨 몮 ணࠬ஢
       諠  ࠧࠡ⪥ ணࠬ  몠 ண-
ࠬ஢, ॠ  ⥬ (..  -
  ).  ᫨ ,  ⭮ 짮⥫,  -
ࠨ    ।। 모    ॠ
᢮ ,     ⮬   ⥬ UNIX, ।⠢-
 ⨫ lex  yacc.
   ⨫ lex  ⥪⮢  ஬,  ॠ騬
᪨ ,  室  ᮧ ஢ 
㣨 몮 ஢.
   ⨫ yacc (yet another compiler compiler) 
⥪ ࠬ⨪  ⠡,  ࠢ騥  ࠬ-


                                  - 107 -
᪨ ࠧ஬ ।⢮ LR(1)-⮬.  ନ㥬 
⮬ ࠢ ।⢮      -
᫥⥩ 室 ࠬ⨪.
   ⭮ ᯮ짮 ⨫ lex  yacc   -
 ᯮ쥬  ன ॠ樨 몮 ஢ 
। ⥬ UNIX [9,10,11].

12.   EX,    VI
    㦥 ਫ, । vi ᭮ 易  ।஬
ex,      ० ࠡ ᫥. -
⮬   ,  ॠ  ex,   
믮   । vi.

12.1. 室  vi  ex
    室  vi  ex    (esc)  -
室   ०,  ᫨  뫨  ० ⥪,  -
⥬   [:] (稥).  㤥 ⠭  -
 । ex - 稥, ਣ  
। ex.

12.2. ᬮ ப ⥪
   ᪮ ex -  ।,  ⨥ 
ப  ⨥ ⥪饩 ப.  ப ⥪ 㬥-
 ࠫ묨 ᫠,  稭  .   $ (-
) 砥  ᫥ ப ⥪.
   ᬮ   ⥪    ࠭  믮 ,
饩   ( ᬮ   ப)    
஢  -    ࢮ     ᫥ ப 
⥪  ᨬ P (print),    㬮砭  
饭. ਬ:

                                  - 108 -
   : 1,5p
   program (input, output)
   ......
   ......
   :
  :1,5
    ᬮ ᥣ ⥪  :
   : 1, $
   ⮡  ப    ࠬ,   -
  ᬮ ⠢  # (), ਬ:
   : 6, $#
   6 include <stdio.h>
   7 .......
   8 .......
   .........
    ,    㬥 ப ⭮⥫쭠.  
㤠  ப  ப ७㬥.  ᫥  -
    ᬮ ⥪饩 ப ⠭ -
 ᬮ७ ப.
12.3.  ப  ࠧ ⥪
    쭮 ᪠ 稭  䨪ᮬ  g  (
쭮  ᪠   ᥬ ⥪)  ⠥  ப,
ᮤঠ騥 ।塞 ࠧ, ਬ:
   : g/speed;
   int speed;
   d = speed x time;
   output (speed).

                                  - 109 -
   ࠧ       ⥪   
ᯥ樠쭮  ᪮ ࠧ, ⫨筮   -
  ⥪.  ᫨  䨪 g  㪠,    ⠥
ࢠ  ப, 稭  ⥪饩:
   : /speed;
   int speed.

12.4. ⠭ ࠧ ⥪
   ⠭ ࠧ   ⥪   믮      s
(substitute),   ன 㪠뢠 ᪮ ࠧ  -
騩 ࠧ, ਬ:
   : s/eed/ace/
   int space;
     믮  ࢮ  宦  ᪮
ࠧ  ⥪饩 ப.
      宦  ப    䫠  g
(global - )   :
   : s/wine/water/g
   water = water + shugar
   ⮡ 믮 ⠭   ᪮쪨  ப,  
 䨪 樨  ᪠ ப  ࠧ. -
ਬ:
   : 1,10s/wine/water/g

   : 1, $s/wine/water/g
ਬ ᪠  ࠧ:
   : g/speed/s/eed/ace/g

                                  - 110 -

   : g/speed/s//space/g.
    ᫥ 砥 ᪮ ࠧ     -
 ࠧ.
    ࠪ⨢ ० 믮 쭮 -
  ⠭,    ஬ ।   
ப । 믮 ⠭  ॡ  ⢥ত
  室  ଥ  㪢 y (yes).   ࠪ-
⨢        ॡ  ᯮ짮     c
(confirmation):
   : g/eed/s//ace/gc
   int speed;
         ^^^ y
   real need;
         ^^^
   d = speed x time;
         ^^^ y
   output (speed);
             ^^^ y
      ந,   - .

12.5. ⬥ ᫥ ⠭
   ⬥ ᫥   ⠭   믮    u
(undo).   u 믮 ⭮ ⠭-
, ⮬ ୠ   ⬥  -
 u.

                                  - 111 -

12.6. ⥭   䠩   ।஢
   㥬 䠩  室      ।஢.
⥭ ᮤন 㣮 䠩   ।஢ -
  㪠  ⥪饩 ப  믮  r,
ਬ:
   0r preface.
    ᮤন 䠩 ⥭ 頥  砫  
।஢ (᫥ 饩 㫥 ப).   -
⢥ 䠩 ⥭   䠩 ⠭⭮ 뢮  -
, ਬ (஡ । ! 易⥫):
   : r !date
   : 1, $p
   ----------
   Fr Jan  12   09:33   PST   1986
     ।஢        㪠
䠩  믮  w, ਬ:
   : w newfile

   : w >> oldfile
(  騩 䠩).
   ⪠    㦥 騩 䠩 ᮯ஢-
  ।०    ਣ襭     
᪫⥫ :
   : w! oldfile
   ᫨  饭, ࠧ㬥 ।㥬 䠩.

                                  - 112 -
   ਬ    ।஢:
   : 1, 100w !lpr.
    ஫ 䠩  ࠥ ⠭ 뢮  
(஡ ।  ! 易⥫).

12.7. 맮  ।஢ ᫥饣   䠩
   ᫨ ।    맢   ।஢ ᪮쪨
䠩, ਬ:
   $ vi .*,

   $ ex *.c,
 室  ।஢ ᫥饣 䠩 믮 -
 n (next):
   : n
    e  (edit)  맢  ।஢ ந-
 䠩, 㪠 
   : e another
   ᫨     n  e   ।஢
।饣  䠩   ᠭ,  뤠 ।०,
஥  ,  ஢ 믮   祩
᪫⥫쭮  : n!  : e! ᮮ⢥⢥.

12.8. 믮  ⥬  । ex
    ⮣ ᯮ 䨪 !  (᪫⥫ ),
ਬ:
   : !cc % ,

                                  - 113 -
 % - 뫪   ⥪饣 ।㥬 䠩.
    ᪫⥫ :
   : !!
 । .

12.9. 室  ० । vi
   믮  vi, ன  ।⢮ -
 ப, ᢥ稢  砫 ࠭, ਬ:
   : 10 vi
    ० vi 㯭  ।⢠ ।. 室  -
 vi 믮 祩  Q (讥).

12.10. 室  । ex
   室  । ex  ०  ⥬  믮
 q, ਬ:
   : q
   ᫨   ।஢    ᠭ    
䠩 ।஢, 뤠 ।०, ஥ -
 ,  q  ᪫⥫ :
   : q!
    室    㤮⢠ ஢  -
 , ਬ:
   : wq

   : wq!
᫨  ९⢨    室.

