. , m - "" , more. , more, , : 1) vi , more; 2) more shell , . - "v" - more. ( more .) ":!cmd" "!cmd". , more . , ex. more - ex, . , - more. : -------------------------- | | m `path termcap` <- - | (termcap) | . more . . --More--(5%) <- more v vi /etc/termcap vi +210 /etc/termcap <- - vi more . . :q <- vi --More--(5%) <- more :!sh shell' $ date date Wed Apr 23 07:15:04 PST 1986 $ ^d <- shell --More--(5%) <- more :f , more "/etc/termcap" line 54 f --More--(5%) f <- more .skipping 23 lines . . --More--(9%) <- q more  1. $ ll -R / | m (/), (ll) ( -a ll) (-R) - (| m). 2. $ m `path inittab rc passwd` more inittab, rc passwd. , - /bin/passwd, /etc/passwd (- /etc ), , . , more , more , , , .  , - , , . more. - , . more. Berkeley - /usr/ ucb/more. path more . , - , - : :.!path more shell path (:!), - path ( ) (.). - . 2.2.5. mmm - nroff -------------------------------------------------------------- : mmm -------------------------------------------------------------- mmm nroff  nroff , - .   mmm file [...]   mmm memo nroff memo   1 : 2 # @(#) mmm v1.0 Nroff command line with mm macros Author: Russ Sage 2 nroff mm 4 if [ "$#" -eq 0 ] 5 then echo "mmm: wrong arg count" >&2 6 echo "usage: mmm file [...]" >&2 7 exit 1 8 fi 10 LIST="" 11 for ARG in $* 12 do 13 if [ ! -f $ARG ] 14 then echo "mmm: $ARG is not a regular file" >&2 15 else LIST="$LIST $ARG" 16 fi 17 done 19 nroff -r0O -mm $LIST   ARG LIST  mmm? . - , , , , - . UNIX, - nroff. - . nroff nroff , ms mm. - troff. AT&T Writers Workbench, Berkeley . - , , - , . nroff ( ), , . mmm , , . , - . , , - . . UNIX' - , , , . , - . mmm? mmm - nroff. "" , - nroff. nroff - . nroff. , mmm . , mmm , -z, , , . , . nroff . - stdout ( ). - , - - .  1. $ mmm nroffile | m nroff nroffile, - more. nroff, - . 2. $ for F in proj.? do mmm $F > $F.rf done , "proj.", . proj.1, proj.2 proj.z, proj.{, proj.|, proj.} proj.~, , , - . , nroff , .rf. 3. $ mmm status[12] | lpr -o5 nroff status1 status2. - lpr. lpr - , , ( - ). -o5 lpr 5 .  4 , - . , . , mmm . LIST 10. shell , - . ( 11-17). , - , . , - . . - , . - . , - . , , . , , , - . , . nroff. , 9 nroff. -rO0 nroff (- mm) , , , 0 . , , .. . , nroff - . , nroff , - , . - , - - . -mm nroff , , - - . . - , , , . $LIST. , . - nroff. , - .   , mm. - , nroff , - , . - mmm, , , . - , - . , - . , , , . , , - mm, , , -ms -me, - . , , : nroff troff. 2.2.6. pall - ------------------------------------------------------------- : pall -------------------------------------------------------------- pall  , , .   pall [-t|-d] directory   pall /usr/lib /usr/lib   1. : 2 # @(#) pall v1.0 Print all files in a tree Author: Russ Sage 2 4 if [ $# -eq 0 -o $# -gt 2 ] 5 then echo "pall: wrong argument count" >&2 6 echo "usage: pall [-t|-d] dir" >&2 7 echo " -t text (default)" >&2 8 echo " -d dev (.c,.h,.mk,.s)" >&2 9 exit 1 10 fi 12 NAME="" 13 if [ `echo $1 | cut -c1` = "-" ] 14 then case $1 in 15 -t) NAME="" 16 shift;; 17 -d) NAME="-name \"*.