:


---------------------------------------------------------------
     © Copyright Hodos. SCHAUPROZESSEN (1981)
     © Copyright ..(hal@galore.tomsk.ru),   
---------------------------------------------------------------





               ,  
    .          
    ,      -
         
,             
[1].       . 
           -  ,
  ,     ,   ,
          ,      
,    .
      ,     , 
    .            
    ,          :      ,
        -
.
                     
    - .  ,     ,
    " ", ,      ,
    .       : 
      1946 .;  ,
      ,         ,   ,
       ,     1947   .;        
       
,    1947  .;               
  ,   ,   1948  .; 
 ,   1948  .,     
,  1949 .
         ,      1948  .        
        "  ,   ,
   ,       ,     ,
 ,        ,  
      ,    ".
(    NSC 10/2,  1948 .).
     "  "             (.
Barnet 1983, s. 140  ff),     ,   ,  
            
                   
 ,      .  (.  Powers
1980, Kap. 3).           
      ,      
 -   ,   
      (.  Bethell 1984). , 
     , 
         ,          
,        ,
,  ,              ..
  ,    .
         ,       
,           
  .             
 .      ,    
           
 .
               .
         
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                      ".
""       ,  ..      
,          
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      ,   
-  :    ,    
      .  
          . ,
            
        .    
   .
            ,       .  
           .     
, , , ,  ,   
            
            (.  Medvedev
1949c, 153   158).     ,  
     .       ,  
 ,           
,    "".        
 (. Medvedev 1973, c.  344).      
  . ,       
,       -         
  "  ",        
         
   (.   ibid.  c.   536).           
" ",          ,
     ,    , ,
  .          
,           
 (. ibid. c. 532).
          ,   , 
      .     
  :                ,
            
              . 
  ,     ,     Intelligence
Service.         .  ..    
   :     (. ibid. c.
558).
           .       
.               -
?
                     
,            
 , ..  ,    
          ,    
   .              
    ,          .  
  -            .
                
      ,           ,   ,
-.        .
      -    (. Ulam 1971)
      .      ,
      -  ,    
          ,       
,        ,   
.
        1945   .         1948  .   -   
       -       
    -   .
  ,      ,      ,  
    .       
         
                  .  
     ,     
   ,     
  ""        
   ,      .
       -     ,      
- .      
    30 -   -   .
 "-"      
    ,     .
                        
,                    
     .  1948 .
           ,
   ,   ,  .
           .
                        
-               
"".                    
,        ""    "",
          [3].  
      ,     
,          
 -   .
        .          ,
  ,    28   1948  .     
            .
    " "     
   .
           .        "  No 1".
          ,      . 
           
    ,       
     -      .
      -    
 :       - 
.



               12    1949  .
            
.                -
.        , 
     .      "", 
       ,  ,    ,  
     ,   ,  
      .   ,   
 .
             .     
 .    - . 
      .          3 000 
  ,    ,      ,   
     :  
  ,    (.    Skodi 1956  Pano 1962).
                         
.         ,     ,
,          . 
      ,      
.         
   ,          
  -,          "".
      ,    
        .  
 ,      
  ,  .
                    
,                    19  -     .
          
           .   1912 .  
     .           
        : 
,         
      ,     
    .
           20 -     
    .       
.       , 
    .         
,         1939  .      .
           . ,    
       .
,   ,     .   
,       ,         
                            .
- ,  ,   
1944 .     ,  ,  
   .     .
                    
.            
,   .       ,
         
     . ,       
             .    
             
  (. Pano 1968, c. 26ff  40 ff ).
        ,       
 ,       ,  
      1941 .         
.              
                .     
  ,  ""      
,   -  .

                   
           . 
     ,    ,  
 ,       , 
           
 ;         
,                
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     ,    .
                    
,     ,             ""   
"".           ,    
                   
   .       
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  .     30 -    
, ,     ,    .
 1944 .          
     .     , 
 .  ""     ,       
               
.  ""     
,             ,       ,
             
  ,    ,   (. Skendi 1956, c. 85  119,
Pano 1968, c, 47ff, Wolff 1970 c. 217  234).
                 
      .  ,     
            ,                
- .        
            
