2 Linux

, Linux .

, "" Linux. , . ftp- Internet, BBS, CD-ROM.

. , , . , , .

, Slackware- Linux.

2.1 Linux

Linux , , . Linux, GPL (General Public License). , Linux FTP- .

, Linux . . "'" , , . Linux "", , . Linux , X Window System. ( 4 , ).

Linux, Internet .

? USENET , , Linux. - Linux, , , . , . Linux , , . Linux Slackware Slackware Pro.

Linux Internet

Internet, Linux - FTP. Internet, Linux ftpmail . . C. C FTP- , Linux. - sunsite.unc.edu,

    /pub/Linux/distributions

. , . , , RAWRITE.EXE MS-DOS. , . UNIX- , dd . , dd of=/dev/rfd0 if=foo bs=18k'' foo Sun-. UNIX dd.

RAWRITE.EXE Linux FTP-, sunsite.unc.edu,

    /pub/Linux/system/Install/rawrite

RAWRITE.EXE , . "boot"- . , , MS-DOS . , TCP/IP. .

Linux MS-DOS. , Linux Slackware RAWRITE.EXE boot root. MS-DOS MS-DOS COPY. MS-DOS. RAWRITE.EXE, MS-DOS .

, FTP, README, , . .

Linux ( FTP- "binary").

2.1.4 Slackware Internet.

Linux -

, CompuServe Prodigy, . , BBS, Linux. Linux BBS D. Linux , CD-ROM .

Linux

Internet BBS, Linux , , . B . , , Linux.

Linux , GPL. Linux US$30 - US$150, . , -, Linux, . Linux . Linux , .

Slackware

Slackware - Linux, Patrick Volkerding. Patrick Volkerding Internet: volkerdi@mhd1.moorhead.msus.edu.

. Internet, CD-ROM (. B).

Slackware " " (``disk sets''), (, "d" development tools, gcc-, "x", X Window System). , ; .

Slackware, - 2.0.0, 25 1994. .

Slackware

, Slackware . 7 "A"; - 2 2.5 .

:

A

. elvis comm (elvis - , comm - ). 1.0.9 (FSSTND). , 1.2M ( Slackware). 1.2M, , .

AP

, , groff, ispell (GNU and international versions), term, joe, jove, ghostscript, sc, bc, quota patches.

D

. GCC/G++/Objective C 2.5.8, make (GNU BSD), byacc GNU bison, flex, the 4.5.26 C libraries, gdb, kernel source for 1.0.9, SVGAlib, ncurses, clisp, f2c, p2c, m4, perl, rcs.

E

GNU Emacs 19.25.

F

(FAQs) .

I

Info- GNU-. , info Emacs.

N

. TCP/IP, UUCP, mailx, dip, deliver, elm, pine, smail, cnews, nn, tin, trn.

OOP

'- . GNU Smalltalk 1.1.1 Smalltalk Interface to X (STIX).

Q

Alpha- ( - Linux 1.1.18).

TCL

Tcl, Tk, TclX, blt, itcl.

Y

. BSD Tetris .

X

XFree86 2.1.1 libXpm, fvwm 1.20 xlock.

XAP

X-: X11 ghostscript, libgr13, seyon, workman, xfilemanager, xv 3.01, GNU chess xboard, xfm 1.2, ghostview, X-.

XD

X11. X11 , linkkit, PEX.

XV

Xview 3.2 release 5. XView , Open Look window-.

IV

Interviews , include-, doc idraw .

OI

ParcPlace's Object Builder 2.0 Object Interface Library 4.0. , libc-4.4.4, , gcc 2.5.9.

T

TeX LaTeX.

"A", . A, AP D, X, X Window System.

Slackware Internet

Slackware Linux FTP- . C . FTP-, . Linux FTP-: sunsite.unc.edu tsx-11.mit.edu.

Slackware :

ftp.cdrom.com - Slackware.

, FTP, . . , FTP.

Slackware CD-ROM

Slackware CD-ROM. CD-ROM Slackware , FTP-. , CD-ROM Slackware, . boot root , CD-ROM. 2.1.4.2.1.

, boot root . CD-ROM. , .

Slackware . - MS-DOS ; MS-DOS, , .

Slackware CD-ROM, . Slackware Pro Morse Telecommunications Slackware , CD-ROM. , .

boot root

boot root, boot- root-, ( CD-ROM), . MS-DOS boot- root-, GZIP.EXE. , boot - bare.gz, MS-DOS:

    C:\> GZIP -D BARE.GZ

bare.gz bare. CD-ROM, bootdisk (, bare.gz) GZIP.EXE CD-ROM .

root. , root- color144.gz, :

    C:\> GZIP -D COLOR144.GZ

color144.