[chms]*\"" 18 shift;; 19 *) echo "pall: invalid arg $1" >&2 20 echo "usage: pall [-t|-d] dir" >&2 21 echo " -t text (default)" >&2 22 echo " -d dev (.c,.h,.mk,.s)" >&2 23 exit 1;; 24 esac 25 fi 27 echo "creating output file: /tmp/lpr$$" 29 eval find $1 -type f $NAME -print | sort | while read FILE 30 do 31 if file $FILE | 32 egrep 'exec|data|empty|reloc|cannot open' >/dev/null 2>&1 33 then continue 34 else file $FILE > /dev/tty 35 pr $FILE 36 fi 37 done >> /tmp/lpr$$ 39 echo "\nSend /tmp/lpr$$ to line printer (y/n): \c" 40 read CMD 41 if [ "$CMD" = "y" ] 42 then lpr /tmp/lpr$$ 43 fi   FILE , while NAME - CMD  pall? . , . , - , , - . , . - , - ( ), , , - . - . , . , cd , , ( pr UNIX - ) . - - . , - . ? , - . , pall . , , , . , , - , . , , . Pall , - . , . , . ulimit . , ulimit 4096. 512, 1024. 2097152. - , : $ ulimit 4096 $ expr 4096 \* 512 2097152 . pall? pall , - UNIX pr . pr, , - . /tmp, . pall -t -d. -t . , , - . , . - -d (development), , . - . , , *.c , *.h , *.mk - (makefiles) *.s . - - , - . , , , - . , - , . pall , . . UNIX' file. , . - , , . . , pr. - . , - . pall , , - , . - . pall . pall, , . pall - , - . pall find UNIX. find , .. , - . , - , find. pall, , - : ------------------------------------------- | | $ pall /usr/include | | May 5 10:39 1986 /usr/include/a.out.h Page 1 | . | . | . | May 5 10:39 1986 /usr/include/ar.h Page 1 | . | . | . pall , , . , , , . : --------------------- | | $ cd /usr/include | $ pall . | | May 5 10:39 1986 ./a.out.h Page 1 | . | . | . May 5 10:39 1986 ./ar.h Page 1 . . .  1. $ pall /usr/include . sys , - /usr/include. , pall. . 2. $ pall $HOME/src , , .  - . , , . 12 NAME. - , - . if 13 : " ", , . -t, NAME , , . . -d, NAME , - . , - , .. . - shell , - find. - , . 27 , - . . , . 29-43 - . find eval, - NAME . eval, . - , NAME 24. NAME, eval. find f, , .. . " " , . NAME , . NAME - , find - eval. find. , . sort, . - . . while, - . , while , - . 31-36. file. file - egrep, , - . - , . , . , - . , , , , - . egrep, . egrep , - , 0. if - then, - if-then-else while, . egrep , else, file - /dev/tty. , . UNIX , /dev/tty , . while, /dev/tty, , . , . , - pr. , - while , . , (>>). - , - . , , - . "" (yes) "" (no), - (yes). , "no", "y", "". , , "y". , . , . , - . while, . , while shell- (subshell) - , - , . - - , . - shell, , shell . shell , , - , - . - , -.   , . - , find , , - . , . - , . , , - , , - . , . , , . , UNIX, , . , , . - - , . , . - . , /usr/lib. - . /usr/lib , - /usr/lib. - pall . , pall , - . ? ulimit. , ulimit, shell' ulimit. 7.   , - . , - . , - - UNIX. , , . , , - , pall. - , , nroff. case, . , . egrep - . - . - , . egrep . . , - , egrep. - , - . , - 255. if egrep . , , . - , egrep. . , - , . , .  * 3. *    3.1. 3.1.1. 3.1.2. 3.1.3. 3.1.4. 3.2. 3.2.1. cptdir - 3.2.2. can - " " 3.2.3. dosflp - MS-DOS 3.3. 3.3.1. autobkp - 3.3.2. cpiobr - 3.4. 3.4.1. dsum - 3.4.2. log -  "" UNIX - . . vi - , . , uucp, lp . UNIX -, . - , , - . - . ( , .) , , , . . 3.1.  , . - , . , , . - . - , , - , UNIX . 3.1.1.  : - () "". - , . , , . , . : "" "". "" - (.. ) . - , - . cptdir. , - , ( ) , . "" - UNIX. , , , - , . , ( ), . , , , - - . , . - , , , . , - . , - . " " - , , , , - - , ( ) , . - , . 3.1.2.  - - . cptdir ( - , ) -. - - , - . can