  100   .          
. ,     ,    
,            .    
 (  1946  .)    :   
  ;            ; 
         .      1948 .
       ,   
     (.  Wolff 1970, c. 338ff, Panno 1968 c.
58 ff).
               
       .  
 1944 .        .     
  ""   .. ""     
,      ,     .. ""    
        ,       -
      ,    
   UDB.   ,     ,    
   ,                   
         , 
    ,  .
             . 
            .   ,
          ,   
1946  .       "".      
          ,             
""  "" (. Panj 1968 c. 67 f).
          ,       
         .    
     1946 .   -        
     :        
    ,             
        .
                  , 
 .           
:     .       
  ,    1946 .    :

     ":   (  )      ,  
       ,        ,
   .        .     :
      ?  ,     .
    ,  ,    ,     .
  ,       .
     :         .
     : " (Dedijer 1953, c. 264). .

        ,           "  
"  (1962 . . 183),    : "   
     .     ,   
."              
,                    
.          -
.         , 
,   ,  ,   .
      ,       .  
  1947  .             
     -             
   ,      
.          ,    
  1947  .           
                
.               
            .  
            ,
                
        [4].
           . 
  1947  .                ,
                 
  .         
    " "     
   .              
                  
      .
     ,      :  
  .    .  
   :        ,      
,     ,        
   .
                
       "".    ,
                        
 .  ,     
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 .
             .     1947 .   
              
         .         
   "",   " "  
   .   ,    
 ,  Lpjlpt        ",  
".           .
              
;         -
"  -  ",   
          ,     
    ,  , -    (.
Pano 1968 c. 78ff, Wolff 1970, c. 276).
              " ".   
1948 .         ""  ,
     .         
             
  ,               
  (.  1985,  148f).  ,      
    -        
  . VIII       
        .      
        , 
                   ,
     ,        
           
            
 (. Pano 1968, c. 81f).
          .     
        . 
1  1948 .       "   ", 
          
    .
                 
          .        
:       ,    
  ,               
      "".      .  
        VIII  ,        
,               
         .
                   .
             
         . 31 
            .    22
              
         
  . (ebd. c. 83ff).
           "" 
    .            -  , 
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   ,    , 
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/ ,        . 
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            ,      
           -
            
.
      ""        ,
       .    1948 .
                  .  
     ,       .  
 1949 .      ,   
 .            
        (.  Wolff 1970,  .
379).
         "               
"  12   1949 .   6.  
 ,           
 ,        
   .    ,  
,              
     .
      ""   ,     30  -       
     ,                  
-    .    1943  .     
   ,             
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  .
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       1948 .        
    ,         ,
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   .
        1949  .          
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    .      
                      
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[7].    ""   ,     
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.
                       :
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  .
     18  1949 .          
   .     ,  10  
     No  2.      
     ,        
       .






               
,          
      (    ).  ,   -  
          , 
        .
                
      ,      (.
Bell 1986. c.  15ff;  Ulm 1971,  c. 86ff).        
 , ,       .  
      -    
        ,     
  1913 .           
            (c. Barker
1950, c. 48ff; Wolff 1970, c. 87ff; Lendvai 1969, c. 31ff).   ,  
          
.  ,       ,  
   ,             
       .
                 
  ,         1944 .      
     .        
  :     
     ,   
          ,
          
 .
                
,              . 
     ,     . 
   1944   .        ,  
  ,     ,    
            .   
              
,         
      :  , 
            "   
        (.  Ulm  1971  .
91ff).
          ,     . 
 1947 .          "Daily Mail" 
              
,   "     ,  
    " (.   , 1962 ,
. 9).       . 2  1947 . 
         . 
               
         .    
,          ,
,                   
:      ."    1947 . 
                 :
"            
,    ,            
.          , 
    ("" 28.11.1947 .).
                     
 . 17  1948 .    - 
,        -       -
   :  "       ,   
   , , ,  ,  , ,
  ,      .    
     ,      ."
(""  23.01.1948 .).
       .        
               
,         .  29   
""    . "   
  ,     ,       .
  ,   ,          
   . ,         -    
           ." 10 
         .    
               .    
            