                                  - 114 -


13.   
    㭪樨 ⥬  ⥬  UNIX  室
ᥤ ࠢ ⥬   ᯥ  -
, ⠪  祭  짮⥫, ࠢ-
 䠩 ⥬,  䨣樨  㣨. -
 ,   ᮭ   㭪樨  -
 ਪ ணࠬ⮬.
     , ᯮ 筮  ⠫ /etc,
⠭  ࠢ ⥬,  ⠪  fsck, mount,
chown  ⠪ .  ࠢ, ⠫ /etc 㯥 ⮫쪮
㯥௮짮⥫,  ⠪    ⥬  
 ࠢ 㯥௮짮⥫.

13.1. 毮짮⥫
    짮⥫,  믮騥 ⢨  ⥬, -
㯭  짮⥫.    , 騩 -
࠭祭 , 뢠 㯥௮짮⥫  
筮  root.   ⥬    㣨  ᯥ-
짮⥫, ਬ, 짮⥫   bin, -
 訬 ﬨ, 祬 㯥௮짮⥫.
    ,      믮 ⮫쪮 㯥-
짮⥫,   ⭮,  ⠭     date,
⠦ 䠩 ⥬  mount, ᮧ ᯥ樠
䠩  mknod  㣨.

                                  - 115 -
    㯥௮짮⥫     ᪮쪨  ᯮᮡ.
 - 㧨 ⥬  ० ⢥  짮-
⥫. 㣮, ਬ塞  짮⥫᪮ ⥬ -
믮  su (superuser).  ⥬ -
  室  ⥬  筮 짮⥫,  
⮫쪮  砥 室  ⠭  ६  㯥-
짮⥫   su.

13.2. 㧪  몫祭 ⥬
   㧪 ॡ,     ⮫쪮  稫 -
⠭. 筮  㧪  襩  襩 ⥯
⮬⨧஢    砥    ᫥⥫쭮  맮
ணࠬ,    㦠  ᪠ ᫥.
ࢠ ணࠬ, ᠬ , 㦥 ᥣ  ᪠-
  祭 ⠭  ⮬᪨  .
     㧪  ॡ ⢥   -
 ⥬,  ਬ,  騥 ன⢠,   ஬
室 㦠 ⥬.  襭  -
 ⥬ 믮  䠩 /etc/rc, , 
,   ᮤঠ  ,   筮  ᮤন
  믮 ᫥ ⢨:
   - ⠦  䠩 ⥬;
   - ⠦  䠩 ⥬;
    㤠  ୠ  䠩;

                                  - 116 -
   - 㤠 ६ 䠩;
   -  ᮢ update  cron.
   몫祭 짮⥫᪮ ⥬ ந -
  䠩 /etc/shutdown,   ⨯筮
砥 믮 ᫥騥 ⢨:
   - 뫠 ।०騥 ᮮ饭 ᥬ ⨢  -
⥫  wall;
   - 㡨  , ஬  ᮫;
   - 頥     䠩  sync;
   -  䠩 ⥬;
   - 믮, ᫨ , 楤 ஢ ;
   - 몫砥 ⠭ ,  ᫨    ;  
⨢ 砥, ⠭ 몫砥 .

13.3. 짮⥫  㯯
     䠩   passwd    group    ⠫
/etc,   ᮤঠ ଠ  짮⥫  㯯
짮⥫ ᮮ⢥⢥.
      䠩 passwd ᮮ⢥  짮-
⥫   ᫥騥 ⥪⮢ ,  ࠧ ᨬ
:
   -  짮⥫;
   - ஫ 짮⥫ ( ஢ );
   - 楫᫥ 䨪 짮⥫;
   - 楫᫥ 䨪 㯯;

                                  - 117 -
   - ਩,   ᮤন ᢥ    ࠡ
짮⥫    ᯮ짮  finger  -
묨 ணࠬ;
   - ⠫ 짮⥫;
   -   짮⥫.
   ਬ  䠩 passwd (  ਥ):
   mary:KmHu1hE:201:10::/users/mary:/bin/csh
    稨    ᨭ⠪ । -
묨 ணࠬ.
     ⥬ ணࠬ ॡ,  ⮡ -
䨪 㯥௮짮⥫  ࠢ ,   - root.
        䠩  group ᮮ⢥  㯯 
।⠢ ᮡ ப ⥪  ᫥騬 ﬨ,  ࠧ-
묨 ﬨ:
   -  㯯;
   - ஫ 㯯 ( ஢ );
   - 楫᫥ 䨪 㯯;
   - ᯨ᮪  짮⥫ 㯯, ࠧ 묨.
   ਬ  䠩 group ( 㯯  ஫):
   sect2115::10:mary,sas,temp,ges
     짮⥫  ⥬ ॡ 믮-
 ᫥  ⢨,   筮 ॠ -
 䠩   newuser  adduser:
   -    䠩 passwd  ଠ樥  짮-
⥫;
   - ᮧ ⠫ 짮⥫,  祬 짮⥫ -
  楬 ⮣ ⠫;

                                  - 118 -
   -   ᪮४஢   䠩 group  -
⢥⢨  童⢮ 짮⥫  ன 㯯.
      ४  ᥩ   䠩 passwd  group
 믮 ⥪⮢ ।஬ (᫨   
䠩 newuser).
   ⠫ 짮⥫ ᮧ  㯥௮짮⥫  (-
,  ।⢮  ਯ  newuser)  砫 ਭ
.  ⮡  짮⥫  㯯 ਭ-
 ⠫ (  䠩),  ᯮ  chown
(change own)  chgrp (change group) ᮮ⢥⢥.  
믮 ⮫쪮 㯥௮짮⥫.
     짮⥫ 뢠 ᢮ ஫. 㯥௮-
⥫      ⮬ 砥  ஫ 짮⥫
 passwd,  ॢ   ᮮ騢 짮⥫ -
:
   # passwd mary
   New passwd : mmm
   Retype new passwd : mmm
   #
 ஫ ( mmm)  .

13.4. 樠 ० ᯮ塞 䠩
   ஬   ०    䠩   -
⥫ ०,     ⮫쪮   ᯮ塞
䠩.    ०   ⠭ ⮫쪮 㯥௮짮-
⥫, ᯮ  chmod (change mode).

                                  - 119 -
   樠 ०  ᮮ⢥  쬥 祭
4000, 2000  1000 ࢮ ࠬ ⮩ :
   - 4000 -  ⠭ 䨪 짮⥫;  㪠-
뢠, ,  ணࠬ (䠩) 믮, 䨪-
 짮⥫ ⠭ ࠢ 䨪  -
  ⮣  䠩,    짮⥫,  ⨢襣 
䠩  ᯮ;
   - 2000 -  ⠭ 䨪 㯯;  㪠뢠,
   ६  믮  ணࠬ  (䠩)  䨪
㯯  ⠭ ࠢ 䨪 㯯,  ᮮ-
饬 㯯 ਭ ⮣ 䠩;
   - 1000 -  ࠧ; 㪠뢠,  믮塞 ண-
ࠬ (䠩) ࠧ  짮⥫ﬨ   ᢮-
 ࠭⢮  뢠,   ᫨  ணࠬ
 ᯮ   .
   ⠭    ⮢  䨪஢  짮⥫  
㯯  짮⥫ 믮 ⠪ ணࠬ, -
      㯥௮짮⥫ (ਬ,
ணࠬ mail ᮧ ⠫ /usr/spool/mail).  ⨢
砥  ⥬,  㯭 짮⥫, 뫨 
⥫쭮 ࠭祭.

