:


    ,
        .
       "Linux user group  "
http://gpntb.iitp.ru/russian.win/vodol.html
  
http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Pines/7895/BOOK.HTM
---------------------------------------------------------------
             
     . ,
    .     
        
            
        ""   .
                 voldemarus@geocities.com
---------------------------------------------------------------
                10  1997


(    
32-  )





 1996 .










   Linux

    ?

  Linux?

  

     DOS?

   Linux

  

 

    ?



   ... 

   ... 

    Linux? 

 LINUX 

  Slackware 

     ? 

    

   

    

   

   

   

    

   

  Red Hat 

   

    

   

    

   

   

   

 :     X-Window 

    Red Hat Linux 

  Linuxware 

   X-Window 

 N1 - X- 

 N2 -  . 

 N3 -  X-windows. 

 N4    - . 

     

   

   

    

     

LILO - Linux Loader 

LOADLIN 

      

   

      UNIX 

  ? 

   

    

   

  ?

  ?

      ?

     ,      ?

  " "  ,    ? 

" "  " "? 

1.  . 

2.    

3.    

4.     

5.   

6.       

      

      - CRACK 

" " 

npasswd -    

  

    

    Linux 

  

   - tunelp 

   

lpd 

lpq 

lprm 

lpc 

/etc/printcap -   

  

  "" 

apsfilter -      

   Postsript 

   

   FDD- 

,      Linux- 

   FTAPE 

   

      

 

 

     

    

tar 

cpio ??? 

    

      

    UPS 

 - 

 DOS 

 Windows 

 SCO UNIX 

  BBS 

   - 

   

   

    

    

 Ethernet -  ? 

TCP/IP 

  - Windows-Linux 

  Internet 

   CD-ROM  Linux 

 Trans-Ameritech Enterprises 

Volume 1 

Volume 2 

Supplement 

Interim Release 

Release 4 

Linuxware 1.0 

LinuxWare 2.0 

LinuxWare 2.5 

-  Caldera

Caldera Desktop 1.0 

Linux Office 

-    SAMS Publishing 

CD-ROM   Linux Unleashed 

CD-ROM   Building Linux Internet Server 

-   

" " 

  







  ,  
    .   
       
 ,  ,     
 ,  ,     ,  MS-DOS. 
      , ,  
      -     
 ,       UNIX,
  ,  ,  
MS-DOS  Windows.       
   MS-DOS,   ,   
     , 
     UNIX, 
     80386  .


    
  UNIX. ,    
       "
UNIX" - Linux.    -   
     UNIX    ,
,      
   UNIX,     
      .  , 
       
       
:

    

  1.     
Linux       
  ,  Linux    -
"       !"

  2.  "     -
 Linux,    ..." -  
   !

  3.     ,  
Linux     ,     "
UNIX-"      
!  ,     ,
     ()  
 - "    ...",   
 .

  4.     Linux  UNIX,
  Windows 95  NT   ""
DOS     UNIX  .   
, , ,  Windows 95 
    ,   
   1994     Linux.

  5.       
  UNIX  Linux   .   
-       - MS Office, Photoshop
 ..  ,     
 Windows  - !    
  Linux.




 ,     
 LINUX,       
. -,     FTP- Internet,
       RELCOM  ,  -,
     
Trans-Ameritech Enterprises   ,   -
         
 ,     . 
      Linux   
  -   Linux.  ,
     
 CD-ROM     1.44 .



   Linux



  UNIX   80386  80486.
Linux       , 
  32-   
,    .  
 POSIX,      
,   Linux,    UNIX 
       .


    ?



 .  
386SX-25  4   ,     8 
    .  
  , Linux   ISA, EISA, VLB  PCI, 
 MCA ( PS/2  IBM),   , ,
 - .    
  "Intel" -    
AMD, "Cirrus Logic", TI     
 .      -  80 
(      ,    ,
  ?).       (
       
      ).


     
    200   , , 
,        . ,  .
  -    CD-ROM,  
       IDE.


 -  SVGA   
  1 .     
  .    -  
 ,       
X Window.


,  , , , -  
    UNIX-.  Linux
      . 
    : Ethernet   
 (   Novell!),    
  Internet ,   ,    
  .  - ,   
    Linux    ,
   .

  Linux?



  1994  Linux  
 -  CD-ROM. ,  ,
    -. 
    Trans-Ameritech Enterprises
   CD-ROM   Linux  
    .   
   ,     
Yggdrasil  InfoMagic,      
Trans-Ameritech.      Kronverk 
      
 Linux - Caldera Desktop.     
1996   CD-ROM  " ", 
  .


    .
 Linux       ,  
  CD-ROM   .  
  1000-  LINUX UNLEASHED, 
 1996   Sams Publishing,  Building your own
Linux Internet Server ( 1996 )  Linux System Administrator's
Survivals Guide ( Sams Publishing, 1996).    ,
       
 NT, Netware, OS/2.   ""  Linux
      ...


    
Linux   .       
 -      Windows95,   
  3.5" ,     
   4-  CD-ROM  -
 !      
. ,     ,  ""
      .


     
Linux -        
 ,   DOS  UNIX  .
        
.

  



X Window -    
 ,    UNIX-.
 ,  ,   XFree386 (
X Window  Linux)  -    
  SUN, VAX    Cray.


 XFree    ,
    MS Windows  . ,
       
     .


     DOS?



 ,  LINUX  
    MS-DOS,     
 ,      
.


 DOS  Linux  
  , ""   
(partition)  .     , 
 DOS  LINUX.   MS-DOS    
   ,  Linux   
    DOS.


   ?   
MS-DOS   Linux!   
 .  ,     
F-19  SimCity      . ,
   .


, Wing Commander  Doom, 
       
   ,  Linux 
 .   Linux    
DOOM,      X Window,    
.        DOS (
   XMS  EMS-),      
.


    MS Windows  
   Windows 3.1   
XWindows.  -     1996 .
 ,     Java,  
  Linux       
    Sun!


   Linux



  Linux  
      UNIX-
 IEEE POSIX.       
 UNIX  90%    .


  CD-ROM,  
,        Linux,
     :




  1994 ,    
     Linux - Linux Journal
(ISSN 1075-3583).      
  : subs@ssc.com.


     
   Linux -  Linux Documentation Project,
       
    Linux.  ,  ,
     ,  
  Linux  .


    . ,
   CD-ROM  Yggdrasil  1200-
Linux Bible       
 LDP,      -  FAQ (Frequently
Asked Questions).


 ,    
Sams Publishing.        "
",      .
(. (095) ....... ).


  



      
       . 
     -   MS-DOS. 
        DOS,
  Windows   "",    
  "   "-Windows
NT  OS/2.   ,  ,  
       UNIX - Linux, 
 ( )  .


  ,   
      ""
 "".        
    ,  
       .
,       
 ,     
 ,         
Windows 3.1.    ,      
 32-  ,     
 ,    -Windows NT, OS/2  Linux. 
     .


 



 ,    
      ,  
  .      
   ,     
  ?


    
. -,      
80386 (  32-). ,   
,   .     
      .
,   Linux  OS/2     4 
 ,   Windows NT -    12 .
   ,     Linux
 15 , 32   OS/2  70   Windows
NT.    ,        "",
        (.
1  2).

 .1.   






  
LinuxOS/2
Windows NT



  ,    (OS/2  NT     )
2 



   (Linux   X)
6 4 
12 


    (     )
8 8 
16 


 ,      
12 16 
24 




 .2.   






Linux
OS/2Windows NT



  



Linux, POSIX,  15 
OS/2, OS/2 32-  16-, 20 
Windows NT, Win32, 50 



 



Linux, + DOS, X/Window, ,  60 
OS/2, + DOS, Win16,  ,  32 
Windows NT, + DOS, Win16, POSIX  , 70 



  



Linux +     90 
OS/2 +     40 
Windows NT +     100 






, ,    .
       .
     -    
.         -
    (hardware) 
       
(software),         .
  ,         MCA (MicroChannel
Architecture),      IBM 
PS/2,       Linux (
 Linux  ).    
  Compaq Qvision,   , 
OS/2   .      
 3Com 3c501,  Windows NT    .


      , 
    .  ,   
 ,     ,
    ,   
 -   ,   
    .  ...    
. , ,      
,  .


 ,   ,
  ,   
  .     
      
  .    
     ,    
  Windows NT, OS/2  Linux,   
 ,        ,
      .


     
    ,    -  
  .      
  ,         
   ,    !

    ?



 .   
,        ,
    ,  ,  
    .  , 
       Microsoft (Word, Excel, Access
 PowerPoint),      Linux.