  .             ,
      ,       (1962,  .  222ff),
            
   .       ,     
              -
                  
  . ,      
    ,          
.                  
          -
..  ,         .
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      .     
   ""    " ". 
                 
.           
           ,
       .   
             
.      -  [9].
      ,          
:       , , 
          ,    
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    -        
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o  .       
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,   "", -    ,   .   
1948  .,               
   ,      ,   
         "" 
       .
        ,        
 :         . , 
          
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          :   "" ,   
.
        1948  .      "     ".
      63 -   . 
         .  
                 
           ,  
     ,   : 
  ,            
           .    
   ,     .    
      ,  ,  
          
  ,                 
.              
  ,             
.     ,          
             .  (. Wolff
1970, c. 384)[10].
       ,  ,            ,  
       .   1948 .,  
        ,    ""  
"",        .  ,  
         ,     
,    -    . " " -  
  (1985,  .  188),  "    ,        
   ,      .     
  : " !       !" 
  ,     ,   
     . " 18       
      .   ,   
                   
  ,      :  "    
  "  (.      1985,  .  189  f).   , 
        ,  
.
              ,    "
   "     . 
    1933 .,      
,               ,   
  ,     ,       
  .  ,         
    .   1949 .    . 
,             
                ,   
    .    , 
        .             
  ,                
,  ,            .
  2  1949 .    .  , 
      ,         
,       (. , 1962, . 15ff).
          ,    
     ,    ,         .
       .      1918
.     ,        1923 .  
   ,      .   
       ,        
.           ,    
     -,        .
  , 72-        
    .
               , 
  .           
,    ,      .       
      ,      
                   
         
,     .    ,    
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 ,     ,  .
                    
    " " -      .
            . 
   ,   ,
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     ,     
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.              
          100 000.      
   :       ,   
  ,     .
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,    ,    . 
      ,   
  ,            
  ,              - 
 .     ,    
,  "  "      
         (.  1962, .
226, Dedijer 1953 c. 321, Devedijev 1975, c 26)".
               .  
             ""    
,      .   
  -          
   ,             
" ".          
    ,            
     ,      .  ,
     ,     
     ,      
          
  . C  1947 .   
      ,    ,
          (.  Devedijev  1962,  c. 23 ff.;
Lendvai 1969, c. 222).
              :    .  ,
    :         
      , 
,        ,      ,     
 .       , 
. ,       
              
                
    .
       .        
  9  1949 .      ,  
       "  
              
 .   ,         ,
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?"  -         :  "   
,                
       " (. 
Wolff 1970, . 386 ff).
     ,             
.                "
".  ,      ,      
  :       ""   ,   
    ,       
                   
 .    "" ,    
 -     .    
  ,         ""  ,
        .   
           "  ",  
[12].        ,  
     ,    .  
        1949  .     
     ,         
   .           
,    , ,         
            
   10 .
            1897  .       
                       
 ,  1924 .    .   
        ,     
           .
   ,            
  .     1929 .   
,                 .  
             .       
      .   1942 .  
       .    
  ,       ,    
    .          
.            ,
      .   1946 .   
      .        
   No  2          
.          ,     1949 .
     .  ,             
 .
               
      .     
              .  
           
     .      -  . 
       "   "  ,     
,        .           
  ,       
"-"      . 72-   
      ,   ,         
 .
     1949 .       . 
         "
"         " ".  
      .        26   27 
" "   ,      
 ,      
        ;           
 ,       
    ,         
       .    
         - 
   .     ,    
              
  (.   1962, c. 28f,  Bell 1986,  c.  105: Ulam  1971, c
200)[13].
     ,               
  .         
             ,   ,  
            .
      .        1949  .       
             
  ,     ,  
   ,       (.  1962,
. 34).
              11    
  . "      
   " -  .-   ,
              
,            ,       
    .  ,   
      -            
  .        , 
     " -   . "  
              
 -   .     ,  
 ."          
              (. Dwar
1953, c. 180ff).
          ,      
     .   
.  20     " " 
       ,    
            
.

                  
        .    . 
                
  ,     ,         
 .    .     ,
     ,    
   ,     "" 
[14].      ,      1949  .
            