13.5.  ⥬
    ⥬     ⠫
 䠩,   ୥ ⠫.  ⥬ ᯮ-
  ன⢥,  ஥ , 筮, 
᪮ ⮣   ⨯. ᫨   筮  , 


                                  - 120 -
  ࠧ  ᪮쪮 "᪨" ᪮; ⮣ 
 ᪮ ᪥   ࠧ饭 ⤥쭠  䠩-
  ⥬.    䠩 ⥬,  ० 祬 
㯭,   ᬮ஢.
   ⢮ 䠩    䠩  ⥬ ࠭祭 (65536
 UNIX,  7).
    䠩 ⥬   ᭮ :
   - 㧮 ;  ᠬ   ᪠ ( 0),
१ࢨ஢  ⥬ 㧮筮 ணࠬ;
   - 㯥- -    ᮡ⢥ 䠩 -
 ( 1);   ᮤন ᭮   䠩 ⥬
  ࠧ饭  ᪥,   ⮬ ᫥   ᯨ᪠  ᢮
i-㧫  ;
   - i-㧫 -  ᫥⥫쭮  ᫥  㯥-
;  i-㧥 ᮤন 뫪  ;   ஢ 
i-㧥   ⠫  䠩  䠩 ⥬;
   -   -  ⠢襥 ࠭⢮ ᪠  ,
 ᮤঠ  ⢨⥫  ⠫  䠩-
 ( ),  뫪   (ᢥ ).
   㯥࡫ ᮤন ᫥騥 :
   - ࠧ ᪮ ࠭⢠, 㯭 䠩 -
⥬ ( );
   - ᫮ , ॣ஢  i-㧫;
   -  䠩 ⥬;
   -  ⮬;
   - ६ ᫥ ;

                                  - 121 -
   - ६ ᫥ ஢ (back up);
   - 뫪  ᯨ᮪ ᢮ ;
   - 뫪  ᯨ᮪ ᢮ i-㧫.
    䠩 ⥬ ।⠢  .13.1.

                            -------------     -------------
                          -------------    ------------- 
----------- ----------- -------------   -------------  
 -                                        
    㯥࡫    i-㧫   --        --
                           --              ---
----------- ----------- -------------     -------------
                  
                        -------------        -------------
                      -------------       ------------- 
                    -------------      -------------  
                       ᮪           ᮪    
                 ---> ᢮  --     ᢮  --
                       i-㧫  --   -->     --
                     -------------       -------------
               --------------------------

                             .13.1.


    䠩  (  ⠫)   䠩 ⥬ ।⠢
i-㧫, ᮤঠ騬 㪠⥫  , ⠢騥 䠩.

                                  - 122 -
    i-㧫  ᮤন  ⠪ ଠ  ࠢ 㯠 
䠩,  ᫮ 뫮  䠩  ⠫   㣨  .
 i-㧫   䠩  UNIX,   7 
 ᫥饬 㭪.   i-㧥 ᮤন 13 㪠⥫.
 10 㪠⥫ ।⢥ 뫠   -
 䠩. ᪮  ᮤন 512 ⮢,  ⮣ -
筮  ࠡ⪨ 䠩  51210=5120 ⮢.
   ᫨  䠩 ,  祬  5120  ,  ᯮ
11-  㪠⥫ i-㧫,   뫠  ᢥ 
 128 뫮   . ᯮ짮 ᢥ -
        㢥      䠩      稭
512(10+128)=70656 ⮢. ᫨  ⮣ 筮,  -
 12- 㪠⥫ i-㧫, 뫠騩   -
  ,  ᮤঠ騩  128  뫮    ᢥ  
(.13.2).  ᨬ ࠧ 䠩 㢥稢 
稭 512(10+128+128**2)=8459264  ⮢.  ,  -
짮 ᫥,  13- 㪠⥫  ਦ ᢥ
  128 뫮   ᢥ ,   ।-
   䠩 ⥬:
   512(10+128+128**2+128***3)=1082201088 ⮢
(. . 13.2).
   㣨 ᨨ ⥬ UNIX   ⫨  ⢮
뫮  i-㧫, ᢥ   ࠧ஬  .
    ⥬ 㦠,   ⮫쪮   䠩-
 ⥬, 뢠 ୥.   室  -

                                  - 123 -
                           -------                     -------
    i-㧥    ------------>-----                 --->-----
-------------             -----               -   -----
 ଠ  ---------->-----     --------   --->-----
   䠩              -----  --> 128  --+       :  
-----------   -------->-----                        -------
  1        +--            :      --------   --->-----   --->-----
-----------               ᢥ  -   -----      -----
  2        +----         -----            --->-----   +-->-----
-----------      ------>-----                    -------        :  
  3        +------       -----                                 -----
-----------        ---->-----                     -------  +-->-----
  :                    -----                      128 --   -----
  :                 -->-----                 --->-------  --->-----
-----------           -------              --   -------  --->-----
  8        +--------    ----------              ---> 128 --   -----
-----------                                       -------  +-->-----
  9        +----------                                 .        -----
-----------                                           .          :  
 10        +------------                                .     +-->-----
-----------                                            .        -----
 11        +---------------           --------           .     --->-----
-----------                           128  --+         .         -----
 12        +------------------------->                 .     --->-----
-----------                          --------           .        -----
 13        +----                                   .     +-->-----
-------------                         ᢥ          .        -----
                                                     .          :  
                                       -------        -------  +-->-----
                                   --->-----         128 --   -----
                                      -----    --->-------  --->-----
                                   +-->-----  ---                -----
   --------------          -------       :       --->------  --->-----
                           128 --+   -----          128 --   -----
                   ------>-------  +-->-----         -------  +-->-----
                            .        -----                     -----
           -------          .     --->-----                       :  
        --> 128 -         .     --->-----                  +-->-----
          -------          .        -----                     -----
             .          -------  +-->-----                  --->-----
                  ------> 128 --+   -----                      -------
             .           -------       :                         
                                  +-->-----
             .                       -----
---+---                            --->-----
 128 --+     .                        -----
-------                                -----
 ਦ       .                    --->-----
ᢥ멳                             -----
          .                    +-->-----
                          -------       :  
              .            128 --+   
                   ------>-------     -----
           -------          .     --->-----
         --> 128 -         .     --->-----
            -------          .        -----
                          -------  +-->-----
                    ------> 128 --+   -----
                           -------       :  
                                    --->-----          . 13.2.
                                        -------

                                  - 124 -
訥 ⠫ (/dev,/etc,  /bin  ..).  ⠫ 䠩-
 ⥬   ᮧ  ᬮ஢.

13.5.1.   ⠦ 䠩 ⥬
    mkfs ᮧ  䠩 ⥬.  ᯮ-
  ⠫ /etc    ࠬ:
    /etc/mkfs <> <ࠧ>
    ࠬ   ᯥ樠쭮 䠩  㪠-
뢠  ன⢮,    ஬ ᮧ 䠩 ⥬.
ன ࠬ - ࠧ  ࠭⢠  䠩  ⥬  
;  ᯮ   ।   ࠢ
᫠  ᫥ ⮣,  ࠧ饭 i-㧫.
   ਬ ᮧ 䠩 ⥬  䫮-᪥:
    /etc/mkfs /dev/flo 2000
     isize = 230
   ⢥⭮ ᮮ饭 㪠뢠 ᫮ , 뤥 
ࠧ饭 i-㧫.
   , ⮡ ᤥ 䠩 ⥬ ⭮  -
 ⥬,    ᬮ஢  mount.  -
 砥 ୥ ⠫ 㥬 䠩  -
⥬    ⠫ ୥ 䠩 ⥬.  
ᯮ  ⠫ /etc    ࠬ:
    /etc/mount <ன⢮> <⠫>
    ࠬ   ᯥ䠩  㥬-
 ᪮ ன⢠, ᮤঠ饣 砥 䠩

                                  - 125 -
⥬. ன -  㦥 饣 ⠫,   -
  䠩 ⥬.
   ਬ ⠦  ᮧ 䠩 ⥬  
᪥  ⠫, ᮧ  mkdir  ୥ ୥-
 䠩 ⥬:
    cd /
    mkdir floppy0
    /etc/mount /dev/fl0 /fioppy0
   ⮡ ᭨,   䠩  ⥬  ᬮ஢  
 ,    mount  ࠬ஢:
    mount
   /dev/fl0 on /floppy0
   ⢥⮬  ᮮ饭    ⥬  (  
砥 - ).   ନ  ᭮   ⠦
䠩 ⥬, ࠭  䠩 /etc/mnttab.
       ⮬,  ⮡ ࠢ 㯠 ୥
⠫ 㥬 䠩 ⥬  ⠫,   -
 ந ⠦,  뫨 묨   -
 樮 ⥬.