OS/2     ,
   ,   1991  Microsoft  
  IBM...  Windows NT     
   ,       Windows
3.1. ,    ,     .
    (     - ),
     ,   
      .


 OS/2   -
    . ,  
   ,    
  .     
      .  
   ,     .
 ,     
  ,       -"
 ".


 ,     
.  ,     
  ,      
 .    ,  (  
)     -   
   .


Linux,     , 
X/Window.     -   ,
      - 
 .   -    
   .       -  
    .    
    , 
       . 
      
  . Linux,      
,      . 
 ,      
.    Midnight Commander -  "  
". ,  ,   
 Windows  OS/2 ,      
Linux.       
  ,  
Linux       "  ".
       , 
    .


  Linux   ,
    -       
 Internet,    Linux Journal, 
 ,      ,  ,  
  UNIX        .
   Linux    
,  -  ,   
    ,   
      . 
 ,     
      , ,
       .
,  IBM  Microsoft   !







     
      , 
 -    ,      .
    ,    , 
     ,   , 
   .       ,
     .


Linux,     OS/2, 
      80386  
 .  Windows NT,  ,     
      MIPS  DEC Alpha. 
  Digital      Alpha  
 Windows NT,  ,     
 Digital .      64-
 UNIX   Alpha?   
,      
-  , Digital UNIX -   .   ,  
    UNIX,   
  .


     
,      
.      , 
  Internet   BBS,      .
    MS-DOS    .  NT 
   , , , 
     Pentium.    Linux 
  ,   
 Linux-     80386  
   (Purdue's Adapter for Parallel
Execution and Rapid Synchronization).   ,  
  Linux-    
        
    Linux-,  /  
  Sun, SGI,   Windows. ,   
  ""    
     
  .


NT  Linux   
  ,      OS/2 
 ,     
 ( 512   2 ).   
Linux  NT   ,  
         -.
    OS/2  Windows NT   
Linux   .  ,  ,
  ,   , 
     - 
      -
.


     
 Linux  .  Linux     
 ,    "
".


,  Windows NT   
,       .
          Linux-
 NT-,   ,   OS/2   
      
.


 ,   
 Linux      , 
      UNIX,
   .     
-        Linux   
 Firewall.  ,    
!      
   .3.

 3.  
32-   


---------------------------------------------------------------
 From: Maksim Moshkow
          ,    
1994- .         
 Linux -  ""  "",  :

    
                2.1.39      
 SMP    

         
         Linux  DEC, Sun,
       R4000, PowerPC  -  
     :^).  , 
   Linux   "" NT

Microsoft LAN Server       
           Samba    ? Linux  
        Microsoft    -    
     .
         Netware   IPX

16-  Windows  
        200$ WABI (    -  30 :-)
     Microsoft Word 6, Excell, Access - e
 MS Office   Netscape 3.0 for windows
---------------------------------------------------------------





Linux
OS/2Windows NT




 
 


 









  




 




     




  




  ,   
3 512 
2 


  



TCP/IP 
 



NFS 
 



IPX/SPX 
  



IBM LAN Server
 



Microsoft LAN Server




  



FAT (DOS) 
  



HPFS (OS/2)
  



NTFS (Windows NT)




EXT2 (Linux)
 



ISO9660 (CD-ROM)




Network File System (NFS)
 



Coherent (UNIX)




Stacker




DoubleSpace




 



DOS
 



16-  Windows





16-  OS/2




32-  Windows




32-  OS/2




POSIX- 




  Macintosh





 SCO UNIX




 X/Window




  



  -
$199
$495


  ()
$50$179
$289


  (CD-ROM)
$15-40$150
$289





   ...



,    ,
  ,     ,
        
.  ,     , 
    .  Windows NT   
   .    
       . ,
,    . Linux (
  X/Window)     .



 ,  Linux   
 ,  X/Window    . ,
  ,     .


 , OS/2    
.       
,  IBM.    
8   ,     -
,       
   DOS, Windows  OS/2.


     
,  Linux     
.   ,   .  ,  
    4   .  ,
Linux       , 
 80386,   ,   OS/2  NT  
     . , 
   Linux  ,  ,
-. ,    16  , Linux 
      12 !


,     
    Linux.   
   ,     
NT     ,  
OS/2 -      .  ,
   Linux-    
    ,      
     . , OS/2 
NT     .


   ...



Windows NT  ,   
,     
 Intel.


OS/2     ,  
    16-  DOS  Windows,
       
 32- .


      -
 OS/2  NT       
-        OS/2,   Windows
NT.   Linux " ",    
 . ,   Linux   
  UNIX-.     "  "
IBM  Microsoft, ,   ,  ,
 Linux    ,  .



,      
 .  ,    
        ,
   .   
     Windows, OS/2, UNIX   Macintosh,
   ,       
 .


,  ,    
     .  
 Linux     
,    - 
UNIX, ,  , SCO UNIX. ,  UNIX-
     , 
  Microsoft Word  Lotus Word Pro.   ,
     Linux.


    Linux?



    
Linux     "/",
    TCP/IP.   Linux 
        -,
-,        
    postscript- -,
      . 
, Linux   ,   
.


   ,   ,
       .
        (,
Mitac  Octagon).  Linux    
     Internet. C  
        .


     .
 (!)    .  ,  
  ,       
SQL-  ,      
.  ,    ,    
  "   Microsoft".  , 
     ,  
  Linux    
 ...


    
 Linux    ""
  .      
,        , 
     .     
   
 ,    Sound Blaster,
  (, ,    CommonLisp?)
  (  DOOM)   .   ,
 ,    OS/2,   
, Windows NT.


    OS/2 
  ,     NT 
   . ,      ,  
      Windows 3.1,  
   Norton Commander.


  32- 
       
 .


 , ,  Linux 
  ,   
 -.      
 .     
  .      
Wine,   Windows-   X/Window,
Linux        
.        
.        
    Linux.

 LINUX



  Linux   
       
 ,      
CD-ROM.        Slackware,
   "" ,  
  LinuxWare  TAE  RedHat.

  Slackware



    
.  Unix     5.25" HD - 
 boot  root. ,    
3.5",       1.44 .
 ,     ,  
 .


    ?



  



   CD-ROM  TAE Volume
2 (   )      
Install.    ,    
Install,       .  
 ,     .
    .     
 BOOT,      (boot)  
(root)      . 
        rawrite,
     .


    . 
   boot    Reset.  
    ,    ,
     .  
      ,  
  ,     root.
        
 :



darkstar login:






   root   <Enter>.
       .  
  Linux  .   
 fdisk.



fdisk < >






   Unix  
 MS-DOS. ,  ,    IDE,
  /dev/hda,  - /dev/hdb, 
,    SCSI -  /dev/sda,
/dev/sdb   .  ,     ,
   IDE.     :



fdisk /dev/hda






  fdisk  . 
fdisk  Unix ,   DOS.  m 
   ,  p -   
  .   -     
-    Linux (Native Linux -  83)   
(Linux swap-  82).


  .     
16    -      . 
 ,  !    .   
   Linux    16 ,   
   128 .     
        
     !


,     
fdisk.        
 ,   ,  .  ,
 80 ,       
 +80M (  +80 -  80 !).


      
 .        w.
  ,      ( - q)
    .


  ,  
 MS-DOS  Linux.    .


,    .   ,
  ,    ,  
  .     
   . ,   
  /dev/hda4  8192  (1  = 1 
-    !).


   :



mkswap -c /dev/hda4 8192






      .
 -c      -   
       ,  
      . 
    .   
   .     
  .     :



swapon /dev/hda4






.     
  8192 .


     ,
      .


  ,   
  . Unix    
,    ,   .   
,      .  , 
       "",
        swapoff.  
       
   .      ! 
 !


  ,      , 
    ,   
.       , 
   -       
      .


,    setup 
     mkswap,   
   swapon   .  
        
 .


   , 
     . , 
 !    ,    
        
.


     ,
  Linux       .
       . ,
      MS-DOS: /dev/hda1  /dev/hda2, 
   Linux native - /dev/hda3.   
  .


  setup  ,
     Linux.   - 
/dev/hda3.        .
    ,   ext2fs.
     "" - " ,
!"      
,         
.


    
      DOS.   ,
     .    
  DOS      cp ( copy 
MS-DOS).    -    .
   Unix   ,  
       .  , 
        
      ,   "/".


  , 
Unix  DOS     , 
/dos-c  /dev/hda1  /dos.d  /dev/hda2.    
   Linux   ,   
DOS - -   !


,  ,   
  DOS,    D:\F117,  
: dir /dos.d/* .       
     MS-DOS   ,
  -   .      ,
   .


