. Linux.  Origin: http://www.linux.org.ru/books/ http://www.linux.org.ru/books/ From: Ultracom ==================================================================== 0.3 1995 (Lars Wirzenius) . - 2 - 1 4 1.1 Linux 6 2 Linux 8 2.1 8 2.2 9 2.3 UNIX 10 2.3.1 init 10 2.3.2 11 2.3.3 Syslog 11 2.3.4 : cron at 11 2.3.5 12 2.3.6 12 2.3.7 13 2.3.8 13 2.3.9 14 2.3.10 14 2.4 15 3 16 3.1 16 3.2 17 3.3 20 3.4 23 3.5 23 3.6 23 4 25 4.1 26 4.2 27 4.3 30 4.4 31 4.5 34 4.5.1 MBR, 35 4.5.2 35 4.5.3 37 4.5.4 38 4.5.5 39 4.6 39 4.6.1 ? 39 4.6.2 41 - 3 - 4.6.3 ? 44 4.6.4 44 4.6.5 46 4.6.6 50 4.7 52 4.8 53 4.8.1 53 4.8.2 54 4.8.3 55 4.8.4 55 4.8.5 55 5 57 5.1 57 5.2 root 59 5.2.1 /etc 60 5.2.2 /dev 62 5.3 /usr 63 5.4 /var 64 5.5 /proc 65 6 p 68 6.1 p ? 68 6.2 swap 69 6.3 swap pp 70 6.4 swap p p 71 6.5 swap pp 72 6.6 p 73 7 76 7.1 p p 76 7.2 p 77 7.3 pp login 78 7.4 X xdm 79 7.5 p 79 7.6 80 . - 4 - 1 Linux. , , Linux, " Linux". , ( " Linux"). LDP (Linux Documentation Project) p. Linux. ? , (, , , , ..). , , , .. , . , . , . , . , , . , , Linux. - 5 - , . ( 'man'). Linux, UNIX- . UNIX ( ), , . Linux - , . Linux, . , . , . , . , Linux, . , , , . , , . , , . , , mkfs(8). , . , Linux. - 6 - . (, , UNIX ..) lars.wirzenius@helsinki.fi, : Lars Wirzenius / Linux docs Hernesaarentie 15 A 2 00150 Helsinki Finland , : Matt Welsh, Andy Oram, Olaf Kirch, Adam Richter . H.Peter Anvin, Remy Card, Theodore Ts'o Stephen Tweedie . Stephen Tweedie xia ext2. , Mark Komarinski 1993 , , Linux Journal. Erik Troan Red Hat plain text, : Paul Caprioli, Ales Cepek, Marie-France Declerfayt, Olaf Flebbe, Helmut Geyer, Larry Greenfield, Stephen Harris, Jyrki Havia, Jim Haynes, York Lam, Timothy Andrew Lister, Jim Lynch, Dan Poirier, Daniel Quinlam, Philippe Steindl. 1.1 Linux Linux LDP (Linux Documentation Project), , - 7 - Linux. Matt Welsh, Lars' Wirzenius Michael' K. Johnson. LDP, " Linux", " Linux", " Linux" " Linux". LaTeX, .dvi postscript FTP: ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/LDP ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/docs/guides , LDP, Matt' Welsh : mdw@sunsite.unc.edu . - 8 - 2 Linux Linux. . , . - , . 2.1 UNIX- . - . . , , , .. , , . . . , , (. 2 ). , . ' ', . p . - , - 9 - . , telnet - , . (GCC C Linux), . , , . , , FTP . 2.2 Linux : , , , , . ( ) - . swap- , -. . . , . , , . , . , . , , - 10 - ' ', ' N', ' N'. , , . , - BSD socket . - , Linux. (Virtual File System - VFS) , , . - VFS, . 2.3 UNIX UNIX . . 2.3.1 init UNIX p init. UNIX , p . init, ( , - ..). , init, . init , . - . ' '. , - . , X-windows. - 11 - , init - , - getty (.. ) orphan- (.. , ; UNIX , orphan- ). , init , . 2.3.2 ( ) ( X) getty. init getty . getty login, . , login . , , login , init getty. , . 2.3.3 Syslog , . syslog , . Syslog , . , , . 