13.5.2. ⠦ 䠩 ⥬
   ᫨ 䠩 ⥬  ꥬ ன⢥   -
,   ஢  umount, ᯮ-
  ⠫ /etc  饩  ࠬ:
    umount <ன⢮>

                                  - 126 -
   ਬ, ⨦ 䠩 ⥬     ᪥  
।饣 ਬ 믮 :
    umount /dev/fl0
   ⮬ ⠦  ࠧ 裡   ୥-
  ⠫  㥬  䠩  ⥬  ⠫
୥ 䠩 ⥬,   ஬  ந  ⠦.
 믮  ⠦ ⥪騩 ⠫  
 㥬 䠩 ⥬,  㤥 뤠 ᮮ-
饭:
   umount : device  busy               (ன⢮ )
   㤥 믮.

13.5.3. ஭ 䠩 ⥬
      䠩 ⥬ ন   ⨢
 ⢮ ஢, ᢮ , i-㧫,  ⠪
㯥-.   ४⭮ 襭 権   ⥬
室  ।    몫祭  ९   
 ஢     ᪮  .  믮  
⢨ 뢠 ᨭ஭樥 䠩 ⥬  ॠ-
  sync:
    /etc/sync
     뤠  ᮮ饭,   ᪠ ⥬
   ᪥ ᨭ஭樨. ⮬ 筮 
믮 ୮ ᫥ ண .


                                  - 127 -
13.6. ன⢠  ᯥ樠 䠩
    ன ᮮ⢥  ⥬,  뢠-
 ࠩ஬.   ன⢠  ࠩࠬ ࠦ-
  ⠫ /dev, 宦 ண ਭ 뢠 ᯥ-
樠묨 䠩,   ᯥ䠩.    뢠
 ன⢮  ண ᯥ䠩.
    ன⢠    ⥬  ॡ    
ᯥ䠩    ⠫ /dev.  ᫥ ॠ 
mknod (make node - ᤥ 㧥). ਬ:
    ls -l /dev
   ___________
   crw--w--w-1 root 0 0 .....console
   brw-rw-rw-1 root 5 0 .....fl0
   ___________
   crw-w--w-1 root 18 0 .....tty0
   crw-w--w-1 mary 18 1 .....tty1
    /etc/mknod /dev/tty2 c 18 2
    㬥    mknod    ᯥ䠩 
砥 ன⢠. ன 㬥 㪠뢠, -
  ன⢮ ਥ஢ (c)   (b), 
ᨬ   । .  ⠢訥  
㬥  뢠    ࠬ ன⢠.
 祭   ⭮ ॠ樨, ,  ࠢ-
,  㬥 㪠뢠 ⨯ ன⢠,  ன - -
  ன⢠  ⨯.


                                  - 128 -
13.7. ࠭  ⠭ 䠩
   ᨬ  ꥬ ,   ⥬   ॣ-
  楤  ࠭  (஢)  䠩,  ⮡
ᯥ ⠭  砥  ਩ .
    ࠧ ᯮᮡ ࠭.  -
࠭  쭮  ஢  -
 ६⭮ ஢ (⮫쪮    -
 ᫥ ஢) 䠩.   ⮬ 䠩 -
 (뢠)  ᯥ樠쭮 譥 ன⢮  -
,  筮  ,      ꥬ
᪮ ⮬,    ⥬ -  .  ⮬ -
ன⢥ 䠩 ࠭  ᯥ樠쭮 娢 ଠ.
   ⠭ 祭 䠩  ந  ⥬  
 ஢  娢   ⮬  䠩
⥬.  筮 ⠪ 䠩   (ਬ,    
).
    ࠧ ॠ ⥬   ࠧ 
 䠩  娢  ⠭   娢.  -
    dump  restor  । 䠩  -
娢  ⭮ ᮮ⢥⢥.      -
 cpio ( tcio  ⭮ )  ﬨ -0    -i
   娢  祭  娢 ᮮ⢥⢥.
     ।⢮   娢   ॠ-
 㦨  backup,   䠩,
ᯮ騬  ⨯ cpio/tcio  fsck.

                                  - 129 -
    backup  ࠬ஢ 楤 
 娢  ।஢  ⥪,  ᫥騥
ࠬ:
   -  ⠫ 뢠 娨 䠩;
   -  ⭮ 䠩 楤 ;
   -   ᫥ ;
   -  䠩   ᬥ 娢  (᫨ -
娢  㬥頥   );
   - ᯥ䨪 娢 ன⢠;
   -  ⭮ 䠩 楤 ஢ન 䠩 ⥬.
   ,          ⭮
⠭ ਬ  tar (tape archive).  -
稥    ᫥  ,   㯭
 ⮫쪮  ⥬,     짮⥫.
ਬ,  ⮡      䠩  ⥪饣 ⠫ 
 , ᮧ 娢  ( c - create), 
믮 :
    tar cf /dev/fl0 *
    f (file) 㪠뢠,  ᫥騩 ࠬ 
 ᯥ䠩, ᮮ⢥饣 娢 ன; * -
ᨬ, 뢠騩,    娢  䠩.
    ᬮ ᮤন 娢  㯮ॡ   t
(listing):
    tar tf /dev/fl0
   ⮡    娢 㪠 䠩,   믮
    樥 x (extract).  ਬ,   -
  䠩,    稢  people,
 믮 :

                                  - 130 -
    tar xf /dev/fl0 *people
     ⨬  㦥  ⢮    ⥪饬
⠫.  砥, ᫨  ⥪饬 ⠫ 㪠 䠩
,   ⠭  䠩  娢  㪠 -
⠫, ਬ:
    tar xf /dev/fl0 mary,
 mary - ⠫.

13.8. ஢ઠ  ⠭  䠩 ⥬
    䠩 ⥬,  ᠭ      ନ
i-㧫,  ,  ᢥ   㯥࡫,  
襭  ॡ ⠭.  ਬ,  ࠧ-
 ଠ樨  ਦ ᢥ    ᫥-
騥 ஡:
   -      ⥬, ..  
 䠩     ᯨ᪥ ᢮ ;
   -    㡫 i-㧫,  ..  뢠  
  䠩 ;
   -      ६   䠩 
  ᯨ᪥ ᢮ ;
   -  䠩  ⢮,   祭
   ⠫.
    ,   䠩 ⥬  ன
筮,  饩 ⠭ ⤥ -
.    筮:

                                  - 131 -
   -  ,  騩 ⠫, ᮤন  䠩-
   i-㧫;  -   i-㧥,  ᮮ⢥騩
⮬  ⠫,    i-㧥   ⠫,   
 䠩;
   - , 祭  ᯨ᮪ ᢮ , ⥮-
     - 䠩;  ஢ન -
 筮 ᪠஢  i-㧫  ᬮ  -
,  䠩,  ᪠஢ ᯨ᮪ ᢮ ;
   - 筮, , ਭ騩 䠩,  ਭ-
 ⮫쪮  䠩;   ஢.
     㣨  筮 ᯮ ணࠬ  -
ન  䠩  ⥬,  ᪠    fsck (file
system check).  ࠧ ॠ  ࠧ -
 ஢ન 楫⭮ 䠩 ⥬: icheck, dcheck,
ncheck.      襩  襩 ⥯ ४-
뢠    fsck.  筮  믮  fsck
룫廊 ᫥騬 ࠧ:
    /etc/fsck
   ** Phase 1 - Check Blocks and Sizes
   ** Phase 2 - Check Pathnames
   ** Phase 3 - Check Connectivity
   ** Phase 4 - Check Reference Counts
   ** Phase 5 - Check Free List
    ਬ ,  fsck 믮  ᪮쪮 䠧.