 



    
     (diskset)  
  . , ,    
   .       
 . .        
  .    
  : A  D    .


     
   .  ,    
      ,    
 .     A.    
     .   


 .    
 SCSIKERN,       IDE  ,
   IDEKERN,       SCSI.
        ,   
  ,     .
   .


     
 ,       TCP/IP.
    ,     
     ,  
    .


   - D,  
      Linux. 
:




    C++, Objective
C    LISP, PERL,  Pascal, Modula, Fortran
    .     .


     
   .     
  Linux.     
    .    
(       ,   ?) 
 setup      Linux.  
, ,     .    .


 ,   
.    ,  
        ,
  .      
    -   root  boot 
  .  MBR    ,
         A: 
       MS-DOS.   Unix 
      .


      
    root. , ,
    .    
  .      ,  
     .  
-        .


  



 ,   . 
   /usr/src/linux.     ?
  MS-DOS      
 CP/M,       
 80-    UNIX-.


      
:



make config






       
,      . 
     ,   
80387 ,     .   
Linux     80386,    80486
  .


    .   
     -  .


-,     
 ,      
: IDE / SCSI.      
  .  ,   
    IDE-,  
    SoundBlaster ASP 16 SCSI-2.  
   Adaptec 1522     BIOS.
 ,    MS-DOS   SCSI 
 Linux!       .


  ,     ,
     "!" -,
    Linux    ,
  ,   ,  
"-" (,  Postgress  
(!)    LDBF),    TCP/IP.


   -   CD-ROM.
       
 CD-ROM        
  .        .
     ,    
.


 ,     , 
     .   
 .         !
       .  
 ,       :




    
.  : bus mouse  serial mouse
-   !      
,     bus mouse,  .  
    ?


 ,   make  
 Linux       , 
 make,    :



make depend






   ,   
 ,  make  ,  :



make zImage






     
.    80386DX-40/4   1 
5 ,       
  8 ,      
.   Linux  486DX2-66/8    
  .   ,   
,    .


     ? 
 c    , 
  /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/zImage.


 



       
   .  ,     ,
    ,  ,
    .

 




      
( ,   /dev/fd0   
       !):



cat zImage > /dev/fd0






     
 :



rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/hda3





rdev -v /dev/fd0 -1
rdev -R /dev/fd0 1
rdev -r /dev/fd0 0






    
       .


 ,   ,   
        
  Linux    . 
   ,   MS-DOS    
  .     , 
    MBR Linux Loader    
 . -   
   ,    Volume 3  
     .  .

 




-,   
      :



cp /usr/src/linux/zImage /vmlinuz






     
  "rdev",  /dev/fd0  /vmlinuz.


     Setup  
  Set LILO.       LILO
( BEGIN).       -  DOS
  Linux.  ,      
.      .


      ,
       
       ,
    LILO     , 
  .      LILO 
   end   MBR    .


  ,     
  ,     
   .    
    "rdev"    
    LILO.


      , 
 .   Linux  , 
 .     /vmlinuz 
  ,     .
         
-    .

 
 



 MS-DOS (    
 DOS,    Linux -   [Tab]    
   .   
fdisk  MS-DOS.    Linux,  
   DOS,  ,   DOS 
 .       
 Linux   .


    ""
Linux     .   
  ,       ,
      !


   , 
  .    ?  
     MS-DOS,  
     CD-ROM.  ,   
  CD-ROM   ,   !  
 ?


     ,  .
    ,     
     .   
     CD-ROM!


 



      
Unix - man.       
,  ,    
.         
ftab:



man ftab






     /etc ( 
    )    
 ftab:



vi ftab






, ,     
 vi,   ,


 .


  <Ins>   
  .      
  <Enter>.   .


   :



/dev/fd0     /A    msdos   defaults






     



/dev/fd1    /B     msdos    defaults





/dev/cdrom  /rom   iso9660   ro




    <Esc>,
     (     
 :



:wq






    ftab  
 .


    .    
  ,     :



mkdir /A





mkdir /B
mkdir /rom




    , 
A  B        MS-DOS,
 CD-ROM -   iso9660.


    .   
   Linux -  msdos  ext2fs
 !     CD-ROM    !
  DOS  (  mscdex.exe)  
  .


 ,     
  (    
 - ctrl-alt-del,   reset   
!)      /rom.


  !      ftab
       
 ,     .  
  :



mount /dev/cdrom






     ls. 
,   /rom


   !  
  


.     ,
,       slackware,
:



/rom/slakware





/rom/slackware.120




      
 ,     setup  
.


   !  
setup,     source.     
      - 
 CD-ROM,    ,  /rom/slackware.120.
       ,   ,
  ...


,    .   
   ,    
 XWindows       .
      ,  .


   .   
 CD-ROM?       
-  :



umount /rom






     




mount /dev/cdrom






  ,    .


 Red Hat



   Red Hat   "
 "     ,   
      - "
".        ,
,     Linux-,  
       UNIX  
DOS.         
Red Hat  .


 



 Red Hat Linux 2.1 
  ,   :




     Red Hat:





 ,    , 
,     Slackware   
 ,     \sets\images\
 \sets\updates.


  



 ,   
Red Hat   ,      
 :




    4  RAM,  
Red Hat     Slackware Linux.    
   150    ,   
 Red Hat,    .   
        CD-ROM 
.        , 
       
       .


 



      
  :     boot     ramdisk. ramdisk
          
 ,       . ,  
  boot ,       
           
.


  5  , 
     boot .



 
SCSI-
Ethernet-
 CD-ROM



0000
  
 IDE/ATAPI  SCSI



0001

Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535



0002

Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes



0003
SMC
IDE/ATAPI  SCSI



0004
SMC
Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535



0005
SMC
Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes



0006
Western Digital
IDE/ATAPI  SCSI



0007
Western Digital
Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535



0008
Western Digital
Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes



0009
3c503, 3c509, 3c579
IDE/ATAPI  SCSI



0010
3c503, 3c509, 3c579
Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535



0011
3c503, 3c509, 3c579
Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes



0012
AMD LANCE  PCnet (AT1500  NE2100)
IDE/ATAPI  SCSI



0013
AMD LANCE  PCnet (AT1500  NE2100)
Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535



0014
AMD LANCE  PCnet (AT1500  NE2100)
Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes



0015

IDE/ATAPI  SCSI



0016

Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535



0017

Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes



0018
Adaptec, Buslogic

IDE/ATAPI  SCSI



0019
Adaptec, Buslogic

Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535



0020
Adaptec, Buslogic

Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes



0021
Adaptec, Buslogic
SMC
IDE/ATAPI  SCSI



0022
Adaptec, Buslogic
SMC
Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535



0023
Adaptec, Buslogic
SMC
Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes



0024
Adaptec, Buslogic
Western Digital
IDE/ATAPI  SCSI



0025
Adaptec, Buslogic
Western Digital
Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535



0026
Adaptec, Buslogic
Western Digital
Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes



0027
Adaptec, Buslogic
3c503, 3c509, 3c579
IDE/ATAPI  SCSI



0028
Adaptec, Buslogic
3c503, 3c509, 3c579
Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535



0029
Adaptec, Buslogic
3c503, 3c509, 3c579
Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes



0030
Adaptec, Buslogic
AMD LANCE  PCnet (AT1500  NE2100)
IDE/ATAPI  SCSI



0031
Adaptec, Buslogic
AMD LANCE  PCnet (AT1500  NE2100)
Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535



0032
Adaptec, Buslogic
AMD LANCE  PCnet (AT1500  NE2100)
Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes



0033
Adaptec, Buslogic

IDE/ATAPI  SCSI



0034
Adaptec, Buslogic

Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535



0035
Adaptec, Buslogic

Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes



0036
EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000

IDE/ATAPI  SCSI



0037
EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000

Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535



0038
EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000

Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes



0039
EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000
SMC
IDE/ATAPI  SCSI



0040
EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000
SMC
Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535



0041
EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000
SMC
Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes



0042
EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000
Western Digital
IDE/ATAPI  SCSI



0043
EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000
Western Digital
Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535



0044
EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000
Western Digital
Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes



0045
EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000
3c503, 3c509, 3c579
IDE/ATAPI  SCSI



0046
EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000
3c503, 3c509, 3c579
Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535



0047
EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000
3c503, 3c509, 3c579
Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes



0048
EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000
AMD LANCE  PCnet (AT1500  NE2100)
IDE/ATAPI  SCSI



0049
EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000
AMD LANCE  PCnet (AT1500  NE2100)
Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535



0050
EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000
AMD LANCE  PCnet (AT1500  NE2100)
Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes



0051
EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000

IDE/ATAPI  SCSI



0052
EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000

Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535



0053
EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000

Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes



0054

IDE/ATAPI  SCSI



0055

Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535



0056

Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes



0057
SMC
IDE/ATAPI  SCSI



0058
SMC
Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535



0059
SMC
Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes



0060
Western Digital
IDE/ATAPI  SCSI



0061
Western Digital
Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535



0062
Western Digital
Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes



0063
3c503, 3c509, 3c579
IDE/ATAPI  SCSI



0064
3c503, 3c509, 3c579
Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535



0065
3c503, 3c509, 3c579
Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes



0066
AMD LANCE  PCnet (AT1500  NE2100)
IDE/ATAPI  SCSI



0067
AMD LANCE  PCnet (AT1500  NE2100)
Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535



0068
AMD LANCE  PCnet (AT1500  NE2100)
Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes



0069

IDE/ATAPI  SCSI



0070

Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535



0071

Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes






  , 
 .       
 boot ,      ,  
        .