   .
             200 ,  
      ,      
     ,            
    ,           
 .      ,       
         ,      ,
   .   200    
     ,     ,
     .
                
                  .     
,              
          
     .       -
  ,  ,      
.        ,
  ,                  
o.  ,          
         , 
  .       ,
     ,    .
                      
             
     .   1949 .   
            21          
               
           "   "   
  .              ,
   .           
                
          
.              
          .  21  
        .   
 .

     " No 1891/1949    ,   
   "    7  14   1949 .    
   .      , 
        ,       
,       ,          
,         .   
  .[ 15]
            .     
  .  20-      ,     ,
    .            
    ,    1938 .    
               
  .    1929  .           
  .      :   , 
     ,    .
            :
 ,    ;  
,       ;     ,
  ;    ,     
          ,    
 .       
     :        ,      
         
        ;     
    1947 .       , 
              
         
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              , 
"":    -     
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    ""      , ,
        -  ; "" 
       ,     
        .
            
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  ,            
              
  -     .
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   .             ,   ,
"",   1930 .       
   ,    1944 .      
.       ,    1944 .    
           , 
          Intelligence  Service      
 .      -   
   ,      
            ,   
            ,   
               
,   ,   .
          ,     
,          -  
               :
          ,
  , ,      ;  
         ,  
             
,     ,         
                
.                   
          
  .       
,       .
               ,   
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     .       
      1949  .          
,                 
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. ,           
          . 
,          , 
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      . ,    
                
       .  "   
 ", -      , - "    
  ,          
,        , 
           , 
       ,    
. :        
  ,      ".
(.  Der Proze .... 1951, 74f).      
     ,      
,    ,    .
,   ""        ,  
  -       
    : ",     ,  
  ,    ,   
   1942 .     ?".     
     . "       .    
  ,       ,   ,  
        
     .           
 ".  (.  ibid. c. 76f).   
            ,    
    ,       
         ,    
   .
      14   1949 .  11      
,         .  " 
      " -  , "   
            ,
         ,   
       ,    
    ". (.  ibid. c. 639).  
        .
        .       
""   . 51 ""   
    .         
,              
.  ,  ,    
,             
     .    
""                
          .  
   ""     ,   
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.                    
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     14    ,    ,   
:  -    ,    
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     -   15   ,    
  -  12 ,    8 .
              
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,       ,       
         : 
      ,     
 .    ,        
.                  
        .
"   ,       
   ,     ...
     ,     
        ...        
       " (.    ibid. c.
653).
        ,  16   1949  .     
     ,    .         
    .

                  .  
                  200
         
       - .
    ,       ,   
   ,                   
       .      49  
  17    . (. Brzezinski, 1962,
c. 115).
        ,        
,    "     ,      
  "           
:     ,   
,      ;    , 
  ;       
;        ; 
    ;  ,  
  ,  ,  , , 
 ;      ,  
 . (.  1962, c 48 ff).
              
            ,         
            
  .          
  .        .    
     ,         
   - ,     , 
 ""   - : , 
  .   ,    ,     
,           
  ,           ,  
     ,    
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   .            
,         - .
o  ,  o         ,        
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.              
      -  ,       
" ".
                  6
  1950  .        "    ,
          
".          , 
,               .  
       .  , 
      .     
  ,  , ,      
 .             .  
     :       
,        -  
        .  (.  Devedjiev
1962, c, 53ff, Bell 1986, c. 108: Wolff 1970, c. 389).
                 ,  
    .     
            :    
  , ,    .



            ""   
   .       
              
     .       
  ,    ,      
   ,      
      .
           ,
    ,      , 
 ,           .   
        , 
    ,     .     
                 
            
      .  ,           
.  27  1952  .        ,
   5   1953 .   ,        
,   ,      ,  
,   ,     . 
           .    ,
   ,  ,     
   .[16]
             , 
,           ,
              .    
              
[17].
            23    1904  .    , . 
 ,   ,    
 ,   .       
  ,                 
.               .  ,  
-             ,      
      ,   
            
  .           
      ,     .
          1921  .    .    
       .  1926 .
                  (
    )      ,    
    .        ,
      .          
     .
                   
 .    1930  .        
       ;  1936 . 
               
