. . (2- 3-) /home /usr , (4). 1] 2] 3] / bin / abc / bin dev liw etc home ftp lib etc lib - 47 - usr 4] / usr lib etc bin lib etc home ftp liw abc bin dev , , , . ttyp5 root ~ $ mount /dev/hda2 /home ttyp5 root ~ $ mount /dev/hda3 /usr ttyp5 root ~ $ mount(8) . - , , . - 48 - , . /home /usr . , /dev/hda2 /home, /dev/hda3 - /usr. , /dev/hda2, , /home. '' , , - . . , . , , . ( , , , .) , . , /tmp /usr/tmp. , /usr , root. , /usr , /usr/tmp, root, . /usr/tmp root, /usr p . , mount -r, read-only. , . , CD-ROM. : (.. root), , - . root , , ( , ). , root, , - 49 - LILO rdev. root read-only. fsck(8) , read-write. fsck , , , p . root read-only, . , . /etc/fstab (. fstab(5)). , . umount(8) . , . , , , : ttyp5 root ~ $ umount /dev/hda2 ttyp5 root ~ $ umount /usr ttyp5 root ~ $ , , , . root. , : root. , . , ( - 50 - - ). - (, sudo(8)), mount. , p root . mtools, MS-DOS . , MS-DOS. , , /etc/fstab. /etc/fstab : /dev/fd0 /floppy msdos user,noauto , , , . noauto . user , , , . , : ttyp5 root ~ $ mount /floppy ttyp5 root ~ $ umount . 4.6.6 - 51 - , . fsck(8). p , (, ). , fsck , (, , ) , . . , , , , , p . , /etc/fastboot, . , ext2 , , pp p . e2fsck ( fsck ext2fs) , ( pp ). , /etc/fastboot, , , e2fsck (. e2fsck(8) ). , . fsck . fsck , , . - 52 - . , Linux. p debugfs(8), Theodore T. fsck ( root, read-only ), - , , , . badblocks. . fsck . . ttyp5 root ~ $ badblocks /dev/fd0H1440 1440 > bad-blocks ttyp5 root ~ $ fsck -t ext2 -l bad-blocks /dev/fd0H1440 Parallelizing fsck version 0.5a (5-Apr-94) e2fsck 0.5a, 5-Apr-94 for EXT2 FS 0.5, 94/03/10 Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Check reference counts. Pass 5: Checking group summary information. /dev/fd0H1440: ***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED ***** /dev/fd0H1440: 11/360 files, 63/1440 blocks ttyp5 root ~ $ 4.7 . , swap- . , - 53 - tar- - . ( ) . , tar , . Linux . ( ) . , , , - . dd(1). ttyp5 root /usr/tmp $ dd if=/dev/fd0H1440 of=floppy-image 2880+0 records in 2880+0 records out ttyp5 root /usr/tmp $ dd if=floppy-image of=/dev/fd0H1440 2880+0 records in 2880+0 records out ttyp5 root /usr/tmp $ dd floppy-image, (, ). 4.8 4.8.1 , . root, /bin, /etc, /dev, /lib, - 54 - /tmp , . , , - root. /usr, ( /home) swap- . , ( /usr). /usr ( NFS) . . . , , , root ( /usr) , - . 4.8.2 Linux . . . , , . , , . , , , . swap- 6.5. - 55 - 4.8.3 109 . 330 . . (109 ) . MS-DOS Linux. , DOS 20 , 10- swap- 79 , , Linux. 330 : 5 root 10 swap- 180 /usr 120 /home 15 4.8.4 Linux , . , , ( ). /etc/fstab, . 4.8.5 - . , X11 C++. - 56 - . , gzip(1) zip(1), . gzexe . DouBle . . - 57 - 5 Linux, FSSTND. . 5.1 Linux FSSTND 1.2, Linux. Linux, Linux . FSSTND Unix, Linux Unix . , FSSTND. . , - . , . , . root, /usr, /var /home. , - (, CD-ROM) NFS. - 58 - . root ( , p p ) p , p , p p . p p p p pp . /usr , pp, , p p p , p p p . p p . pp , p pp p p p p pp . /usr p , p p read-only p. /var p p , p p , p ( , ..), p , pp p p, p . p /var /usr, p /usr p read-only. /home . /home p pp p p. p p p (pp, /home/students /home/staff). p , p . , - 59 - p p. pp p p, pp pp p . p . UNIX pp ( , - p, - p ..). p p pp , , pp Emacs , TeX - p .. p pp (, p pp, p , , p p), (pp, p pp). 5.2 root root pp, p . p , p p. root p, , p p (p , pp p ). p p - , p ( /vmlinuz), p p p . p : /bin , p p p . /sbin , /bin, p p. /etc p . - 60 - /root root. /lib , pp root. /lib/modules p p. /dev p. /tmp p . /boot , p (.. LILO). , p p p , p. , p p p . p p , p p p p 1024 p IDE . /mnt p p . p (pp, /mnt/dosa p MS-DOS, /mnt/exta - ext2fs). /proc, /usr, p p . /var, /home 5.2.1 /etc p p p . p pp . p , pp . p " pp Linux". /etc/rc /etc/rc.d /etc/rc?.d , p p p p. - 61 - . p init p p. /etc/passwd , p p p , , , p p p . p pp p passwd(5). /etc/fdprm pp , p p . pp setfdprm(1). /etc/fstab , p p mount -a ( /etc/rc ). Linux p p swap-, swapon -a (. p mount(8) p p). /etc/group /etc/passwd, p p p, (. p group(8)). /etc/inittab p init(8). /etc/issue pp getty p p login. p p . /etc/magic p file(1). p p p , p p p . . p magic(8) file(1). /etc/motd , p . pp p . /etc/mtab p . p , p mount. - 62 - p p (pp, df(1)). /etc/shadow . p. p p /etc/passwd p /etc/shadow, p , p root. . /etc/login.defs p login(1). /etc/printcap , /etc/termcap, p p pp. p p. /etc/profile, /etc/csh.login, /etc/csh.cshrc Bourne C shell p , . p p . p . /etc/securetty p p, p root. p , p . /etc/shells p . chsh(1) p . p ftpd, p p FTP, pp /etc/shells , . /etc/termcap p. escape- p p, p pp p p. p p . p termcap(5), curs_termcap(3) terminfo(5). 5.2.2 /dev - 63 - p. , pp p . p p , /dev/MAKEDEV. /dev/MAKEDEV.local p p (.. , p MAKEDEV). 5.3 /usr /usr , pp . p /usr p . pp p p /usr/local. p /usr pp ( p p . p FSSTND). /usr/X11R6 , X Windows. p pp, X Windows p pp , p /usr/X11R6 pp /usr. /usr/X386 , /usr/X11R6, p X11 5. /usr/bin p , p /bin /usr/local/bin. /usr/sbin , p pp p p root (pp, pp-pp). /usr/man, /usr/info, /usr/doc p, GNU Info p . /usr/include . - 64 - /usr/lib pp , p p . /usr/local p pp p . 5.4 /var p , p p p . p p . /var/catman p pp p p. p /usr/man/man*. p p pp . p /usr/man/cat*. p p pp pp. /var/man p p pp pp . /var/lib , p p p . /var/local pp, /usr/local. /var/lock -. pp p p - p -. p pp p p - p pp - , p p. /var/log p p pp, login (/var/log/wtmp, ) syslog (/var/log/messages, p p pp). - 65 - /var/run , p p p pp . pp, /var/run/utmp p p , . /var/spool , p , , p pp, p . /var/spool, pp, p /var/spool/mail. /var/tmp p , pp p p p , /tmp. 5.5 /proc /proc p . p p. /proc p p ( p - ). p pp . p p pp p /proc p proc(5). /proc/1 , p p p p 1. p /proc, p p. /proc/cpuinfo p pp, pp, , p p. /proc/devices pp p, p p. /proc/dma DMA. /proc/filesystems , p p. - 66 - /proc/interrupts pp. /proc/ioports p /. /proc/kcore p . p , p, , pp p pp. p p -, . /proc/kmsg , p. pp syslog. /proc/ksyms . /proc/loadavg pp p . /proc/meminfo p , swap-. /proc/modules p, p . /proc/net p p. /proc/self p, p /proc. p p p - p /proc, p . pp p. /proc/stat p p . /proc/uptime p, p p . - 67 - /proc/version p p. p, p . pp, p pp p, , p p . pp, pp free /proc/meminfo pp , , ( p p p). . - 68 - 6 p pp p Linux, p p. p, , p pp. 6.1 p ? Linux p p , pp p . p p . p p . p p , p , p. pp , pp, Linux, p pp , p p p p . p (pp p p), p , pp p. , p , swap . Linux swap , p . p p, pp swap p, p ( p pp ). p pp swap , p , p, swap , p p , swap p p . Linux p swap p / swap . p p - 69 - p swap , swap , . 6.2 swap Swap p. , p p mkswap(8). p p , p p NFS. p swap . ppp pp p, p p p p .. p p pp p. p , pp p, p . pp , swap , p p. ttyp5 root ~ $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/extra-swap bs=1024 count=1024 1024+0 records in 1024+0 records out ttyp5 root ~ $ /extra-swap swap , pp pp count=. p p, p p p 4 . pp swap p p, . Swap p p p. p p, , p - . swap p p 82 (Linux swap), p , - 70 - p. swap p p p, p p. p mkswap(8). ttyp5 root ~ $ mkswap /extra-swap 1024 Setting up swapspace, size = 1044480 bytes ttyp5 root ~ $ , swap . , p p p . p Linux p pp swap 127.5 . swap pp, p 127.5 . 16 swap 2 . 6.3 swap pp p swap swapon(8). p p p, p , swap . pp swap , p swap : ttyp5 root ~ $ swapon /usr/tmp/temporary-swap-file ttyp5 root ~ $ Swap /etc/fstab. /dev/hda8 swap swap defaults p p , swap -a, p swap , - 71 - /etc/fstab. swapon swap . p swap p free(1), p swap pp. p p top(1) proc, /proc/meminfo. p swap . Swap swapoff(8). , p swap . p, , p ; , - p swap . p p p, p . free pp p swap . swap , swapon -a, swapoff -a. p /etc/fstab. swap , p, . swap . , pp, p p p swap , p, , p p . , swap , p p p, p, p. 6.4 swap p p p p - 72 - . p , p ( p), swap , p , p pp. p swap p . , p . p p HOWTO p p p. 6.5 swap pp , p p swap : 1. p . , p p p, p p