     , 
    ,       
 'images\2940' ( Adaptec 2940)    'updates\images' (
   ).


   ,   
PCMCIA         boot ,  
. [ ,        PCMCIA
SCSI,     boot ,     
"Adaptec"].


  



 ,  , ,  
boot ,       .  :



  C> copy e:\redhat\images\1213\bootNNN.gz






   NNNN   boot 


     ramdisk   CD-ROM:
 ramdisk1.gz  ramdisk2.gz,      
.



  C> copy e:\redhat\images\ramdisk1.gz





  C> copy e:\redhat\images\ramdisk2.gz




      
   ,   gzip:


  bootNNNN.gz


  ramdisk1.gz


  ramdisk2.gz


     
 ,    gunzip  DOS,  
 CD-ROM   \DOSUTILS:



C> E:\dosutils\bootNNNN.gz





  C> E:\dosutils\ramdisk1.gz
  C> E:\dosutils\ramdisk2.gz




     
.          
    rawrite.  
    " ".
     rawrite ,  
  (   Norton Commander) 
   ,    .


       
( boot   ramdisk)        ,
  .


 



    
  -          .
 ,     ,  
 ,     ,    .
           
'[ ]',      ;  ,  
-,  .

 




    boot    A: 
 .         
LILO.      ,    
   ,    .
,   CD-ROM    SCSI-II 
Sound Blaster        
.        
 ,      
 ().       ,
  <Enter>.     ,
         
  . ,     SCSI     
,


                       "scsi: 0 hosts",


  ,     
  SCSI.      (
    ):




     
""    -   
 ,  ""   
.


,      .
 ,     ,   
      .
   ...


 ,    
,        ramdisk1  
 ramdisk2.


 



     , 
 CD-ROM   RedHat -   
   (    NFS).    
   ,     
  -,        ,
      NFS.


     :




     
NFS-     CD-ROM.   
      ,     
     CD-ROM  .

 :
    X-Window



    
Red Hat -      X-Window. 
    - 
      X-Window
    640*480*256.    ,
    MS Windows     
  X     ,
 ,  1024*768.     
  UNIX    .


    .
    X-Window      8  
  8      ( 16  RAM).
    ...


      
 :




   , ,
  ,  , -  
   ,  -,   
      setup
 Slackware.


   Red Hat Linux



 ,    
    Red Hat Linux 2.0   2.1,  
   :



./upgrade






(     Perl 
 .)        
,       , 
:



./upgrade-test






  -  
      .    
        'telinit
1'.        
      'telinit 3'.


  :  /etc/password  
                       ,
   etc/password.orig.


 Linuxware





  X-Window



,  ,    
, ,     
X-Windows.


Linux    
  ,   
 X-Windows.     ! -  
 xcyr   X-windows,   
    . ,   
   ,    , 
    .


  ,   
 X-Windows,      .  
   .


 ,    
 ,   X-Windows.  ,   
X  XAP,        ,
  OI.   -  ,   !
    ,    .


N1 - X-



      
      :


8514a
-     IBM 8514a  ,  ,
 . -,     
 .  -,    
MCA (   ,    ), 
    Linux.


Monochrome X server
-    VGA-   .
   ,   !   
   -   .     
.


SVGA server
-   ,    ,  SVGA-
   .   ,
         Trident 8900
(   ).    Trident 9000   ,
    ""  
   .   ! SVGA-
  256  (  
     ).


VGA server
-   16 .   
   VGA-,  256  .
       
,        .


      .
,  , .


     
      Windows Accelerator.
    X-Windows   
  (    MS Windows), 
       .


     ,
    .  
      .  ,  
   ( )  
  (       
   VGA-).


N2 -  .



 ,    XWindows, 
  ,      -
 ,   MS Windows.     
,    .   ,  
       ,
          
  "-".


     Xconfig,
     /usr/X11/lib/X11. 
,    Trident 8900  
     Xconfig.Trident8900c.


   :



mv Xconfig.Trident8900c Xconfig






    ( ,  
 Trident 8900)   .     ,
   .


     -  
  .     ,  
,    X-window ,  
,   ,  
 ,   .


   ,   
   Xconfig.    :



RGBPath         "/usr/X386/lib/X11/rgb"





FontPath        "/usr/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi/,/usr/lib/X11/fonts/Speedo/"
Keyboard
AutoRepeat 500 5
ServerNumLock
LeftAlt  Meta
RightAlt Compose
ScrollLock ModeLock
Microsoft "/dev/mouse"
BaudRate 1200
vga256
Virtual 1024 1024
  ViewPort      0 0
  Modes         "800x600" "640x480" "1024x768i"
Chipset "tvga8900c"
Displaysize     800 600
Clocks 25.30 28.32 45.00 36.00 57.30 65.10 50.40 39.90
ModeDB
# name      clock  horizontal timing     vertical timing      flags
"640x480"   25     640  672  768  800    480  490  492  525
"800x600"   36     800  840  912  1024   600  600  602  625
"1024x768i" 45     1024 1048 1224 1264   768  768  776  816   Interlace




   .  ,
    ,    
 .  ,      
.  ,        !
  ,   ,  ,
  setup,   Xconfig ,  ,
    -  ,   
, Microsoft.


,      PS/2,
 ,    Acer,     
   Linux.     . 
    ""  
    :



man Xconfig






      
  .  ,   , 
  .       
vga256.     .

Virtual 1024 1024



   .   
  Word for Windows      -
 ,      .
  ,    .
  Trident 8900     
    1024*1024.    
   ,  ,   
   ,   
   S3    2 .

ViewPort 0 0



    
    .   .

Modes



      ,
    X-. , 
   ,   ?     . 
 :

DisplaySize 800 600



,  X-  (
   )   
800  600.

Chipset



     
,      . 
       man,  ,
     ,    .


     .
,   ,  .   
        .
,   ,   " "
  .     ""
Xconfig   Clocks ( )  
 :



X -probeonly






    
        
,           Xconfig.
 ,     .   , 
     .  
   90 MHz.     
   .     
.


   ,  
         
  "" .


  ?    
,      ,   
     ,     
- ?        ?


,      .
     . -, 
  ,   -   .    
 ,    ,    ,
       
   .  ,    
   ,   
     . ,
    Sun  DEC    
?  ,       
 70 ,        30 
 !


 ,    , 
 ""      
.         
,       .


   ?   ! 
      
:


)    
  ;


)     .


  X-windows   
     .   
    .


  ,  .  
    . 
    /usr/X11/lib/X11/etc.   
-   modeDB.txt.      :



cat modeDB.txt | less






( . cat -    
,  less   ,    
  ,     
README).


     ,
  Linux   ,    
 :



# Monitor:              Seiko CM 1440





# Contributor:          Jeff Jennings [jennings@stortek.com]
# Last Edit Date:       12/9/91
#
# name         clock  horizontal timing     vertical timing      flags
 "1024x768i"    45    1024 1064 1224 1264    768  777  785  817  Interlace
 "1152x900i"    45    1152 1184 1288 1360    900  898  929  939  Interlace




    ,  
      Xconfig  
   .       -
     !


 ,    
.    4,   
 ,     .   ,
 ,    .   .
   ,       Multisync,
      
  .       "",
        
  .     (
       
      /usr/X11/lib/X11/etc/README.Config.
        ,  
    Videomodes.doc,    . 
,         /usr/doc/faq/howto.
         
 :



zcat <  > | less






( zcat   
  


    
).

 4.  







 
 
 
 ?
 VESA?