          
,    .  1940 .      
      ,      
     .       
    .
            ,      , 
       .     1940      
          Unitarian  Service Committee
(USC),       ,       
,              USC  
    ().        
   ,     ,    
  ,    ,     
,    ,             
       .          ,
    .
         ,  USC    .    
                      
      .  USC  
  .         1947 .
.         ,       -
  ,            .    
    ,          
-   ,              -
   .    
   ,    ,   
  ,           ,
 .         ,     
,    ,     1949 .    . 12
 1949  .     .           
.               ,    , 
        .  25              
-.
                   
  ,         .       
  ,        ,   .
 22       ,    ,
           .         
     . ,    , 
1939 .    .    
    .           
  British  Trust,            ,  ,
            ,   
            .  
   ,       
 .            ,  
    .
                
   . , . ,     .
       ,   
17 .             . 
     -        
      .     ,  
  .         
,        
       . 
            
   .           
,                
        ,     
 .         ,
    .       ..
       ,     1947 .  
        .    ,  . . 
-      ,          
        .        
    ,      1950 . 
    1939 .       
     . 26      
   .
          ,   "   
,              ,    
- ",     . 
    ?    -  ,
  ,    ,      .
,  ,        
     ,        -
      .       
 , ,      .
   ?  ,          
           ,      
.          
   30-    .      
           
  .    Unitrian Servive Commitee,  
                
,  ,               
           ,
     .                
 .
         ?           
     ?          ,
   New York Times       
",   (The Man  Who Disappered)",    
  .          ,    
 ,        ,     
1933 .               
          ,    
  . ,          
:                  
         
 . . ,      
       ,  ,  
                
         
   " ".
           ,    
           ,        
  .    ,  ,  ,
       ,     
     .
          .  30-     
      ,   
          ,
        . 
   " ",           ,
        ,    ,
  ,           .   
,        ,  ,      
   -   "  ",          
   ,               ,
  .
            
  .         ,    
  ,      
     :          
 [18].
     ,     ,    
.         ,   
        ,           
[19].
                     .  
     ,     
   ,      1929  .          
             
                   
      . , ,    
 ,         
 .   ,      
  .
                
?     "Sprengsatz. Die Operationen Splinter Faktor" (1975)
         ,      
             
       ,    
   .  :
               
       .    ,      ,   
 USC       ,   
,         
,       .      
             .       
   1948 .           . 
          "Slinter  Factor",   
                
-          
.         , 
   .       , 
               
     ,    ..  ,  ,  ,  
  .
               
        .   
             ,       -
,    .        
       .
     ,     ,    ,  
      ,              
    .  ,         
  ,         
 "Splinter Factor".        
   ,  ,   1949 ,  
             
.   ,     "Die Tat" 
        .   
   ,      :    1953
.                " "
     .
       ,         ,
     ""   
        ,       
.          "  "   
          
,    . ,     
            
        ,      
 ,         
          , 
        .



          ?    ,    
,   ,        ,
     ,     .  ,    ,
      AVH, 
 ,    [20].    ,
    ,   (Jozsef Szal), 
          ,   
 (Tibor  Szony),              
   ,               ,   
          , 
       ,     
         (Gabor Peter).  C  1947 .  
   ,    ,     
  :       
     . -  ,
  AVH,           .  
   ,        
    (Matyas Rakosi)       
 .    . 11  1949  .   
        .     ,  18  ,  
  . ""  ,    ,  
         .
         AVH    .  ,     
  .             
1945 .,           
        .     
   .      1948  .      
 :          ,      
               
    .     
,    ,   (Erno Gere),     (Mihaly
Farkas),      (Jozsef  Revai),      
(Laszlo  Rajk).            ,    
  ,      ,  
     .   ,        
     ,     
      ,      
  " ".
              (Laszlo Gyarko) 
     1948 .

          ,    ,  
.      ,      
  .
     "       -    , -     
        ,   
  .     ,    .   
  ,      
     .      ,
         .     
,    ."
         ,        
      .     .          .
        ,      
,          ,     
    .                
  ,   -   
.
     "    -  , -       
   .       ,     
 .     . ,      " (Gyarko,
1982, . 180 ff).