                                  - 132 -
  䠧 ந ᫥ ࠡ:
   - ஢ઠ 楫⭮ i-㧫 (稪 裡, ⨯  -
 i-㧫);
   - ஢ઠ ⠫,  㪠뢠  i-㧫,  ᮤঠ騥
訡;
   - ஢ઠ ⠫,    뫮;
   - ஢ઠ 稪 痢  ⠫  䠩;
   - ஢ઠ    㡫஢   ᯨ-
 ᢮ ,  ᯮ㥬 ,   
 祭,    祭  ᯨ᮪ ᢮ ,  
稪 饣 ᫠ ᢮ .
      㬮砭  ᥣ ஢ ୥ 䠩
⥬:   㣨 䠩 ⥬ ஢,  ᫨  
 ᥭ  䠩 /etc/checklist.
   騩 ਬ 뢠 ⢨  fsck  -
    砥  㦥  㡫  i-㧫   䠩
/user/src/sys/ux;   ਭ  襭  㤠
  宩  䠩,  ⢥    ᮣᨥ y (yes) 
 .

         /etc/fsck
        ** Phase 1 - Check blocks and sizes
        528627  BAD  I = 66
        ** Phase 2 - Check pathnames
        DUP/BAD  I = 66  OWNER = root  MODE = 100755

                                  - 133 -
        SIZE = 78409  MTIME = Jul 16  18:45  1987
        FILE = /usr/src/sys/ux
        REMOVE ? y
        ** Phase 3 - Check connectivity
        ** Phase 4 - Check Reference Count
        BAD/DUP  I = 66  OWNER = root  MODE = 100755
        SIZE = 78409  MTIME = Jul 16  18:45  1987
        FILE = /usr/src/sys/ux
        CLEAR ? y
        UNREF FILE  I = 36  OWNER = root  MODE = 100600
        SIZE = 0  MTIME = Jul 17  09:40  1987
        RECONNECT ? y
        ** Phase 5 - Check Frec List
        157  BLK(S) MISSING
        BAD FREE LIST
        SALVAGE ? y
        ** Phase 6 - Salvage Free List
        302 files  5833 blocks  371 free

       ⮩  䠧,  ன  
뫮  ଠ쭮 믮 .  ⮩ 䠧 -
  ⠭ ᯨ᮪ ᢮ .
   ᫥ 믮  fsck,  易  "稭" 䠩
⥬,   ᮮ饭:
   ***** BOOT UNIX (NO SYNC!) *****,
ॡ饥 १㧪 ⥬  믮   sync.

                           - 134 -
᫨ ⮣  ᤥ,  ࠡ  ⠭ ᯨ᪠ ᢮-
  㤥 祭, ⠪   ࠢ ⠡-
     ⨢  ⠫ 묨.   
 ॡ १㧪   㧪  ஢  
  sync.
   室 ᫮ ࠢ쭮 ࠡ fsck  ⠪-
 稥 ⮣ ⠫ /lost+found  ୥ ⠫.
᫨  믮 fsck   ⠫,  
  뫠  ஢塞 䠩 ⥬,  
祭  ⠫ /lost+found  쭥襣 祭 
ਭ.

13.9. ஫ ᯮ짮 ᪮ 
   ୮ 믮  du (disk  usage)  
  짮⥫,  墠⨢  ᫨誮  ᪮
.  ⠥ ᫮ ,   䠩
 ⠫  ॢ, 㪠  ⠫ - ࠬ஬
. ਬ:
    du /
 뢥 ꥬ  䠩  ⠫.
   ᯮ짮   find     -
㥬 䠩 讣 ꥬ. ਬ:
    find / -m time+90 -a time+90 -print
   䠩,     頫   -
,   ⥭ ᫥ 90 .
        find    ⠪ 
䠩, ।⠢騥 ᭮  樮 ⥬ 
ᯮ 騥 ࠭⢮  ᪥,  ᫨ 
ᯮ  䠩   娨  ⠫  ⭮.

                           - 135 -
ਬ:
   find / -name danger -print
    ந  稭  ୥ ⠫ /.  
-name 㪠뢠 ᫥饥  䠩 danger,    -print
।뢠 뢮   䠩 danger  ࠭.
    df (disk free) 뢠 ᫮ ᢮  
  㪠 ࠬ஬ 䠩 ⥬.
    뢠  ⠪,         䠩   (⨯
/usr/lib/cronlog)   ࠭祭  ॡ ਮ-
᪮ ⪨  .

13.10. 祭 ନ
    ନ,      祭  ⥬,
  ᠭ  ᯥ樠쭮 䠩,     
/etc/ttys ( 7)  /etc/inittab:
    ନ ᮮ⢥  ப 䠩. ଠ-
  䠩 室  ⮬,   ᨬ  -
ன,  㫥 祭  ன  ᮮ⢥  ⪫祭
(᪨) ନ,   筮 - 祭 ନ-
.  ஬ ⮣, ଠ  䠩 ।ᬠਢ 稥
  ᯥ䠩,  ᮮ⢥饣 ନ (஥  
/etc/inittab).
   筠 ப  /etc/inittab   (ਬ):
   1:t3:c:/etc/getty tty13 H 0
ࢮ   , ࠧ 稥.
    㧪  ⥬  ᫥  蠣 㧪 
 砫쭮   ஬ 1, 믮饣 
/etc/init.


                           - 136 -
    init । 믮 ⥬ ⮢  -
  䠩 /etc/rc ᬠਢ 䠩 etc/inittab.  
 ப ⮣ 䠩,  稭饩  㫥 ᨬ-
,  ᮢ饣   ﭨ 砫쭮  ( -
᪥ ࠢ ),   init ஦ ன  -
  楯窥 (init-getti-login-shell). ஦ 
믮 , 㪠  ⢥⮬  ࢮ -
 䠩 /etc/inittab (  ਬ /etc/getty).
    getty 뤠  ନ,  㪠  ᯥ-
䠩    ஬  䠩 /etc/inittab,  ᮤন 䠩
/etc/issue,  ᫨  ,   ᫥  ⨬ 뢮 
ନ ⥪ ᪠   䠩 /etc/gettydefs, -
ঠ饬 ࠪ⨪  ନ  (筮  login:).  ⥬
getty ⠥  짮⥫  뢠  login,  -
।   짮⥫  ⢥ ࠬ.
    login  ஫ 짮⥫  ᫥ ᯥ譮
஢ન ஫ 믮   ᫥   
 짮⥫  䠩 /etc/passwd (筮 /bin/sh 
bin/csh),   ⠪ ⠭  ⢥ ⥪饣 砫-
 ⠫ 짮⥫, 㪠  ।᫥  -
  짮⥫  䠩 /etc/passwd.
    sh    csh    믮
⮢ 䠩  ।।묨    (.profile  
sh; .cshrc  .login  csh), 뢮 ᪠   
।  짮⥫.
    砭  ᥠ  (祩  logout  ^D),  
⠪  砥 ୮ ஫  ࠢ  頥  


                           - 137 -
  getty,    १᪠  ୮,  ᫨ 
쥬  ࢮ   䠩  /etc/inittab  
  ନ  ⮨ ᨬ  (continually);  ᫨  
⮬  ⮨ ஡,   getty 蠥.