640x48060Hz
31.5k25.175M




640x48060Hz
31.5k25.175M




640x48063Hz
32.8k28.322M




640x48070Hz
36.5k31.5M




640x48072Hz
37.9k31.5M




800x60056Hz
35.1k36.0M




800x60056Hz
35.4k36.0M




800x60060Hz
37.9k40.0M




800x60060Hz
37.9k40.0M




800x60072Hz
48.0k50.0M




1024x768i43.5Hz
35.5k44.9M




1024x76860Hz
48.4k65.0M




1024x76860Hz
48.4k62.0M




1024x76870Hz
56.5k75.0M




1024x76870Hz
56.25k72.0M




1024x76876Hz
62.5k85.0M




1280x1024i44Hz
51kHz80.0M




1280x1024i44Hz
47.6k75.0M




1280x102459Hz
63.6k110.0M




1280x102461Hz
64.24k110.0M




1280x102474Hz
78.85k135.0M







N3 -  X-windows.



   ,  .
  Xwindow     openwin  startx.
     .   .
  .    , , , 
    . ,   
,     MS Windows    
Close, Restore, Kill   .


     X-window,
 ,       MS Windows. , 
 !


N4    - .



    ,  
X-Windows  - .       
      xcyr.  ,
     .


     .   -
 Linux   .  ,  
Linux  -    -
      Setup (Remap your
keyboard),      
(    -):



loadkeys /usr/lib/kbd/keytables/russian.map





mapscrn koi2alt
setfont Cyr_a8x16
printf "\033(K"
echo       <Alt>




,     1.2.13  
 Slackware    cyr1,  
      - 
,  ,     X-Window,
 Postscript    -, 
    .


   



 ,    ,
        .
       
    ,   
 ,      
.


 ,   ,
     Linux Documentation Project - System
Administration Guide.  ,    Linux 
  ,       Internet .


 



    
  UNIX-    Linux   
,    .       
 1    ,      . 
 -   -1840  -2!


    BIOS  
,      
,      . 
    ,    
  ,   .   , BIOS
       
(     ).    
  -     (Master Boot Record
- MBR).


    
 (  512 ),    
       .  
  ,    -.


  .
      
 512  ,     .
    ,    Linux 
   ,     
  .


. 
 .   MBR   
 (partition table), , ,   
 ,    ,   
.        
 (       -  !), 
 .     :  
       
    .


    . , 
,       
   (,     
 ).    -  LILO (Linux Loader),
 ,  ,  .


     LILO,  
,        
     (  Linux), 
   .


 ,    . 
 LILO     Linux,   
  ,  , 
     ,   
    " ".


 , LILO  
   ,   bootlin 
bootactv      .


 ,     
,      .  
  ,      
:


    ,  
. ,  ,     ,
   :



Uncompressing Linux.....






 ,    SVGA-.
  ,      , 
       
 ,  100   40 . 
 ?   ,       
80*25. ,        
 80- ,    ,  
  132-"" !    
    ,   ,
     ,  
  .


 Linux    ,
   (  , , 
   )     . 
    ,   
    .   /bin/dmesg  
     .   
  ,       
  ,     .


, ,     
  :



Console: colour EGA+ 80x25, 8 virtual consoles





Serial driver version 3.99a with no serial options enabled
tty00 at 0x03f8 (irq = 4) is a 16450
tty01 at 0x02f8 (irq = 3) is a 16450
tty02 at 0x03e8 (irq = 4) is a 16550A
lp_init: lp1 exists, using polling driver
snd2 <SoundBlaster Pro 4.5> at 0x220 irq 10 drq 1
snd6 <SoundBlaster 16 4.5> at 0x220 irq 10 drq 5
snd7 <SoundBlaster MPU-401> at 0x330 irq 10 drq 0
snd1 <Yamaha OPL-3 FM> at 0x388 irq 0 drq 0
Sony I/F CDROM : SONY     CD-ROM CDU33A    Rev 1.0d with tray load mechanism
using 16384 byte buffer, capable of audio playback
Calibrating delay loop.. ok - 7.98 BogoMips
Memory: 6992k/8192k available (532k kernel code, 384k reserved, 284k data)
Floppy drive(s): fd0 is unknown type 0, fd1 is 1.44M
Swansea University Computer Society Net2Debugged [1.30]
IP Protocols: ICMP, UDP, TCP
PPP: version 0.1.2 (4 channels)
TCP compression code copyright 1989 Regents of the University of California
PPP line discipline registered.
SLIP: version 0.7.5 (4 channels)
CSLIP: code copyright 1989 Regents of the University of California
Linux version 1.0.8 (root@mntr) #3 Sun Nov 13 21:19:51 boot ibcs init 1994
Partition check:
hda: hda1 hda2
hdb: hdb1 < hdb5 > hdb2 hdb3 hdb4
VFS: Mounted root (ext2 filesystem) readonly.




! Linux     
  .  , Sound Blaster 
 IRQ7,  -   IRQ10    
  !        
   .     
  ,    Zyxel  
   9600.


 ,  ,   
, Linux     . !
 ,  ,   . , 
    ,    
    !


      .
   root filesystem (  
  ).    
 rdev).


    ,
 ,    .   , 
     , Linux 
  (   - panic mode)  " 
".


     /etc/init
(PID=1),     /etc/inittab,
 ,    -  /etc/rc.
      (  ), 
     , 
     . ,   
      -
/etc/rc.


,   ,    
    .    
/etc/inittab:



#   ( 5).





id:5:initdefault:
#    
si:S:sysinit:/etc/rc.d/rc.S
#   
su:S:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc.K
#   
rc:123456:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc.M
#      
ca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t3 -rf now
#      (  
#  )
pf::powerfail:/sbin/shutdown -f +5 "THE POWER IS FAILING"
#   ,   
pg:0123456:powerokwait:/sbin/shutdown -c "THE POWER IS BACK"
#       -
#    (   5)
ps:S:powerokwait:/sbin/init 5




     /etc/inittab  
,     man,    
   :


    
 rc.S ( ).   
 - rc.K.      
,  , ,   , 
  (rc.M).



# /etc/rc/rc.S





#
#  ,    
#       rc.local
PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin
#  
#/sbin/swapon -a  #    
swapon /dev/hdb2  #   
# ,       read-only
READWRITE=no
if echo -n >> "Testing filesystem status"; then
rm -f "Testing filesystem status"
READWRITE=yes
fi
#     
if [ ! $READWRITE = yes ]; then
/sbin/fsck -A -a
#       
#   -,    
# 
if [ $? -gt 0 ] ; then
echo
echo
echo "**************************************"
echo "fsck returned error code - REBOOT NOW!"
echo "**************************************"
echo
echo
/bin/login
fi
#      read-write
echo "Remounting root device with read-write enabled."
/sbin/mount -w -n -o remount /
else
#
#        read-write, 
#     .  
#    
#
cat << EOF
*** Root partition has already been mounted read-write. Cannot check!
For filesystem checking to work properly, your system must initially mount
the root partition as read only. Please modify your kernel with 'rdev' so that
it does this. If you're booting with LILO, type:
rdev -R /vmlinuz 1
(^^^^^^^^  ... or whatever your kernel name is.)
If you boot from a kernel on a floppy disk, put it in the drive and type:
rdev -R /dev/fd0 1
This will fix the problem *AND* eliminate this annoying message. :^)
EOF
sleep 10
fi

#   ,    
/bin/rm -f /etc/mtab* /etc/nologin /etc/utmp
#    .
cat /dev/null >> /etc/utmp
#   ,   /etc/fstab
#   NFS,  TCP/IP   
/sbin/mount -avt nonfs
#   
if [ -x /sbin/clock ]; then
/sbin/clock -s
fi
#    /etc/issue  /etc/motd
#    ,     
#  (/etc/issue)    " " (/etc/motd)
#
#         
#  . ,     
# ,    .
echo > /etc/issue echo Welcome to Linux `/bin/uname -a |
/bin/cut -d\  -f3`. >> /etc/issue echo >> /etc/issue
echo "`/bin/uname -a | /bin/cut -d\  -f1,3`. (Posix)." > /etc/motd
#   
#  ,     
#      .   ,
#        ,  
#      . 
#        
#    .
#/bin/sh /etc/rc.d/rc.serial
#    
named
#   rc.S







#! /bin/sh





#
#       
#       
echo "Going multiuser..."
#   update   
/sbin/update &
#      ( )
/bin/setterm -blank 15
#   
if [ -x /etc/rc.d/rc.inet1 ];
then
        /bin/hostname vvv           #  
        /bin/domainname rinet.ru    #  
/bin/sh /etc/rc.d/rc.inet1  #   
/bin/sh /etc/rc.d/rc.inet2
else
/sbin/hostname_notcp vvv    #  TCP/IP  
/bin/domainname rinet.ru
echo
echo "Since you don't have TCP/IP installed, syslogd will complain when it first"
echo "starts. The warning can be ignored."
echo
/usr/sbin/syslogd
/usr/sbin/klogd
/usr/sbin/lpd
/usr/sbin/crond
fi
#    
/bin/rm -f /usr/spool/locks/* /usr/spool/uucp/LCK..* /tmp/.X*lock 1> /dev/null 2> /dev/null
#    
if [ -r /tmp/hunt -o -r /tmp/hunt.stats ]; then
echo "Removing your stale hunt sockets from /tmp..."
/bin/rm -f /tmp/hunt*
fi
#     
/sbin/ldconfig
#  ,    
/etc/rc.d/rc.local
#   rc.M




 , inittab   
    ,  
  Linux-     host-.
      .