, high-density , MS-DOS. ( ; boot- 3.5", high-density 3.5"). boot root RAWRITE.EXE .

:

    C:\> RAWRITE

(, bare color144) ( A:). RAWRITE . RAWRITE root-. , : boot-, root-. , MS-DOS ( , , ``Linux-'').

, . bad-.

, MS-DOS Slackware. MS-DOS boot root , ( MS-DOS ). MS-DOS, , .

GZIP.EXE RAWRITE.EXE MS-DOS boot root. gzip dd UNIX . ( , , UNIX- ). , Sun /dev/rfd0 :

    $ gunzip bare.gz
    $ dd if=bare of=/dev/rfd0 obs=18k

(obs),

( Sun) . - dd.

.

Slackware ( , , ), MS-DOS.

: Slackware MS-DOS, DoubleSpace, Stacker - MS-DOS. Linux MS-DOS- DoubleSpace/Stacker. ( MS-DOS Emulator, Linux).

Slackware. ,

    C:\> MKDIR SLACKWAR

C:\SLACKWAR Slackware. , MKDIR, A1, A2 .. . 1 SLACKWAR\A1 ..

.

Slackware , , , MS-DOS, Slackware, . high-density.

A ( A1 - A3) 3.5", 5.25". 3.5".

, 5.25", - 3.5", ( A) . , .

, , Slackware MS-DOS , MS-DOS - COPY:

    C:\> COPY A1\*.* A:

A1 A:. .

- ; MS-DOS. Slackware .

CD-ROM.

Slackware CD-ROM, , boot root. CD.

2.2 Linux

, Linux, . , . , Linux.

Linux , :

  1. () (). , , Linux. 2.2.4.
  2. Linux. - - (boot) , . , .
  3. Linux. Linux, Linux. Linux fdisk. (. 2.3.3).
  4. . . , , Linux. (. 2.3.4 2.3.5).
  5. Linux () () (). , . (. 2.3.6). , 2.5, , , - .

Linux , . , .

Slackware Linux, , fdisk, setup .

. Linux, , - . , , . : ( !) , , . Linux , . , , - . , . , Linux- USENET. . , Linux . .

, . , : , , MS-DOS, OS/2 Linux.

, , Linux. Linux .

MS-DOS , . MS-DOS , C:. , MS-DOS D:, E: .. .

master boot record . boot record ( ) . .

: , (primary, extended logical). . , - , .

, . . . , , .

Linux

, , , , Linux. , 2.3.3.

UNIX , ( , CD-ROM ), . ; , /usr, /tmp .. - , /.

Linux "" . , / /usr, .

, Linux, Linux. ( ), , Linux. Linux , () , .

Linux, . , /usr /home. , UNIX, , . 4 , .

, ? - . - , , , . , , - - . . backup, . (200) ().

- . , , 40M 50M , /usr 50- . , .

, , Linux o . , . , .

. Linux, . -, , . RAM . -, , . .

16M. 16M, ( ). , 32M, 16M.

2.3.4, - 4.

Linux : . , , . Linux, 16M RAM, .

, , . ' . , . Linux- 20M . - 80M 100M, . , .

( ) , . : RAM. , 4M RAM ( ), 8M . , . (, 16M ), .

. - BIOS , 1023. , Linux, , 1023 . Linux ( ). , .

1023 , Linux . , , . .

, , Linux. Linux "" , 2.3.

- ( , ) . backup . . MS-DOS , . FIPS, FTP- Linux.

, , , , . , .

, , fdisk. ; , MS-DOS FDISK. . , MS-DOS FDISK, .

, . ; , . , .

. ( Linux), FDISK MS-DOS. ; , Linux, fdisk Linux. , 2.3.3 , Linux. .

, , MS-DOS. , , ``C:''. , MS-DOS ``system disk'', FDISK backup.

MS-DOS. ,

    FORMAT /s A:

MS-DOS ( \DOS ), FORMAT.COM FDISK.EXE.

    FDISK C:

FDISK ', MS-DOS. FDISK, menu . setup , Linux.

FDISK ``Delete an MS-DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive''. , (, ) . . !

() MS-DOS, FDISK ``Create an MS-DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive''. (, ) ( ). FDISK .

, FDISK, . , DOS (C:),

    FORMAT /s C:

backup.

2.3 Linux

, , Linux, . :

, , Linux. , .

Linux

- Linux. , Linux-. ' - , . login. root .

, , Linux.