13.11. ਮ᪮ 믮 
     , 믮塞  ⠢ ⥬ -
  䠩  /etc/rc  砫  ᮬ,  
  /etc/cron,  ᮧ ﭭ ,  -
㦤騩 ਮ᪨  .     -
ਢ    䠩 /usr/lib/crontab  ᪠ ,
   믮.   䠩 crontab  
룫拉 ᫥騬 ࠧ (ਬ):
   cat /usr/lib/crontab
   0 0 * * * /etc/backup -fsck
   0,15,30,45 2-23 * * * /usr/lib/atrun
          䠩 crontab  
(0-59),  (0-23),   (1-31),   (1-12) 
  (0-6,  0 - ᥭ).      
  祭,  祭 祭, ࠧ -
,    ࠭  ࢠ 祭,  ࠧ ᮬ;
窠 砥   祭.   ਬ-
 ࢠ  ᮮ⢥  믮  -
   ஢ન 䠩 ⥬  祭 ᥣ  -
;   - 믮 ணࠬ ᪠ , -
஢  at,   15   2 ᮢ    11
ᮢ    祭 ᥣ .

                           - 138 -
    at  믮  䠩  -
 shell (shell-ਯ), 㪠   ᫥ -
㬥⮬   ६,    묨 㬥⠬.
ਬ:
   at 2300 jun 16 scriptfile_1
    䠩 㤥 믮  11 ᮢ   㪠-
  ⥪饣 .  筮 ६ ᪠  
ਮ  ஡㦤 ﭭ ,  믮饣 -
 cron.  ⢨ , 믮饣 cron, 䨪-
  ⭮ 䠩 /usr/lib/cronlag,  ᫨  
      믮  cron.
    at    짮⥫,  ⮡ -
⠢   筮 ६.

13.12.   㪮⢠  짮⥫
    㪮  짮⥫ 室  ࠧ
⠫ man? ⠫ /usr/man,  ⥫ 
- ᨬ,  ਭ騩 祭  1  8  ᮮ⢥⢨
 㬥樥 㪮   ⥬.  ⤥  䠩  
⠫  ᮤঠ 室 ⥪ ⤥ 㪮.
ਬ,  ⠫ man1, ᮤঠ騩 䠩 ⥪⮢ ,
  ᫥騩  (ࠣ):
   $ ls /usr/man/man1
   _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
   cpio.1 grep.1 mknod.1 ren.1 test.1
   _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
   室 ⥪  㪮 ࠭   䠩  -
⮢         ଠ஢   -   nroff

                           - 139 -
(newrunoff).  室  ଠ஢  ⥪
 ଠ,  ਣ  뤠    ନ.  
  ⥬ ⥪ 㪮⢠  室 ଠ ᮧ-
    䠩 ⠫ /usr/man/cat?/*,  ?
  *  -  ᨬ   筮 ᫥,  믮 
catman.
   뤠 㪮⢠  ନ   믮 -
 man,    ᮮ⢥⢨   㪠  㬥⮬
  ᯥࢠ  ⥪  㪮⢠  室 ଠ  뤠
  ⠭ 뢮;   ⨢ 砥,    -
室 ⥪  뢠  nroff,  १ ࠡ -
ன 뤠  ⠭ 뢮.
      㪮  ॡ  ଠ⮢ 
 nroff, ࠡ饩  ⮬ man ம।.

13.13. ࠢ 樮 ⥬
   ।⢠ ࠢ  樮  ⥬ () -
-ᨬ,   ਢ  ᠭ    ।
 쭮 ⨯ 砥.
   樮 ⥬ ࠭  ᪮ ⮬   -
஬   ଠ.    ଠ ᯮ -
 (System III - /lbin/init) 樠樨 ⮬    
易⥫  ࠬ஬  -  ᯥ䠩  ன⢠,
 ஬ 室 樠㥬 ⮬.  ⠫ -
⥫ ࠬ  㪠 ࠧ ᪮  -
 ।   ⮬  ⨢   
ࠧ  㧮筮    ( ⢨  -

                                  - 140 -
祭 롨  㬮砭).
    ⮬   㧮 , ᮤঠ -
,   㫥, ᫮ ᪨ . 㧮筠
  室  - 䠩 ⥬.
  ࠧ  ⮫쪮 ⥬ २樠樨
⮬.
    㧮筠   ᮤঠ ⮫쪮  
(   ).
    ⮨  ᫥⥫쭮  ᥣ⮢,  -
    㧮筮    ᪮쪨 -
, 祬 ࠭  ⮬    -
 ᥣ.  ࠭  㧮筮 ଠ.
    㧮筮 ,    ᯮ ⠪
 拉  䠩,    ᮤন 楫 -
  ᥣ⮢,  稢  㫥묨 -
.    ଠ    㧮,    
 ८ࠧ    㧮    (System  III  -
/lbin/oscp).
   ন 㧮筮   ⢨⥫쭮 ⮨
   ᪮쪨 -䠩.  -䠩 稭-
  ,  ᮤঠ饣 䫠 㦠,  ⮬,
᫮ ⮬,   樮 ⥬.  ⥬ -
稪 㦠 -䠩 ⮫쪮  ⮬ 砥,  ᫨ 䫠 -
⠭  ﭨ 㦠. ⠭ ﭨ 䫠-
 -䠩  믮 ᯥ樠쭮    (System


                           - 141 -
III - /lbin/osmark)  ࠬ஬,  㪠뢠騬  ᯥ䠩
  ன⢠,   ஥ ⠢ ⮬  㧮筮 -
.    ⮩  ⠭ 䫠   cﭨ
㦠  㦠.
      /lbin/oscp (System III) 
믮 ᫥騥 ࠡ  ஢ ᥣ⮢ :
   - ஢    ( ) 㧮 ⥩
⮬ (⮬)  㧮  㣮 ⮬;
   - ஢    䠩  -䠩  ᮧ
( -m,  merge)  䨪樨 ( -a, add)   -
㧮筮 ;
   - ஢  -䠩    䠩  ࠧ 
  ( -s,  split)      䠩  (
-f).
    ஢ન 楫⭮   㧮筮 ,  ⠪-
  ஫  ᥣ⮢  믮 -
 lbin/osck (System III), ਬ:
    osck -v /dev/rhd
    -v 뢠  ᯨ᪠    ᥣ⮢  .
 ஢ ४⭮:

                           - 142 -
   -  -䠩;
   - ᯨ᪠ ᥣ⮢;
   - ஫쭮 㬬  ᥣ.
   ࢮ砫쭠 ⠭      믮 -
  optinstall,    䨪  ᨨ    -  
optupdate.   ᫥ 믮  짮⥫-
᪮ ०   ॣ㧪 ⥬.    -
⠭    䨪樨 ᨨ  ᯮ  ਡ-
⨢ ⮬ (筮 ⭠    ).  -
஬        () ⠭
 㥬 ணࠬ த.
   ,     㦠 ᪮쪮 ࠧ
 ( ᨩ  ), ᯮ  㧮 
   ⥬   ᪥  (/dev/rhd).    믮  
/lbin/chsys (change system),      䠩.
   䠩 chsys ᯮ  oscp 
ன 㧮筮     ⥭  ᥣ-
⮢   䠩, osck  ᫥饩 ஢ન -
㧮筮 .   chsys  ஢,   짮-
⥫ 稫 ࠡ,  ४ ।  믮
믮  shutdown.