 ,    
   -   (, 
    ) -  
  !     -
- rc.local.      ,
       - 
,       rc.local -  
       
.


 ,    UNIX- 
      . 
       , 
   .


 



  ,  
   -   . 
  ,    UNIX-  ,
  .      
   .      
       .


  ,     
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        ,
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   ).    
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       - 
 -       !


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,       
   ,    
   ,  ,
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    ,  
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-        
     !


     
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 ,   ?


  ,    
     "  "-Ctrl-Alt-Del.
       
,       
   .


    
,       (  ,
   )    , 
  ,   
  root (      root,    
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shutdown -q now






,  now    
 ( )     
.  ,     
( Release 2  Release 3)   shutdown  ,
        
   , ,    UNIX-
  ,     .  
       - 
 Release 4   ,     .


 ,   
  shutdown    
 ,      . ,
    ,       .
  ,    , shutdown
      
: "   8 ".


     
 shutdown?        /etc/shutdown.rc.
  ,      -
       
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   !).   ,    
  ,    
.         
Reset    .


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 shutdown,      
,     
.


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  ,       
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 ),      update 
,      ,   
  .


    
   ,    
sync,       
 ,       
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,   , -,   
shutdown. ,      ,
  clean filesystem    
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   ""
 .


        
 .   sync-     
,    ,      .
      
   ,     
/  .


  



     
     .   ,  
    ,   
,     .


 
(  demon  daemon-  !)
       ,
      
   .    
        DOOM, 
    "Disk And Execution MONitor".
 ,    ,   , 
       ,  
   -  . 
     ,    
     (   
          
,      ).
  -   ,   
LPR      LPD.  
     LPR     
  ,       
.


,     
      - ,  
 . ,    
      .  
       
( ,   ),  
      ,    
        .  
      ,  
        
.


     ,  
 UNIX-    .  /etc/update
-     ( 
sync)   .


    ,  
     ps -ax (  ,
    ,    ). 
syslogd  crond.      , 
      
 ,    ,  
  ,  ...... ,   
    -  .


 ,  man    
  .    ,    
  .      
 ,   -  ,    -
 . ,    ,
        .
    -   ,  
man man -     man.


,  ,    
        
.      UNIX-
  , ,  FTP-  BBS, 
    (    ).


   



LILO -
Linux Loader


LOADLIN




    



 



 ,       
  (  ,  , ).
      "  ",
" ..."   .    
      .


    
      
    . 
        (),
    .   
    getty:


uugetty -   
  ( );


uugetty_ps - ,  ,
     -  (
   ) --;


mgetty -  , 
 .

    
   



login:


      LOG
IN (   -  "  ").  
      , ,  
, .  ,   
     /etc/passwd    
.


  getty   /etc/nologin
( ,    )    
 !      shutdown
  .     -  
      .  
       
    .    ,  
      .    !


     UNIX



 ,   
 "    "  
. ,   ,   MS-DOS 
 CP/M,     UNIX.    
" "     
,    , ,  .
    Microsoft    - MS-DOS  
  .      . 
   (    Linux)   
 ls.      
,      -l,   :



 	rw-rw-rw-     1       vovka      root       4067    Nov 5 13:12  caterpillar.tar.z






    ?  , 
  ,       
         
.  (1)    , 
    .    
  (vovka),      ,
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,   UNIX       
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,   ,   .
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 ,  .z    gzip.
        
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, root)     .
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,       UNIX-,
  ...


     
 .        
(   JOE,      
      
)    ,   
   .    
 :



ksh myscript






  ,  .  ,
        
(,        
      !).    
  chmod.   :



chmod {a,u,g,o} {+|-} {r,w,x} < >






     
 (a-, u- , g-,   
, o- ).      
,     ,  
  .


,    
-,      , 
  ,       .  
      
,  , ,     .  ,
   :



chmod u+rwx prettysript





chmod g+rx prettyscript
chmod o+x prettyscript




---! --   ,
--         
    ?    
        
  !


,    . 
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.   ,   UNIX    
 Digital,      Intel    ,
    (  , 
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,         0  7). 
,       
       .  chmod
  .


 ,    
       :



chmod 751 prettyscript






    ? 
   , 


, "  ".
   :


  u7       g5       o1


1 1 1  1 0 1  0  0  1


r w x   r w x   r w x


 ,    
     :




      .
,         
      , 
    "  
   640",  ,   
 chmod 640 < >.

 
?



     
-    ,      "".
 ,       
       -  
    .   
 - ,     
     .   ,
     ?


  -   .  
.  (root),   
,  ,  , BBS RoCat (Roman Catacombs-
LinuxWare 1.0).      
  .        
   ,       
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mv --  DOS- ,    ln,
 ),       
   BBS   BBS.


    ,   
      
  !   ?     
        
?   -    
  ?


,   .    
  chown,    
  ,     . 
       
chgrp.  UNIX       
        
    .


   - 
 .     - 
   ,   
.         - 
    "others".


 



    
 .  ,  - ,  
 .      
     .   
       (account),
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    ,  
    .


,     
 ,     UNIX-  , 
 , ,    
.


    
,       .
    .   
   (,     
       
   ).  ,   
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 ,   
,     (
    ),  
.       , 
   ,    
  .


   
     /etc/group,   
      .   
      
.


  



    
UNIX         
  .  -,   
        ,
   ,    
( -- /etc/passwd).


  ASCII-,   
   vi  Emacs.    
 UNIX, passwd   ,   
.     :



vovka:Xv75fs1Z521:102:0:Vladimir Vodolazkiy:/home/vovka:/bin/tcsh






 -vovka,  
.    ,    
.   ,    /etc/passwd   
  ,     
   ,      .  
     ,   -, 
  .   
       
 .       
   ,    
    /etc/passwd.    -
    .   ,  
  ,       
    ,      .


 



     
  ,    
   Linux-.

 
?



      .
-,      /etc/passwd.
    adduser,  
      /etc/passwd.   
      . -,  ,
     , ,  
" "    ( , 
      !).
      ,  
 -   . ,  
  ,       ,
    .    , 
   /bin/sh- -     !

  ?




    groupadd.
   ,      
 .       
adduser    GID (group ID).  
   ,      
 adduser      ,
     .

 
    ?



  ?    
         (
 -   ) 
     !    
      ,
  ,        
!

 
   ,     
?



 .    
     *.   
      (,  
,    ,  ,    
    ).

  "
"  ,    ?



     
      adduser,  
,     :    vovka::102...   ,
    (root)    !

"
"  " "?



 ,    
      
   .    , ,
 ,       ""
  ,         
 -    .     
   ,       
,        , 
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      "
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1.  .




    
     ,  
         
  . ,   ,   
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 ,  ,   
     ,  
,     ,   
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 .


   ,   
   :







 ,   
         .
       
 ,     
 ,  MYxND34MN.    
      
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  ,      
.     
( ,     ,   
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    ,   - .
        passwd (
 ).

2.  




   , 
        ,
         -
 (      
      ,
   ,      
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,    .


     .
     .     .
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   . ,    
      
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   .    
   , ,  , 
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    .


     ,   
         .
  ,      
,    ,     
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       .

3.   




    
         .
   700, 711  755.   
       !
       
        , 
 . .


     
 - 644  600.       
 666,       
  .

4.  
 



     
 ,     ,  
  - -.     CONFIG.SYS
 AUTOEXEC.BAT   DOS,       ,
     .   
 ,       
    600.   :


.login,  .logout, .cshrc, .bashrc, .kshrc,
.xinitrc, .exrc, .dbxinit, 


.profile, .sunview, .mwmrc, .twmrc.


     
,      
,      ,   
    .   
      ,  
-!

5. 




    
  .  ,   
  ,     
 ,     .   
      
  ,      
.      ,   
     - chmod  cp,  
   .

6. 
    



