. Linux . - 24 - , , , . , , , , . . "Bootdisk HOWTO" . , , - . , . , , RAM ( , ). . . - 25 - 4 . , , . . , , - , p . . : ( ). , . - . - p p, , . . Linux , . . , ( , , p ). - 26 - 6 p , . , . . 4.1 UNIX, Linux, : ( ) ( ), , - . . , , . ( , ). , , : ttyp5 root ~ $ cat filename > /dev/lp1 ttyp5 root ~ $ , ( lpr(1)), , , p . , . . . ( /dev), ls(1) . ls -l - 27 - , . , , , : ttyp5 root ~ $ ls -l /dev/cua0 crw-rw-rw- 1 root uucp 5, 64 Nov 30 1993 /dev/cua0 ttyp5 root ~ $ , .. 'c', , . '-', - 'd', - 'b' (. p ls(1) ). , . /dev/sda , SCSI. ( ). 4.2 , . , , . , . 3600 , p . , . - 28 - (CPU) . , . , , , , . ( , , , ). , p . , . , , , , . . : " 3, 5, 7". , ( , ). 512 . , . ( ) , - , . . () - . , , (, ), , - 29 - . . . , , . ( , ), . , , . CMOS RAM, . , BIOS , , 1024, CMOS RAM, . , , , . , 8 , 2048 35 . , 16 1024 35 , CMOS RAM . , . IDE . SCSI ( , ) . , . Linux , - 30 - . , . , . . IDE . /dev/hda /dev/hdb . SCSI /dev/sda /dev/sdb .. . , ( ) , . MBR ( ). 4.3 , , , . , . , , , . , ( ), , . . , 3.5 720 1.44 . , , , . - 31 - pp, /dev/fd0H1440 (fd0) 3.5 3.5 (H) 1440 (1440), .. p 3.5 . , Linux , . p , , . , . /dev/fd0, /dev/fd1 .. , , setfdprm(8). , , (.. ) - . 4.4 - , . . . , . , , . MS-DOS, . , . , , - - 32 - . UNIX ( ) , , . IDE SCSI , , , . , , , , . , . BIOS MS-DOS. Linux. , . . , . , , . fdformat(8). . , 3.5 : ttyp5 root ~ $ fdformat /dev/fd0H1440 Double-sided, 80 tracks, 18 sec/track. Total capacity 1440 kB. Formatting ... done Verifying ... done ttyp5 root ~ $ - 33 - (, /dev/fd0), setfdprm(8). , , : ttyp5 root ~ $ setfdprm /dev/fd0 1440/1440 ttyp5 root ~ $ fdformat /dev/fd0 Double-sided, 80 tracks, 18 sec/track. Total capacity 1440 kB. Formatting ... done Verifying ... done Double-sided, 80 tracks, 18 sec/track. Total capacity 1440 kB. Formatting ... done Verifying ... done ttyp5 root ~ $ , . fdformat . . ( / , ), fdformat , . . syslog, /usr/adm/messages. fdformat ( , ). ttyp5 root ~ $ fdformat /dev/fd0H1440 Double-sided, 80 tracks, 18 sec/track. Total capacity 1440 kB. Formatting ... done Verifying ... read: Unknown error ttyp5 root ~ $ - 34 - badblocks(8) ( ). , . 3.5 . ttyp5 root ~ $ badblocks /dev/fd0H1440 718 719 ttyp5 root ~ $ . , . , . mkfs ( ), badblocks, - fsck. . 4.5 , , . , , . . , . . . , . - 35 - 4.5.1 MBR, (.. ). MBR ( Master Boot Record) . BIOS . MBR , , (.. , ) , (MBR , ). , , , , , . BIOS. , . , . , . ( Linux), . , , . . - , ( fdisk). 4.5.2 , PC . , , - 36 - (, Linux, MS-DOS, OS/2, Minix, FreeBSD, NetBSD, Windows/NT ..), - , . , Linux swap- ( Linux) (. ). , . . , , , . , , . pp p p. , . . , , . " MBR No -------------------------------------- No -------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- - 37 - No No -------------------------------------- 4.5.3 ( MBR, ) , . , . , , . , Linux . , ( , DR-DOS , ). , , . Linux fdisk. 0 40 Venix 80286 94 Amoeba BBT 1 DOS 12- FAT 51 Novell a5 BSD/386 2 XENIX root 52 Microport b7 BSDI fs 3 XENIX usr 63 GNU HURD b8 BSDI swap- - 38 - 4 DOS 16- (<32) 64 Novell c7 Syrinx 5 75 PC/IX db CP/M 6 DOS 16- (>=32) 80 Old MINIX e1 DOS 7 OS/2 HPFS 81 Linux/MINIX e3 DOS r/o 8 AIX 82 Linux swap- f2 DOS 9 AIX 83 Linux ff BBT a OS/2 93 Amoeba 4.5.4 , . . fdisk ( Linux). . cfdisk fdisk, . p IDE , (, , ) 1024 , BIOS ( ), BIOS , , 1024. , 1024 . , , BIOS, 1024 . , p . , . , 1024 . BIOS IDE p , 1024. - 39 - , Linux 1 , .. . , . , p fdisk pp. , , , . MS-DOS fips, , p p. 4.5.5 p. , . 