2.3.4 : cron at - 12 - , . , (/tmp /var/tmp), . cron. crontab, , , . - crond . at cron, . 2.3.5 UNIX Linux, . . , . , . , , . Linux X Window System ( X). X , , .. , . X - Athena, Motif Open Look. 2.3.6 - , . - 13 - UNIX- . ( , , ..) . , . , . . " Linux". 2.3.7 , . , . , , . getty . . , telnet rlogin - TCP/IP . , getty - ( telnet login -), . p , - - . getty. 2.3.8 , , - 14 - . , Network File System NFS, Sun. , , . , , . - . 2.3.9 . . . " " (.. , ), . , . , , . . (, sendmail smail), (, Pine elm). /var/spool/mail. 2.3.10 . , - 15 - , , . p. , . . , , , , . , , . 2.4 : root, /bin, /lib, /etc, /dev , /usr, , /var, ( log .) /home, . . 5 (. Linux Filesystem Standard). . - 16 - 3 , Linux . 3.1 . , , . . Linux , , ( ). . ( BIOS), . , , - . Linux, , init(8), , . . (.. .), swap- , , , . , . , - 17 - , , , , , . 3.2 Linux , . " Linux" . , BIOS , . , ( , , - , , ) , . MBR (Master Boot Record), . ( ), . , , . Linux . , . , , - , p LILO. , , MBR, ( MBR), (, ), . , , , , - 18 - : , . , , , , , . , LILO ( LILO . LILO). LILO , , LILO , ( Linux). . ALT, SHIFT CTRL ( LILO) , . , LILO , , , . , LILO, , , Linux. , , . (bootlin, bootactv .) LILO . , , , , . . , . , ( - 19 - ) , : Linux , . , . sVGA, ( 100x40), . , . LILO rdev(8). ( , , .) . . , : LILO boot: Loading linux. Console: colour EGA+ 80x25, 8 virtual consoles Serial driver version 3.94 with no serial options enabled tty00 at 0x03f8 (irq = 4) is a 16450 tty01 at 0x02f8 (irq = 3) is a 16450 lp_init: lp1 exists (0), using polling driver Memory: 7332k/8192 available (300k kernel code, 384k reserved, 176k data) Floppy drive(s): fd0 is 1.44M, fd1 is 1.2M Loopback device init Warning WD8013 board not found at i/o = 280 Math coprocessor using irq13 error reporting Partition check: hda: hda1 hda2 hda3 VFS: Mounted root (ext filesystem) Linux version 0.99.pl9-1 (root@haven) 05/01/93 14:12:20 - 20 - , Linux . , p root. , , rdev LILO. . root p, , , . root p read-only ( p). p, , read-write . init(8) ( /sbin/init) . init , . init getty(8) . , . init . . 3.3 Linux . , . Linux , . , , - 21 - , , . , . , . , - shutdown(8) halt(8), /sbin. . , , , , root ( , ), halt shutdown -h now ( , now '+' , ) halt. , , , shutdown : shutdown -h +time message, time , , message - , . pp, root# shutdown -h +10 'We will install a new disk. System should > be back on-line in three hours.' - 22 - , , 10 . , , xterm. Broadcast message from root (ttyp0) Wed Aug 2 01:03:25 1995... We will install a new disk. System should be back on-line in three hours. The system is going DOWN for system halt in 10 minutes !! . halt , . : /etc/inittab , . , ( root), -, root . , , . . . , , , . ( ), update , , update(8) , - - 23 - . sync(8), , , , . , shutdown. , , , 'clean filesystem' ext2fs. . 3.4 , . - shutdown -r. , shutdown -r now. reboot. 3.5 shutdown , root, . , . 3.6 . , LILO . .