,  ,   
  . ,     
       . 
 ,          .
      , 
""      
   777.      
    !   
     ,
       .
      .


,    
    ,    
   UNIX.     
  ,      DOS  UNIX. ,
 ,   .     
    ,     
  ,     
 -  man ( ),  info
(      ),
     FAQ,  
     
   UNIX.


    



     - CRACK


"
" 


npasswd
-   









    
- .      , 
        
   " ".
,  ,     - 
MS Word. ,    , Linux 
      
,      Windows.


  



    , 
Linux   .  ,    
  ,     
 /,     
.  " " IBM PC  
   ,   Linux    
 /dev/lp0 - /dev/lp3.


      
-       .  ,
   .    ,  -,
  UNIX    , 
     mknod,  -,  
    -  6  
 0  3    .


   mknod   
,  Linux (    
 /):


 mknod /dev/lp0 c 6 0        (0x3BC)


mknod /dev/lp1 c 6 1         (0x378)


mknod /dev/lp2 c 6 2         (0x278)


mknod /dev/lp3 c 6 3         (0x......)


    !  ,
  IBM PC     0x378,  
 /dev/lp0,  /dev/lp1.       
""  DOS  ""  UNIX,
       .
    ?


     
 . -,    
 DOS  sysinfo  MSD,  -,   
"  "  , :



ls -l > /dev/lp0






  lp0      
:

? /dev/lp0 unknown device




     
 .     ,    
 ""   :



This is 1 line





This is 2 line
This is 3 line




     , 
    DOS    
   -   <CR> (0x13)  
 <LF> (0x10).   UNIX   
 - <LF>.


      
  -     
<CR>  <LF> -      
         
.      
,        ,
    Linux.     
     DOS,  
 -,     .  ,
 ,      ,  
   ,   UNIX.


   Linux



    
  .  ,  






  - tunelp



 


lpd



lpq



lprm



lpc



lpr - cnfylf  



/etc/printcap
-  







 ""




apsfilter
-     




  Postsript






 



  FDD-



       ,
       .
   ,    SCSI
       
   . -,   
,        UNIX-.
      SCSI   ,
      
 Linux.   -    
   FDD-,   
   DOS  Windows.  ,  
,      - 120-250   
     ,  
       
-     150$,     250
    15$.

,
     Linux-



      



  FTAPE



 




    











   



  


tar



mt



   



    


 



   UPS



-



DOS



Windows



SCO UNIX



 BBS



 Linux  
   ,    
     BBS, 
     .
      BBS Roman CATacombs - ROCAT, 
    CD-ROM TAE Linuxware 1.0   Internet 
: ......................... .


  -



 



 



  



  



Ethernet -  ?


TCP/IP




 - Windows-Linux


 
Internet





  CD-ROM  Linux



      
   .   ,    
          .
       ,  "
 "       . 
       -   - 
   ,    , 
     .


  ,    
    Trans-Ameritech Enterprises. 
   .


Trans-Ameritech Enterprises


Volume
1



     Linux
     1993 .  , 
   ,       
.


   :


ARCHIVE_  DOS_WIN_ -
      BBS.  
    . , ,  
    TIFF-   
,    DOS  Windows, 
  LHARC  ARJ,   , 
 shareware-   .


BSD386
 -       BSD386, 
  Linux. ,   ,  
  ,   ,     ,
    .   , 
.    BSD386    
 Linux.


KERNELS
-        -    
CD-ROM CDU31A   ,    
Creative (Panasonnic).


LINUX 
-  .   : PACKAGES,  
  "" SLS- 
 SOURCES,         
 UNIX.  ,  ,    ,
       
.


LIVE102
-   " ".    
     ,  
  CD-ROM ,   
        CD-ROM.


LIVE_99P
-  ,   


PICTURES -
  BMP  GIF .


SLACKWAR
 SLS103 -      
Linux.  ,   . , 
 .


SOUNDS -
    ,    WAV 
ROL .


 ,  , 
   ,   -
  .  ,   
 KERNELS    ( , ,    
).     Linux   
,         
 .    DOS  Windows  
  . , ,   
 TIFF:



Directory MSDOS/TIFF/





Filename   Type Length   Date   Description
==============================================
DTIFF.ZIP     B  194039  900502  Displays TIFF files on screen, uses TACS
DVTIF1.ZIP    B   15198  900416  TIFF reader:PACKBITS compr/uncomp C src, ALDUS
TACS40.ZIP    B  116888  900425  TIFF Access/Create System - C source, TIFF 4.0
TFTOOL.ZIP    B   62503  900416  TIFF toolkit developer package C source, ALDUS
TIFF_50.ZIP   B   51127  891209  Tagged Image File Format specs, v5.0
TIFFAX.ZIP    B   41572  900416  TIFF FAX format definition/example, ALDUS




,      DOS?  
   Linux. ,      
 - Linux Volume 2.

Volume
2



     1994   
 ,     
Linux.


      
 FreeBSD,     BSD_USR_ (""
), FREEBSD_ (  )  UPDATE_B,
   ""   
.


    Linux. 
   ,  TAE    
  ,    BOOT. ,
     Linux, ,
     ISO9600 (CD-ROM).   
   -,   
 ,       .
        Install.
     
rawrite.exe (     -h).


     
 SLACKWA0  SLACKWA1.  ,  
.       Linux
    -      .
        
( ) ,   -   
   ( ),      . 
       
() ,      
 .


   ,   
  SLACKWA1.  ,    ,  
  "" -  ,   
 ,     .  
 EXTRA:


BASH_BIN 
-   ;


DOSEMU 
  -  MS-DOS (    MS-DOS  PC, 
       . , 
 . Simcity ,  F-19 !)


GAMES 
-   ,  UNIX-: MultiUser
Dungeons (MUD). ,  .   
 .    Internet-!


GRAPHICS 
-       
        
  - TIFF, TGA, JPEG  MPEG.


MATH -
   Gnuplot 3.5,   
        
  (  )   SVGA-. 
  BoeingGraph  Harvard Graphics. , 
   Unix.


POSTGRES
-  ,     Ingress.
  ,   Progress! Postgress  
,        
shell-,      . 
     .  , 
 ,      
.  Internet      
 Postgress   X-window   TCL/TK.


SERIAL
-   .    getty -
      ,  
  ,     
       .   -
mgetty,   Linux-    ,
   ,      
 ( Postscript). ,    
       !
 , mgetty     
2    US Robotics 14400 Sportster  Worldport
   .   USR 28800  !


SECURITY -
      
UNIX-.     ,  
   ,   
  .    /etc/passwd
         
   .


SOUND -
    ,      .
   ,     .
,     -  ,
      .   
       , 
 MIDI, WAV, MOD  AU (   Sun) ,
     ,    ""
 .      
-.


TERMINAL
-    ,     
 ( ) . ,   
    /etc/termcap    
.


X11  -
   X-Window.     : ANDREW
-  ,      
EMAX,         
     ; FTPTOOL -
    FTP  X-Window; XFRACT - 
  ,   ,   
 !


, , XGopher -   
  Gopher- Internet.     
" "     .
        bmail for
DOS,    UNIX-.      
  .


    ,   "
"   LIVE.      . 
         
 ( JE_0_9).    .    
  ,    READ. 
        
       .


  ,  SRC.   
    ,    .
     X-Window (Release 5), 
    X-,     
X-.       X.

Supplement




  - Release 3   
,        Release
4.         , 
     . !    Release
3   1994   Supplement,   
 .


ARCHIVES 
-       , 
  -    Andrew 6.1   .
        
,    ,    
19 .  ,        -
 MS Windows 3.1   X-Window.


BOOT -
    ,    , 
  .


DEBIAN -
 , Linux    , 
     .
Debian -   ,    .


DOCS -
       .  
 25   ,      .
,      ,  
Linux      PCI   .


EXTRA -
  .      :


BOGO-1.2
 -      .
    ""   BogoMIPS,
        .



EBBS
-  BBS  Linux.    
Zmodem (        )  
IRC (Internet Relay Chat).


EFAX -
     .     XWindows.
      Delrina WinFax Pro.


IMAGEMAG -
ImageMagic,      
 .    ,
  PC, Macintosh  Sun.


IMAZE
 -   XWindows     .   Wolfenstein,
    .     
,  ,  .     
 ,     


LINUXDOC.1
-  ,       ( 
  - Linux Documentation Project - LDP). 
 ,    
     , ,  ,
groff  tex.       HTML
  SGML.


PLAN
 -   X-Window. ,    
 Lotus Organizer,     !    
  


RIP
-     
.     BBS, 
   .  
-  "",  ,   
 ,   8 .