1-4 ( , p), 5-8 - ( , ). , /dev/hda1 IDE , /dev/sdb7 - SCSI . 4.6 4.6.1 ? - , . , , . - 40 - . (, ) . , . , , , , ( ). , , , . . UNIX , . : , (inode), , . , , ( ). , . , . . , . inode , , , . . , , . UNIX ( lseek(2), . ). , , - , ( , ). - 41 - , Linux, . ( . , , , .) . 200 , , 4 . , , . B. 4.6.2 Linux . . minix , ( , 30- ) ( 64 ). xia minix, , p . ext2 Linux. . , . ext ext2, . , .. - 42 - ext2. , Linux . , , , , UNIX. msdos MS-DOS ( OS/2 Windows NT). umsdos MS-DOS Linux , Linux, , , , , , . MS-DOS, , Linux. , Linux. iso9660 CD-ROM. CD-ROM, Rock Ridge', . nfs , . hpfs OS/2. sysv System V/386, Coherent Xenix. proc, /proc. , , . - 43 - , , ( ). . , , : ttyp5 root ~ $ ls -l /proc total 0 dr-xr-xr-x 4 root root 0 Jan 31 20:37 1 dr-xr-xr-x 4 liw users 0 Jan 31 20:37 63 dr-xr-xr-x 4 liw users 0 Jan 31 20:37 94 dr-xr-xr-x 4 liw users 0 Jan 31 20:37 95 dr-xr-xr-x 4 root users 0 Jan 31 20:37 98 dr-xr-xr-x 4 liw users 0 Jan 31 20:37 99 -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 31 20:37 devices -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 31 20:37 dma -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 31 20:37 filesystems -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 31 20:37 interrupts -r-------- 1 root root 8654848 Jan 31 20:37 kcore -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 31 11:50 kmsg -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 31 20:37 ksyms -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 31 11:51 loadavg -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 31 20:37 meminfo -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 31 20:37 modules dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Jan 31 20:37 net dr-xr-xr-x 4 root root 0 Jan 31 20:37 self -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 31 20:37 stat -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 31 20:37 uptime -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 31 20:37 version ttyp5 root ~ $ ( , , , , .) /proc , . - , - 44 - , - , . /proc/kmem , . 4.6.3 ? p . ext2fs , , . (, , , .) , . 4.6.4 , .. , mkfs(8). , . mkfs . -t fstype. , , mkfs, . ( . ). -t fstype . -c , , . -l filename filename. ext2 , : ttyp5 root ~ $ fdformat -n /dev/fd0H1440 - 45 - Double-sided, 80 tracks, 18 sec/track. Total capacity 1440 kB. Formatting ... done ttyp5 root ~ $ badblocks /dev/fd0H1440 1440 > bad-blocks ttyp5 root ~ $ mkfs -t ext2 -l bad-blocks /dev/fd0H1440 mke2fs 0.5a, 5-Apr-94 for EXT2 FS 0.5, 94/03/10 360 inodes, 1440 blocks 72 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=1 Block size=1024 (log=0) Fragment size=1024 (log=0) 1 block group 8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group 360 inodes per group Writing inode tables: done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done ttyp5 root ~ $ ( -n ). badblocks, bad-blocks. , , . badblocks, mkfs -c, , . ttyp5 root ~ $ mkfs -t ext2 -c /dev/fd0H1440 mke2fs 0.5a, 5-Apr-94 for EXT2 FS 0.5, 94/03/10 360 inodes, 1440 blocks 72 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=1 Block size=1024 (log=0) Fragment size=1024 (log=0) 1 block group 8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group 360 inodes per group - 46 - Checking for bad blocks (read-only test): done Writing inode tables: done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done ttyp5 root ~ $ -c , badblocks, . , . 4.6.5 , . , . UNIX , ,