                           - 143 -
13.14. 䨣 樮 ⥬
   ࠬ㥬 樮  ⥬    -
 ࠧ ந   ࠡ   -
  ।⢠   ⮬ ᮡ⥩ ᯮ짮 ⥬
   .
   㯭 祭  孨᪨ ࠬ஢   -
筮  뢠  䨣樥  .    ࠢ
䨣樥   :  /lbin/uconfig (System III).
 易⥫ ࠬ 㪠뢠 ᯥ䠩 ன⢠, 
஬   室   㧮筠      (  㬮砭
/dev/rhd).
      権,  uconfig 뢠 -
饥 祭 ࠬ஢.   -f <  䠩>  
⠭   祭 ᪮쪨   ࠬ஢ 
㪠 䠩,    -d (default)  ⠭  ᥬ
ࠬࠬ 祭  㬮砭, ᯮ 䠩
   /etc/uconfigtab.
   ⥬묨 ࠬࠬ   ( ᪮ - 祭 
㬮砭):
   - ன⢮ 㠫쭮  (⥬ );
   - ࠧ  - (1024 );
   - ᫮ ஢ - (0;  ᪨);
   -  楯窨 ஢ ⥭ (0;  -
);

                           - 144 -
   - ६ ⨢  ᫥ ࠪ⨢ ⥭;
   - ६  १⭮  ᥣ   । ᢮
  (0;  ᪨);
   - ࠧ ࠭ (1024 );
   - ६ १⭮ ࠭    ।  ᢮
 ;
   - ᨬ ࠧ ࠭筮 㫠 㠫쭮 
(0;  ᪨);
   - ᫮ ࠭  ᯫ,    ࠭  ࠢ  24
ப ᯫ;
   - ᨬ ࠧ   (0;  -
᪨);
   - 쭠  ࠭  ࠡ祬 ⢥ ࠭;
   - ᨬ쭮 ᫮ ᮢ  짮⥫ (500).
    믮  uconfig      ⥬
ࠬ஢   㢥७,    㧮筮 
ᮢ  ⥪饩 .   ⨢ 砥,  १ -
   ।᪠㥬.

13.15. ࠪ᪨ ᮢ
   ⠢  ,   ஡  -
஬ ⥬ UNIX. ᭮ 室 ।⢠  -
ঠ 楫⭮ ⥬  ⥯ .    -
 ॣ୮   ⥬   譨 䠩.
᭮ ஡      ⭮襭    㣨
짮⥫ﬨ.    ᨬ쭮 ⥯
㯠 ॡ 㣨 짮⥫, ⮡ 짮-
     । ⢥  ᮢ.  -
⥫ ᢥ      [12].


                           - 145 -
     ਫ 1. 樨 ⥬ UNIX.
      ࠭ ॠ樨  ⥬  UNIX  
ᮭ     ࠡ ⠭ ।⠢  ⠡
[13].
 --------------------------------------------------------
  /⨯      -     ந-  
                   (MIPS)      UNIX    
 ------------------------------------------------------
 PC AT-386/486    i80386/486      16      SCO UNIX  
                                                    
 PC AT-386/486    i80386/486      16      ISC UNIX  
                                                    
 PC AT-386/486    i80386/486      16      AT&T UNIX 
                                                    
 Apple Macintosh  m68030/040      12        A/UX    
                                                    
 Sun SparcStation   Sparc         18        SunOS   
                                                    
 IBM PowerStation   RS6000        24         AIX    
                                                    
 DEC DECStation      R3000        25       Ultrics  
                                                    
 HP 9000             HP800        10        HP-UX   
 --------------------------------------------------------

                           - 146 -
     ਫ 2.⠢ ⥬ ISC UNIX System V.
     ᭮    ⥬   ISC   UNIX   System   V
Rel.3.2 [14].
     1) core -  ⥬
     2) kernel - 窠  ⥬
     3) development system - ।⢠ ࠧࠡ⪨ ணࠬ
     4) manuals  - ࠭ 㪮⢠ 짮⥫  ண-
        ࠬ
     5) VP/ix -  MS DOS
     6) UUCP - ।⢠ ।    裡
     7) STREAMs - 堭 ⥢ ⮪
     8) TCP/IP - ⥢ ⮪
     9) NFS - ⥢ 䠩 ⥬
    10) X-Windows - ।⢠ ⥢ ᪨ 䥩ᮢ
        짮⥫ (GUI)
    11) Looking Glass -  窠   GUI



                           - 147 -
                     .
   1. Bell   System  Technical  Journal,  1957,  vol.6,  pp.
1977-2200.
   2. MacGilton H., Morgan R. Introducing the UNIX System. -
McGrow-Hill, 1983, 556 pp.
   3. ⨠ . 樮 ⥬ UNIX. - .,  
⨪, 1985, 320 .
   4. 奩 .,   뮭.   ᥭ. - ., ,
1988, 392 .
   5.  .  樮 ⥬ UNIX.  - ., , 1986,
464 .
   6. Aho A.V.,  Kernighan B.W.,  Weinberger P.J.  Awk  -  A
Pattern  Scanning and Text Processing Language (2d Edition).
- Bell Labs, Murray Hill, N.J.
   7. Feldman S.I. Make - a program for maintaining computer
programs.  - Bell Labs, Murray Hill, N.J. ( ⠪  ୠ
Software - Practice and Experience, vol.9).
   8. ਤ .. "ணࠬ஢  樮 ⥬
UNIX". - ., " ", 1991, 110 .
   9. Lesk  M.E.,  Schmidt  E.  Lex  -  a  lexical  analyzer
generator. - Bell Labs, Murray Hill, N.J.
   10. Johnson S.C.  Yacc - Yet Another Compiler-Compiler. -
Bell Labs, Murray Hill, N.J.
   11. 宬஢ ..,  .. 樮 ⥬ -
: 㬥⠫ ।⢠ ணࠬ஢.  - .,  -
  ⨪, 1988.
   12. ਪ ..   ⥬ UNIX. ., -
, 1989.
   13. ॢ ..  樨 ࠧ ᫨⥫쭮 -
. - ., " ", 1991, 96 .
   14. Interactive UNIX System V/386 Release  3.2  Operating
System Guide.   -   Interactive  System  Corporation,  Santa
Monica, CA, 1990.

                                - 148 -
                 ঠ.

