#24 #24 (number of lines per screen) nd - ^\\ \EC (nondestructive space) nl - ^J ^J (newline character) pt - (has hardware tabs) se - ^O (end stand out mode (normal)) so - ^N (begin stand out mode (inverse)) sr - \EI (scroll reverse) ta - ^I ^I (tab) up - ^_ (up a line) ------------------------------------------------------------- , , , vt52 Apple . vt52 x y YX, termcap. Apple XY, termcap , %r cm. termcap - ( , - , , termcap). , - . - , ESC-- (, , () ). (\E) vt52 (^) Apple. - termcap vi. , , : " , - ?". , termcap. , - , - . - termcap, - termcap, . - 'c'. -------------------------------------------------------- : c -------------------------------------------------------- c  - . , , .   c   c   1 char id[] = "@(#) c v1.0 Fast clear screen Author: Russ Sage"; 3 #define FF "\014" 5 main() 6 { 7 if (write(1, FF, 1) == -1) 8 write(2,"c: write error to stdout\n",25); 9 }  c? System V - clear. . - , : ! . - - . , . c? 'c' , - UNIX. - , - . 'c' . , -shell ( csh alias), , System V. , - , cl termcap. , - . , - , .  termcap . Apple ^L, vt52 \EH\EJ. , define 3 write 7. ^L. - write. - , , - 0,1 2. write 7 1, . ( ), 2, .. , . , . - - , . - - (stdio). -- (.. (2) , read write) - (.. (3), getchar printf). , stdio, , - . , , , . - . , - , stdio. - , - . XENIX, stdio malloc . nm(1) nlist(2). , - . 6 printf! , , .  , : " ?". , , . sh(1). , - , , - . exec, shell: $ exec >&- 1 - ( >) (&) (-). .   . , - . , , - . , , 512 1024 . , , - -.   , , . - , mkfs(1), , - 'cpio -o'. XENIX fdisk, MS-DOS. UNIX . , AT&T 7300 UNIX PC iv, "format" (- , ). , - . XENIX SCO XENIX " " . , DOS XENIX - , , . AT&T 7300 UNIX PC - . , . . /dev , - . . . ------------------------- | | brw------- 1 sysinfo sysinfo 1, 0 Feb 18 17:07 /dev/hd00 | brw------- 1 sysinfo sysinfo 1, 15 Feb 18 16:59 /dev/hd01 | brw------- 1 sysinfo sysinfo 1, 23 Feb 18 16:59 /dev/hd02 | brw------- 1 sysinfo sysinfo 1, 31 Feb 18 16:59 /dev/hd03 | brw------- 1 sysinfo sysinfo 1, 39 Feb 18 16:59 /dev/hd04 | brw------- 1 sysinfo sysinfo 1, 47 Feb 18 17:07 /dev/hd0a | brw------- 1 sysinfo sysinfo 1, 55 Feb 18 17:09 /dev/hd0d | crw------- 1 sysinfo sysinfo 1, 0 Feb 18 16:59 /dev/rhd00 | crw------- 1 sysinfo sysinfo 1, 15 Feb 18 16:59 /dev/rhd01 | crw------- 1 sysinfo sysinfo 1, 23 Feb 18 16:59 /dev/rhd02 | crw------- 1 sysinfo sysinfo 1, 31 Feb 18 16:59 /dev/rhd03 | crw------- 1 sysinfo sysinfo 1, 39 Feb 18 16:59 /dev/rhd04 | crw------- 1 sysinfo sysinfo 1, 47 Feb 18 16:59 /dev/rhd0a | crw------- 1 sysinfo sysinfo 1, 55 Feb 18 17:09 /dev/rhd0d | hd , rhd - "" . - . , - . . 7-2 - . 7-2 ------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- /dev/hd0, /dev/fd0 /dev/rhd0, /dev/rfd0 , , cpio -p cpio -o, -i mkfs, mount, df, du tar fsck, fsdb ------------------------------------------------------------ , . /dev/hd01 . , . , 5000 (5 ) : # mkfs /dev/hd01 5000 ( 5000 ) . , .., , , - . , , . . : # mount /dev/hd01 /mount_pt mv cp, , , >/mount_pt/file. - , , - , r. , , , - , /dev/rhd01. ( , , crw, brw). ( ) . - , 5 . , : $ find . -print | cpio -ocBv > /dev/rhd01   , - , cat, more . od(1), , : $ od -c /dev/hd01 (/dev/rhd01), . , . , , , - : cpio, tar, mkfs - . : $ cat /dev/hd01 $ cat < /dev/hd01 $ tail /dev/fd0 , , 512 . . , - : . , - , , - , , - . , , , 2 . cpiobr - /dev/rfd0, autobkp . - . . - , . . - , - , . UNIX , - . , , - . - , - . , "- " , . - (fd01) - "cpio -o". , - (fd02). (help) , . . , cpio, "cpio -i < /dev/rfd01". , "mount /dev/fd02 /mnt", ls, file, grep , - . - . shell (SASH) UNIX - shell (SASH, standalone shell). , . : " UNIX ?" : . - , . , dd. dd , . - , UNIX . - , . , - , . , shell , ( ) - . . - . PC - 1.2 ( PC AT), . , . , . (, - ) . : # mount /dev/hd01 /mnt <- # copy /unix /mnt <-   . , . sync(1) , . , . System V update, - /etc/rc. sync sleep. , - . , - shell, , sync sleep. , - .   , , - . . 7 -3 , (inodes) - . . 7-3 ------------------------------------------------------------- +------------------------------+ || | | | | | | |------------------------------| | 1 | /dev/hd01 |/dev/root | | 2 | /dev/hd02 |/dev/usr | +------------------------------+ +----+ | | 1 | / |inode 2 (ls -lia /) / / | | \ \ \ / / +----+ \ \ \ / / / | \ \ \ \ / / / | \ \ \ \ / / / | \ \ \ \ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +-----+ +---+ +---+ +---+ |bin| |dev| |etc| |lib| |lost+| |mnt| |tmp| |usr| inode 245 | | | | | | | | |found| | | | | | +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +-----+ +---+ +---+ +-| | / | \ / | \ / |\ / | \ / | | \ | | / | \ +---+ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ | /----------------+ / / # /etc/mount /dev/hd02 /usr / +-----+ | | 2 | / | inode 2 (ls -lia /usr) | | +-----+ \ \ \ / / / | \ \ \ \ \ / / / | \ \ \ \ \ / / / | \ \ \ \ \ / / / | \ \ \ \ \ / / / | \ \ \ \ \ +---+ +---+ +-------+ +---+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +---+ +---+ |adm| |bin| |include| |lib| |lost+| |pre- | |spool| |sys| |tmp| | | | | | | | | |found| |serve| | | | | | | +---+ +---+ +-------+ +---+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +---+ +---+ / | \ / | \ / | | \ / | \ /|\ / || \ / | \ / / | \ / | \ \ / / | \ / | \ \ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ / | \ /|\ /|\ /|\ -------------------------------------------------------------------- , . 7-3, 2 ( 1) /usr. - , . - 2, - . , , , , 2. "ls -lid /". /usr - ( ) . , - 1. "mount /dev/hd02 /usr" - 2 ( 2) /usr (- 245). - /usr 1, , - . - , . mount , - . , . , , , . - , - , . , . , , - /usr ( "ls -li /", 245), (ls -ldi /usr, 2).  ? , - . mkfs(1), - fsck(1), fsdb(1), mount(1). /usr/include , - . , , , - . Bell Labs ( - ) , . - . ---------------------------------------------------- : mntf ---------------------------------------------------- mntf  / .   mntf [-d] [-h] [-l] [-r] [-s] : -d -h ( ) -1 1, 0 -r -s , System V 0 /mnt.   mntf -d -1 1.   1 : 2 # @(#) mntf v1.0 Mount floppies Author: Russ Sage 4 CMD="/etc/mount" 5 DIR="/mnt" 6 DRIVE="0" 7 DENSITY="48ds9" 8 SYSTEM="xenix" 10 if [ $# -gt 0 ] 11 then for ARG in $* 12 do 13 case $ARG in 14 -d) CMD="/etc/umount" 15 DIR="";; 16 -h) DENSITY="96ds15";; 17 -1) DRIVE="1" 18 if [ -d /mnt1 ] 19 then DIR="/mnt1" 20 else echo "the directory /mnt1 does not exist" >&2 /mnt1 21 echo "using the directory /mnt instead" >&2 /mnt 22 fi;; 23 -r) DIR="$DIR -r";; 24 -s) SYSTEM="sysv";; 25 *) echo "mntf: invalid argument $ARG" >&2 26 echo "usage: mntf [-d] [-h] [-1] [-r] [-s]" >&2 27 echo " -d dismount" >&2 28 echo " -h high density" >&2 29 echo " -1 use drive 1" >&2 30 echo " -r read only" >&2 31 echo " -s System V device" >&2 32 echo " default: mount XENIX drive 0 48 tpi to " >&2 33 echo " /mnt as a read/write filesystem" >&2 34 exit 1;; 35 esac 36 done 37 fi 39 case $SYSTEM in 40 sysv) $CMD /dev/fp${DRIVE}21 $DIR;; 41 xenix) $CMD /dev/fd${DRIVE}${DENSITY} $DIR;; 42 esac   CMD , DIR , DENSITY , DRIVE , 0 SYSTEM , UNIX'  mntf? . . UNIX . , . - , . - , . UNIX, . , . DOS, , . - , - - . UNIX . - mntf - . , XENIX System V. ( Berkeley (BSD) , - .) mntf? - . , mount, - , , , . - , 0, - /mnt. , mntf , . -h (1.2 ). PC AT 96 - , 1.2 , - . - 48 360 - . -1 ( , l) - 1, 0. -r . - -d. -s, , System V, XENIX. , . XENIX - . , - . , "mntf -d -r" - , UNIX unmount, , , - . - , UNIX' - . , , - .  1. $ mntf -s - , System V. 2. $ mntf -h -1 -r 1 , XENIX. - ( 1 ). 3. $ mntf -d -h 0 - , XENIX.  , . . - , mntf. 4-8 . CMD UNIX, , mount. DIR , - , /mnt. DRIVE ( 0) . DENSITY , .. 48 , 9 (48ds9). 10 , - . , . - - 13-35, - . 14 -d . CMD umount mount. - DIR , umount - , . DIR , "" . , shell - . 16 . . , - . - , . - , , - .   , ls dev XT, . , - : ------------------------------ | | 32 brw-rw-rw- 3 bin bin 2, 4 Jun 25 09:25 /dev/fd0 | 32 brw-rw-rw- 3 bin bin 2, 4 Jun 25 09:25 /dev/fd048 | 126 brw-rw-rw- 1 root root 2, 12 Feb 18 17:09 /dev/fd048ds8 | 32 brw-rw-rw- 3 bin bin 2, 4 Jun 25 09:25 /dev/fd048ds9 | 125 brw-rw-rw- 1 root root 2, 8 Feb 18 17:09 /dev/fd048ss8 | 127 brw-rw-rw- 1 root root 2, 0 Feb 18 17:09 /dev/fd048ss9 | 131 brw-rw-rw- 3 root root 2, 5 Feb 18 17:09 /dev/fd1 | 131 brw-rw-rw- 3 root root 2, 5 Feb 18 17:09 /dev/fd148 | 129 brw-rw-rw- 1 root root 2, 13 Feb 18 17:09 /dev/fd148ds8 | 131 brw-rw-rw- 3 root root 2, 5 Feb 18 17:09 /dev/fd148ds9 | 128 brw-rw-rw- 1 root root 2, 9 Feb 18 17:09 /dev/fd148ss8 | 130 brw-rw-rw- 1 root root 2, 1 Feb 18 17:09 /dev/fd148ss9 | - . . , - , . , , 32. - . , , , - . . , , . . fd (floppy disk - ), 0 1 ( ), 48 (, - ), ss ds (single-sided - - double-sided - ) 8 9 ( ). , fd0 fd048 fd048ds9. ( ) fd048ds9. - , . - , fd048ds9 . . AT, - : ---------------------------------- | | 102 brw-rw-rw- 3 bin bin 2, 7 Jun 17 14:28 /dev/fd0 | 95 br--r--r-- 2 bin bin 2, 3 Jun 6 09:23 /dev/fd048 | 93 br--r--r-- 1 bin bin 2, 2 Jun 6 09:23 /dev/fd048ds8 | 95 br--r--r-- 2 bin bin 2, 3 Jun 6 09:23 /dev/fd048ds9 | 92 br--r--r-- 1 bin bin 2, 0 Jun 6 09:23 /dev/fd048ss8 | 94 br--r--r-- 1 bin bin 2, 1 Jun 6 09:23 /dev/fd048ss9 | 102 brw-rw-rw- 3 bin bin 2, 7 Jun 17 14:28 /dev/fd096 | 102 brw-rw-rw- 3 bin bin 2, 7 Jun 17 14:28 /dev/fd096ds15 | 99 brw-rw-rw- 3 bin bin 2, 11 Jun 26 19:34 /dev/fd1 | 99 brw-rw-rw- 3 bin bin 2, 11 Jun 26 19:34 /dev/fd148 | 97 br--r--r-- 1 bin bin 2, 10 Jun 6 09:23 /dev/fd148ds8 | 99 brw-rw-rw- 3 bin bin 2, 11 Jun 26 19:34 /dev/fd148ds9 | 96 br--r--r-- 1 bin bin 2, 8 Jun 6 09:23 /dev/fd148ss8 | 98 br--r--r-- 1 bin bin 2, 9 Jun 6 09:23 /dev/fd148ss9 | 103 brw-rw-rw- 2 bin bin 2, 15 Jun 6 09:23 /dev/fd196 | 103 brw-rw-rw- 2 bin bin 2, 15 Jun 6 09:23 /dev/fd196ds15 | 102,