Slackware, , , , , .

Linux , , . , SCSI- , (, I/O- IRQ).

, IBM PS/1, ThinkPad ValuePoint CMOS .

boot , . , , Slackware. shift ctrl. :

    boot:

, , .

- , enter boot.

. SCSI , (hosts).

    SCSI: 0 hosts

, SCSI , .

. - , .

, , , , , 2.3.2.

, :

    ramdisk <parameters...>

: .

hd=<cylinders>,<heads>,<sectors>

, IBM PS/1, ValuePoint ThinkPad. , 683 , 16 32 , per track, enter

ramdisk hd=683,16,32

tmc8xx=<memaddr>,<irq>

IRQ -BIOS- Future Domain TMC-8xx SCSI . ,

                 ramdisk tmc8xx=0xca000,5

, "0x" , . .

st0x=<memaddr>,<irq>

IRQ -BIOS- Seagate ST02 .

t128=<memaddr>,<irq>

IRQ -BIOS- Trantor T128B .

ncr5380=<port>,<irq>,<dma> , IRQ DMA generic NCR5380 .

aha152x=<port>,<irq>,<scsi_id>,1

, IRQ SCSI ID -BIOS- AIC-6260 . Adaptec 1510, 152x Soundblaster-SCSI .

ramdisk , .

, Linux SCSI HOWTO, Linux FTP- ( , ), Linux CD-ROM HOWTO. .

Linux

Linux fdisk. . . Linux , . MS-DOS A: B:, , C:, D:, .. Linux .

, /dev, (, , ..)

, , /dev/mouse. , . ; , .

2.1 .

. , /dev/fd0 (A: MS-DOS) /dev/fd1 (B:).

SCSI- , . IDE, MFM RLL /dev/hda, /dev/hdb .. /dev/hda /dev/hda1, /dev/hda2 .. SCSI- /dev/sda, /dev/sdb, .., , /dev/sda1 /dev/sda2.

. , IDE- . MS-DOS, - , Linux. , , :

       MS-DOS (C:)     /dev/hda1
       MS-DOS (D:)     /dev/hda2
                  /dev/hda3
        Linux  /dev/hda5
        Linux  /dev/hda6

, /dev/hda4, , . , /dev/hda5.

                                            

       (A:)                            /dev/fd0
       (B:)                            /dev/fd1
        ()                      /dev/hda
       ,   1       /dev/hda1
       ,   2       /dev/hda2
       ,   3       /dev/hda3
       ,   4       /dev/hda4
       ,   1      /dev/hda5
       ,   2      /dev/hda6
     ..

        ()                      /dev/hdb
       ,   1       /dev/hdb1
     ..
      SCSI   ()                /dev/sda
      SCSI  ,   1 /dev/sda1
     ..
      SCSI   ()                /dev/sdb
      SCSI  ,   1 /dev/sdb1
     ..

             . 2.1:    Linux

Linux

Linux fdisk. 2.2.3, Linux .

fdisk,

    fdisk <drive>

<drive> Linux, (. . 2.1). , fdisk SCSI-, fdisk /dev/sda.

/dev/hda ( IDE-) , .

Linux , , fdisk .

    # fdisk /dev/hda

    Command (m for help):

fdisk ; "m", .

    Command (m for help):  m
    Command action
    a toggle a bootable flag
    d delete a partition
    l list known partition types
    m print this menu
    n add a new partition
    p print the partition table
    q quit without saving changes
    t change a partition's system id
    u change display/entry units
    v verify the partition table
    w write table to disk and exit
    x extra functionality (experts only)

    Command (m for help):

n. . fdisk, , q. fdisk w.

, , . p.

    Command (m for help):  p
    Disk /dev/hda:  16 heads, 38 sectors, 683 cylinders
    Units = cylinders of 608 * 512 bytes

       Device Boot Begin Start End Blocks Id  System
    /dev/hda1   *   1      1   203  61693  6  DOS  16-bit >=32M

    Command (m for help):

, MS-DOS- /dev/hda1, 61693 ( 60M - Linux - 1024bytes). N 1 N 203. 683 . 480 Linux.

"n". (/dev/hda2 and /dev/hda3) Linux.

    Command (m for help):  n
    Command action
    e extended
    p primary partition (1-4)
    p

fdisk : extended () primary (). , p.

    Partition number (1-4):

fdisk ; 1 , Linux 2.

    Partition number (1-4):  2
    First cylinder (204-683):

. 204 683 , ( 204). .

    First cylinder (204-683):  204
    Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (204-683):

fdisk . , . , 80M, +80M. fdisk .

    Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (204-683):  +80M

    Warning:  Linux  cannot currently  use 33090  sectors of this
    partition

, , . fdisk , , , Linux , 64M. Linux. 10M.

    Command (m for help):  n
    Command action
    e extended
    p primary partition (1-4)
    p
    Partition number (1-4):  3
    First cylinder (474-683):  474
    Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (474-683):  +10M

, . , . . , .

    Command (m for help):  p

    Disk /dev/hda:  16 heads, 38 sectors, 683 cylinders
    Units = cylinders of 608 * 512 bytes


     Device Boot Begin Start  End  Blocks  Id  System
  /dev/hda1   *   1      1    203  61693    6  DOS  16-bit >=32M
  /dev/hda2      204   204    473  82080   81  Linux/MINIX
  /dev/hda3      474   474    507  10336   81  Linux/MINIX

, /dev/hda2 - 82080 ( 80M), /dev/hda3 - 10336 ( 10M). . : , "" "" -

, ( Slackware) t fdisk ``Linux swap'', 82. L , t, , ``Linux swap''.

, . , fdisk "t" .

( 508 683) . .

, w, fdisk

    Command (m for help):  w

    #

, , w. , . , fdisk , q. , fdisk Linux Linux Linux.

, Linux , , 1023. , Linux 1023-. - .

Linux fdisk. . fdisk , . , fdisk - .

, . ( ). 4 , .

. ' RAM, , - ' .

Slackware , 4M RAM . , Slackware . , , ; .

mkswap

    mkswap -c <partition> <size>

<partition> - , <size> - . size of the partition, in blocks. , Linux 1024 .

, /dev/hda3 10336 ,

    # mkswap -c /dev/hda3 10336

-c mkswap .

, mkswap .

. . , Linux, .

- swapon

    swapon <partition>

, /dev/hda3,

    # swapon /dev/hda3

, Linux , . MS-DOS. 2.2.3.

Linux . ( , , ..). Linux "" , MS-DOS.

- Second Extended Filesystem ext2fs. ext2fs - . 256 4 (. : - ). 4 , Linux. , ext2fs.

Slackware , . , , .

    mke2fs -c <partition> <size>

<partition> - , <size> - . , 82080 /dev/hda2,

    # mke2fs -c /dev/hda2 82080

Linux, mke2fs .

, 2.5.

. . , . (, /mnt) . CD-ROM , CD-ROM.

. , MS-DOS . TCP/IP FTP NFS. .

, Slackware fdisk, , mkswap swapon ( RAM 4M ), setup. setup '. setup .

. , Linux ( ).

Slackware setup

Slackware, (, )

    # setup

, .

, , color144 colrlite; .

setup . enter spacebar .

Help

help- setup.

Keymap

, US-. keymaps ( ) ; .

Quick

``quick'' () ``verbose''( ). ``Verbose'' - , , , .

Make tags

Slackware tag-. ; .

Addswap

, Slackware. ' ( ``Linux swap'' fdisk). , . , mkswap .

mkswap swapon ( 2.3.4) , setup mkswap.

mkswap swapon, Addswap : , .

! ! , . , , . , . .

Target

, Linux. ( ``Linux native'' (" Linux" - fdisk) Linux, /dev/hda2. . ext2fs, 2.3.5. , MS-DOS. , Linux. , /usr ( 2.2.3), (, /usr /usr/bin).

! ! , . , , . , mke2fs ( 2.3.5), Target () , Linux.

Source

, Slackware: , CD-ROM. , , Slackware . , Slackware- MS-DOS, (, /dev/hda1) MS-DOS FAT . , . , Slackware-, C:\SLACK MS-DOS,

             /slack

. , "/". CD-ROM, CD-ROM, , CD-ROM . CD-ROM /slakware, . Slackware Professional (Slackware Professional - Slackware, Morse Telecommunications), CD-ROM. slakware , . slackpro CD-ROM , CD-ROM. , . Slackware CD-ROM. , , Slackware CD-ROM. .

Slackware . CD-ROM. , 2.5.3.

Disk sets

, . , A. . , , ; ``optional'' ``recommended.''

Install

, . . ``normal.'' "" , . , .

. Linux UNIX, . , , , .

, - . , . , , , , . 2.5.3.

, CD-ROM; , CD-ROM , ..

Configure

- . .

LILO

- Linux . , Linux, . , Linux, , . .

LILO . LILO - , (master boot record) . , MS-DOS Linux, , .

Slackware Configure setup , LILO. . Configure , .