1.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
    1.1.   UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1
    1.2. ᭮ ᢮⢠ UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1
    1.3. 모 ணࠬ஢  UNIX. . . . . . . . . .  2
    1.4. ᨨ UNIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2
2.   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
    2.1. 砫   ᥠ ࠡ. . . . . . . . . . .  3
    2.2. ࠢ 訡   ⥪  . .  3
    2.3.   . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
    2.4. ଠ  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
    2.5. ਮ⠭-த 뢮  ࠭ . . . .  5
    2.6. ⠭ 믮  . . . . . . . . . . .  5
3.     UNIX. . . . . . . . .   5
4.   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
    4.1.  ࠡ祣 ⠫ . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
    4.2.  ᮤন ⠫. . . . . . . . . . .  7
    4.3.  ୥ ⠫ . . . . . . . . . .  8
    4.4.  ࠡ祣 ⠫(cd). . . . . . . . .  9
    4.5. 襭   ⠫  䠩. .  9
    4.6.  ᮤন 䠩 . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
    4.7. ᬮ  䠩 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
    4.8. । ⨯ 䠩 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
    4.9.  ⠫ 짮⥫ . . . . . . . . . 11
    4.10. ஢ 䠩  cp. . . . . . . . . 13
    4.11. ७  २ 䠩  mv . . 13
    4.12.  䠩  rm . . . . . . . . . . 14

                                  - 149 -

    4.13. ⮦ ⮣ ⠫: rmdir . . . . . . 15
    4.14. ᯮ짮 ᨬ *, ?, [] . . . . . . 15
    4.15.  ᨬ   䠩. . . . . . . 16
    4.16.  䠩   䠩 . . . . . . . . . 17
    4.17. ⠭   ० 㯠  䠩:
          chmod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.     . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
    5.1. ⠭ 䠩. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
    5.2. ४ ⠭⭮ 뢮 . . . . . . . . . 20
    5.3. ४ ⠭⭮ . . . . . . . . . . 20
    5.4.  䠩  cat. . . . . . . . . . . 21
    5.5.    (pipeline). . . . . . 22
    5.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
    5.7. ࠫ ⠭ 뢮  ।४
         뢮 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
    5.8. ᪨ 뢮. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
    5.9. ࠡ⪠   ०  
         (background) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
    5.10. 믮 ᮢ   ਮ⮬ . . . 26
    5.11. ⠭ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6.  EX  VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
    6.1. 맮 vi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
    6.2. 室  vi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
    6.3. 樮஢  . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
    6.4. ,   㭨⮦ ⥪ . . . 28
    6.5. 樨  ᫮  ப. . . . . . . . . 29
    6.6. ⠭  ⥪ (cut-paste). . . . . . 30

                                  - 150 -
    6.7. ࠭  ⥪  ᫥饣 ᯮ-
          (yank) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
7.    SHELL. . . . . . . . . . . .  31
    7.1. ᨨ shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
    7.2.  砫 ᥠ (login-䠩). . . . . . . . . 32
    7.3. 楤 몠 shell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
    7.4. ६ shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
    7.5. ।। ६ shell. . . . . . . . 34
    7.6. ⠭ ६ shell 뢮  . . 35
    7.7. ६ shell - 㬥 楤. . . . . . 35
    7.8.   shell. . . . . . . . . . . 36
    7.9.  横 for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
    7.10. ᫮  if . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
    7.11.  test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
    7.12.  横 while. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
    7.13.  横 until. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
    7.14.  case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
    7.15. ᯮ짮 ६ 䠩  ⠫ /tmp. 43
    7.16. ਨ  楤. . . . . . . . . . . . 44
    7.17. ਬ 楤. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
    7.18. ࠡ⪠ 뢠  楤 . . . . . . . 46
    7.19. 믮 䬥᪨ 権: expr. . . . 47
    7.20. ⫠ 楤 shell. . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
8. C-SHELL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
    8.1. 樠 ᨬ  C-Shell. . . . . . . . . . 49
    8.2. ⠭ 䠩  C-Shell. . . . . . . . . . . 49

                                  - 151 -
    8.3. 堭 ਨ  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
    8.4. ४ ।饩 . . . . . . . . . .  50
    8.5. ୮ ᯮ । . . . . .  51
    8.6.   ୮ ᯮ ।.
            . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
    8.7. 뫪  ࠡ稩 ⠫ 짮⥫  . . . .  53
    8.8. ᯮ짮 㯯  䠩. . . . . . . . . 54
    8.9. 堭 २ . . . . . . . . . . . .  54
    8.10. ६  C-Shell. . . . . . . . . . . . .   55
    8.11. ᨬ  C-Shell. . . . . . . . . . . . .  59
    8.12.   C-Shell . . . . . . . . . .   62
    8.13. 業 ﭨ 䠩. . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
    8.14.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
    8.15.  䠩 (ਯ)  C-Shell. . . . . .  66
    8.16. ࠦ  ਯ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
    8.17. ࠢ騥  ਯ⮢ . . . . . . . . .69
          8.17.1.  foreach . . . . . . . . . . .  69
          8.17.2.  if-then-endif . . . . . . . .  70
          8.17.3.  while . . . . . . . . . . . .  71
          8.17.4.  switch . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
          8.17.5.  goto . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
    8.18.    ਯ. . . . . . . . . . . .  73
    8.19. ࠡ⪠ 뢠  ਯ  . . . . . . .  74
    8.20. ਬ ਯ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
9.  - . . . . . . . . . . .  76
    9.1. 뫪 ᮮ饭  write .  . . . . . .  76
    9.2. ஭  (mail). . . . . . . . . . . .  79

                                  - 152 -
10.     . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
    10.1.  䠩. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
    10.2. ઠ  ᡮઠ 䠩 .  . . . . . . . . . .  84
    10.3. ஢ ⥪⮢ 䠩  . . . . . . . . .  85
    10.4.  ப, ᫮,   䠩  . . . . .  86
    10.5.  ப  䠩  ࠧ (grep)  . . . .  87
    10.6. ࠭  (tr). . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
    10.7.  ࠢ 䠩 (diff, cmp, comm). . . 90
    10.8. ࠡ⪠ ⥪⮢ 䠩  awk. . . .  93
11.    . . . . . . . . . . . .  96
    11.1.맮 ஢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
    11.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
    11.3. ⥪. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
    11.4.  ⫠稪. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
    11.5. ।⢠ 業 䥪⨢ ᯮ
         ணࠬ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
    11.6. ஢ ணࠬ: make . . . . . . . . . 104
    11.7. ।⢠ ॠ樨 몮 ணࠬ஢. . 106
12.   EX,   . . . 107
     VI.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
    12.1. 室  vi  ex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
    12.2. ᬮ ப ⥪  . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
    12.3.  ப  ࠧ ⥪. . . . . . . . . 108
    12.4. ⠭ ࠧ ⥪ . . . . . . . . . . 109
    12.5. ⬥ ᫥ ⠭ . . . . . . . . . 110
    12.6. ⥭   䠩   ।஢ 111
    12.7. 맮  ।஢ ᫥饣  
         䠩 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
    12.8. 믮  ⥬  । ex 112

                                  - 153 -
    12.9. 室  ० । vi . . . . . . . . . 113
    12.10. 室  । ex . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
13.   . . . . . . . . 114
    13.1. 毮짮⥫ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
    13.2. 㧪  몫祭 ⥬  . . . . . . . . 115
    13.3. 짮⥫  㯯  . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
    13.4. 樠 ० ᯮ塞 䠩  . . . . 118
    13.5.  ⥬ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
          13.5.1.   ⠦ 䠩 ⥬ . . 124
          13.5.2. ⠦ 䠩 ⥬. . . . . . . 125
          13.5.3. ஭ 䠩 ⥬. . . . . 126
    13.6. ன⢠  ᯥ樠 䠩 . . . . . . . . 127
    13.7. ࠭  ⠭ 䠩 . . . . . . 128
    13.8. ஢ઠ  ⠭ 
          䠩 ⥬ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
    13.9. ஫ ᯮ짮 ᪮ . . . . .134
    13.10. 祭 ନ . . . . . . . . . . . .135
    13.11. ਮ᪮ 믮  . . . . . . .137
    13.12.   㪮⢠  짮⥫ . . .138
    13.13. ࠢ 樮 ⥬ . . . . . . .139
    13.14. 䨣 樮 ⥬. . . . . .143
    13.15. ࠪ᪨ ᮢ. . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
    ਫ 1.樨 ⥬ UNIX. . . . . . . . .145
    ਫ 2.⠢ ⥬ ISC UNIX System V.. . . .146
    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
    ঠ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148