WINE9606
-     MS Windows,     
1994 . ,       , 
  30%   API.     
!


 ,     
 Wine,      
  ,     ,
  .


XDOS0.4A
-     ,  DOS,    X-Window.
   ( !)   XMS-.


JE - 
  Linux.  ,   
       ,  
  .      ?


LEMACS-1.10
- Lucid GNU Enacs.       
 EMACS.     Multi-Edit, EMACS 
      -.
   ,  ,   ,
   ,     
   .  ,   EMACS
  .


MIT  -
       , 
 SCO UNIX.  ,      .


MOTIF
- ,     Motif,  
    X-Window. ,   
,       .  
    ,  
   .     , 
 -     !


RR_MOVED
-         .
        X-
 ,    .  
   ,   .   
    (386 DX-40, 8 ),    , ,
 . ,    make,  
   .     
 -     nice.   
  ,        .


SECURITY
-         
 R* (rlogin, rshell  ..),    
Linux       
 .


SLS, SLACKWAR 111, SLACKWAR 122
-    .


USR, LIB -
"" .


WORDS
-      "".    
,      
.   ,  UNIX  
  ,    
  Linux.


XC - 
  X-Window Release 6.    ,    
 UNIX-    Release 4,  
X-    Release 5. ,   
 TAE   !

Interim
Release



  Trans-Ameritech Enterprises
   Interim Release   1994 .  
,   Release 4.    ,
 ,  .


     .
  ! -,      Flagship.
        ( 
        
).   Flagship   ,   
,   Clipper   Linux!  ,
 , .


     MOTIF.  
,   .     
   . ,   , ,
   MOTIF  .


SQL -
     - 
  SQL- - Just Logic SQL.  
   DOS/Windows, OS/2  Linux.  
, ,       
 ""       
 .


 ,      Slackware
2.0,    , ""
   .   "",  
   ,      
. ,     .   
  ""  , 
  Linux-   (gateway) Internet.

Release
4 



  ,   1994  
  Release 4.   ,    
" ",      ,
   Linux    FreeBSD.  ,
    ,     InterView -
     ,    
X-window.


 ,     "".
-  


EXTRAS
  :


CALC2.9
-    .    
      Sharp 
Citizen,      Basic.   
     .


IRSIM -
       p-
 nMop .


JAZZ-1.0 -
      DOS  Windows    .
   MIDI-,  
 ,      
,         
.  ,     .


SAMBA -
  ,      
 inetd,     .   
 SMB (Session Message Block),   SMB-
   ,     DOS-UNIX .
        
Linux  Windows-,       
   . ,   
 .   Linux   , 
   Postscript-,   , Postscript - 
   .  , 
Postscript       
.     -   Linux - 
 !


FIPS.DOC, FIPS.EXE -
     \extras  
DOS,   ,       
  .      
  Partitition table   !
,  , .


 ""   .
   ,      .
  ,  \SLACKWAR\CONTRIB,    
:


ANDREW-D
-   Andrew   ,   D , 
 , Development.      
AUIS - Andrew User Interface System,  , 
      ( Andrew
     
   /);


GCC-2.6
-    :  , ++  Objective C;


GNAT-1.82 -
         .  
   ,      ,  
   .  ,   , -,
   ,  -, ,
         
.       ,  .
  !


LINUX-X-
-   , ...      
   DOOM I for X-Window.  ,  ? 
        DOOM II, 
,    .   -
.  80386-DX40, 8     
     X-    .


     SLACKWAR.000.
     : .\CONTRIB  \EXTRA-ST.
    .



  • FREE-WID -
   X-Window;

  • GNU-COMM
- Gnu Common LISP;

  • GNU-GCC- 6
 -     GNU C 2.6;

    • 

    
GNU-GNAT -
     .    , 
 -79  -82;

    
GNU-GPC -
  Gnu Pascal Compiler;

    
IRCII -
       Internet Relay
Chat.    ,   ,  
 ,       
  ;

    
MBASE -
MetalBase 5.0  5.1.       
 ,    (ncurses), 
     .       DOS,
  Sun,   Next,     
Amiga 500.

    
MC - MouseLess
Commander.  !   ,  
         
Norton Commander.

    
SAMBA
-      SMB.

    
SEEJPEG
-     JPEG, GIF, PPM  TARGA.
  -.

    
SMAIL
- SendMail 3.1.

    
  ""  \EXTRA-ST
    :

    
APPLE-II
-   Apple-II.     
 - ""     
;

    
BSD-SEND
-  SendMail,    BSD;

    
CPM-80-E
-   Z80    CP/M.  
   BDOS.

    
DOS-EMUL -
   MS-DOS;

    
GNU  -
  ,     GNU;

    
GNU-FING 37
- finger 1.37,       Internet;

    
IBCS2-EM 
-    IBCS2,    Linux
,   SCO Unix  SVR4. 
     .

    
MMDF -
Mail Delivery Agent,      

    
 .

    Linuxware
1.0
    

    
  TAE   
     Linux,     .
  "volume"  "release"   LinuxWare
1.0,    1995 .

    
  ,   
     MS Windows.  , -,
  . -, TAE   
   DVI-,   
      Windows.    
     Linux,  
!

    
 ,    
      .      
  \extras:

    
1BBS -
 BBS,    


    
 (   -);

    
AUDIO
- ""  Linux (   
Internet   ) -   ,
    . ,   
;

    

  • CRACK
-      .

  • DOOM -
  :  X-Window  " ";

  • DOUBLE
-  Stacker  DoubleSpace;

    • 

    
GOPHER
-       Internet (, 
     Internet?);

    
IBCS2
-  ,      


    
 Wyse;

    
LSMTOOL -
 ,   LSM- (
Linux-);

    
MODULES -
        ("
");

    
NV - 
   .   
   ;

    
PCMCIA
- Linux  ""   notebook.  
      PCMCIA;

    
PPIC -
    ;

    
ROCAT -
   BBS,   
,   .   
    ,   
     ,   .  
    .

    
SVGAFFT -
,    . 
   Sound Blaster,  - 
    VGA/SVGA-. 
  .

    
SVGALIB -
         X-Window.
,   DOOM      .

    
PV-Wave -
      .

    
TCPDUMP -
   .

    
Wine -
    MS Windows.

    
X311 -
  XFree86 ( , 
).

    
XGROK -
       
   X-window.

    LinuxWare
2.0
    

    

    LinuxWare
2.5
    

    

    -
 Caldera
    

    
  Caldera  
      Linux. 
    1.2.13   
 Caldera Desktop 1.0,     .
   Caldera     - 
 Kronverk Ltd. (0812)                     e-mail: bravo@
 ...... .       
    ,    
 .

    Caldera
Desktop 1.0
    

    

    
   - 99 USD.

    Linux
Office
    

    

    
   - 
    

    


    -
   SAMS Publishing
    

    
CD-ROM,     
 Linux       
  .   ,    
      -  
   !

    
      
 Linux 1.2.8,     ,    
  .

    CD-ROM
  Linux Unleashed
    

    

    CD-ROM
  Building Linux Internet Server
    

    -
 
    

    
,    Linux  .
     -   
     .    
    "  UNIX" 
  CD-ROM      
,     -  
  -    ,   
   .    Linux  
,   ,  .      
.

    "
"
    

    
    Linux
  CD-ROM - 1996 .   ""
( 198903, , / 77, e-mail: info@usoft.spb.su) 
   -   .  
  Linux-, " "
       -
   "", 
    ,    , 
  .   -  
       
 Linux',       .
    .

    
     Linux
1.2.13,       
 - RedHat 2.1  Slackware 3.0.     ,
   .

    
    "
":

    
Apps
 Various Applications for Linux

    
DOS-TeX  TeX
for DOS

    
Hurd 
 GNU Hurd Operating System

    
Mach
 Mach Microkernel

    
PS   PostScript
Code

    
RedHat
  RedHat Linux Distrbution

    
Russian
 Russian Fonts, Texts, etc.

    
TeX  
TeX documention

    
WWW
Mirror of various WWW sites

    
dists  
Directory for BSD installation

    
dosutils 
Various DOS programs for RedHat and Slackware Installation

    
floppies
 Directory for BSD installation

    
freebsd.doc
 BSD Documentation

    
linux.doc 
Generic Linux documentation

    
redhat.doc
 RedHat Linux documentation

    
slakinst   
For Slackware installation

    
slack.doc
 Slackware documentation

    
slakware
 Slackware distribution

    
source 
 Linux sources (from Slackware distribution)
    

    


    

    

    Last-modified: Thu, 27 Nov 1997 11:09:06 GMT

      :