LILO , , , , .. LILO "" . LILO "" ( , ). , Boot Manager OS/2, LILO. LILO Boot Manager, .

, LILO . , LILO, .

4 , LILO setup.

, ! Linux . - - .

, , Linux, .

Linux , , TCP/IP, X Window System .. , . , , .

, - , . , , , (, ).

2.4

, Linux, , . , root . ( , ).

, . "reset" " " - ctrl-alt-del. Linux ctrl-alt-del shutdown. "" . UNIX, Linux . , "" , , .

- shutdown. , ( root):

    # shutdown -r now

. shutdown . , man shutdown.

, Linux shutdown . , , ctrl-alt-del. shutdown. . : Linux- halt, shutdown :-).

, , , . , account (, , , () ) . : account - . accounts 4.4. , , root adduser ( useradd). , .

Linux , , /etc/fstab, . (, /usr , , ). 4.8. . , Slackware Linux , .

2.5

- Linux. . . : , . - , .

. , , .

, . . , Linux. . 2.5.4.

, Linux . Linux, : .

, , . , , .

, , , , . , () , .

, . , , , . , , , , . , , .

, , Ethernet. , Ethernet. - Ethernet . , (a) Ethernet Linux ( 1.8 ), (b) IRQ, .

`` IRQ ?'' -, , ? IRQ . : IRQ - Interrupt ReQuest , , - . IRQ , , , - . , , , . .

, IRQ. IRQ (jumpers) ; . IRQ, , , , . ( Seagate ST01 ST02 SCSI).

, , IRQ . , Linux , IRQ 5 TMC-950 SCSI, CD-ROM Mitsumi busmouse. , Linux , , , IRQ, . ( 4 ).

, - DMA (Direct Memory Access) ( ), - (I/O) (shared memory addresses). , . Ethernet, , IRQ . - . DMA, - . ( , ).

IRQ, DMA, - , , . , , , .

2.2 IRQ DMA, "" , . , IRQ DMA .

     Device                    I/O-      IRQ   DMA

     ttyS0 (COM1)                 3f8          4    n/a
     ttyS1 (COM2)                 2f8          3    n/a
     ttyS2 (COM3)                 3e8          4    n/a
     ttyS3 (COM4)                 2e8          3    n/a
     lp0 (LPT1)                   378 - 37f    7    n/a
     lp1 (LPT2)                   278 - 27f    5    n/a
     fd0, fd1 (floppies 1 and 2)  3f0 - 3f7    6    2
     fd2, fd3 (floppies 3 and 4)  370 - 377    10   3

           2.2:     

Linux , , :

    Console:  colour EGA+ 80x25, 8 virtual consoles
    Serial driver version 3.96 with no serial options enabled
    tty00 at 0x03f8 (irq = 4) is a 16450
    tty03 at 0x02e8 (irq = 3) is a 16550A
    lp_init:  lp1 exists (0), using polling driver
    ...

, .

    Partition check:

( ), , :

    Partition check:
    hda:  hda1 hda2
    hdb:  hdb1 hdb2 hdb3

- , .

:

Linux LILO, . LILO, . LILO 4.

SCSI-

, SCSI- , , , CD-ROM, . Linux , .

Linux SCSI HOWTO (. A) SCSI-, . SCSI.

SCSI- , (force) . -BIOS- SCSI-. IRQ . , TMC-8xx,

    boot:  linux tmx8xx=<interrupt>,<memory-address>

LILO, <interrupt> - IRQ <memory-address> - . , Linux, .

, Linux , . , , Linux. :

Linux ( - ), , . , FTP

     mget *.*

Linux FTP. , ``.'' ; ``.'', .

     mget *

- , , . , , - , , - . Linux . , !

, Linux , . 2.5.2.

Linux

, Linux. , MS-DOS OS/2 "SimCity" "Wing Commander"... , . , - , , . ?

2.5.1 , Linux . . .

Linux

Linux, linux . , , , .

, shift ctrl. ; tab, . ,

    boot:  linux hd=<partition>

<partition> - Linux, , /dev/hda2. .

Linux

LILO, Linux . , LILO, , .

, LILO, . LILO 4.

Linux ( ) :

    linux login:

, , . root (, ) . guest test.

Linux . , . , ; , root, ``root'' .

- , . . - . .

, . , ( ) Linux "". 4.

, "shell" - ( ``#'' ``$'') . , .

, - () .

    Shell-init:  permission denied

( , , ``permission denied''(" ") , ).

"chmod", . , Linux () " 0644 " (/).

    # chmod 755 /

, , Linux - .

, , . Linux! , . . , . 1 . 4 .

. , .

,

,