     ,                  ,   
     AVH. ,      
 ,     ,      
     . ,   
   ,            (
)       .  ""     
         .        
        
    1937 .,        
        
            
.  SD          
1937  .               
      .   
          (.  Conquest  1971,  c. 300ff,
Medvedev 1973, c. 332ff).       ,
  ,          
     .       
  "",    
  (.  7, . 133).

        28   1948 .,       
"-             ",   
        , 
       
,          .    
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   ,         , 
            ""        
 ""   -   
    1948 .
                :    "
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[22].              ,   
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  .
      ,  ,     1948 .    ,
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  :  -  ,   - 
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.
      ,     1908 .  1930 .     
     .  
    ,    
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  .     ,  1941 .   ,
    ,  
        
  .    1944 .    "
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        1945 .       
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 .
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  [23].       
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.
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. 29      ,        
.[24]
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               ""         
-.      ,   
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 .         (Pal Justus). 
 20-          .   1932 .  
          .  1936 .
               
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 .    1945 .       .   
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.
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 .     1949  .  ,   
             
         ,
              . 5 
      .            
 AVH          
      .  ,  
           
       ,   11     
   (  . Pelikan 1971,  c. 70ff). "    
        ,  ,  
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 18  1949 .     ,     
               
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 Deuxieme Bureau    Intelligence Service. "
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  26                (Bela  Szasz),
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.             1956   .,    
             ,       
     .[26] )
               , 
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..                (.
oacsi 1979, . 39).         
              
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AVH.
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AVH          ,             
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 -    .     ,      ,
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      16   1948 .,   ,     
        "     
".



             :  , 
,  ,  ,   ,  ,  
    .             ,
         :  
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  ,     ,  
          
  ,         
  .
       ,    -  - , 
       ,   :

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.         ...    
         "Die Tat"
 26   1948  .    :  "   
                  
,       ."
                  
     ,      
    -   ,     
      .        
,                
   ,          
   ."  (Laszlo  Rajk  und  Komplicen vor dem
Volksgericht 1949, . 313 ff).

     ""      "  "         
  :                  "   -
 ".         
        ,      
             
 .
      ,        
   ,       .
   ,    1931 .   ,  ,
           ,    
,       .   
          ,     
 .         
          Deuxieme  Bureau     
.     ,    ,
      ,     .  
  ,      ,  
                 
    .    1944  .     
 , , ..     ,  
    ,          
  .  ,      ,       
 1945 .           
:

     "     .  ,   ...
       1945 .    
    ,            (
    ).  1946 .   ,
     ,          
   ,     ,   
...
       1947 .       ,   
             (    ).
  ,            ,
,        :           
 ,   -   
   ,   ,      .       
                   
."

      .          
   "".
              
    ,     .  
 ,    15        . 
 1943 .      ,  
 .

     "  1944 .       ,  () 
 .     ,         
.      .     : 54
     ,  10     
- .             
.
               1946  .
    ,       
      .         
          ,
    ,          " (Ebd. S.
277ff).

               .   ,
    , ""   ,   
             
            .    
,           
                 
   .    ,     1932 .  
  ,      
,         ,  
        
  .    :

     "       ...      
,     ,   ,     
            
    ,     .     
 ,      ,  -  
. (Ebd. S.313ff)."

               
 . ,       
          .   
     " ".  -    -
,      1939 .     Vernet
 Gur   Deuxieme Bureau  ,    , 
  1946  .             ,  
     -    
.    1947  .   "   ,   
, ,    ,     , " 
    ,    " (Ebd. S.64)."
       ,  ,        
       ,    .
           . 
,           
      , ,   ,    
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,    ...   
                   -
 ." (Ebd. S.144).
             ,    
   1944  .         
  .

     "            
       -    .          ,
          1944 .   ,
       
  , ,   ,     
      . (Ebd. S.366).

               "
              ,       
  ."    
     T,  ,                
 , "    " (Ebd. S. 363).   
,        
,       
     .       
        ,    ,
            ,
      ,              
.                 
         .
       ,       
      (. .  25).   
               
     . "        
         
  ,         ,   " (Ebd. S.
360).         ,     
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-   .
           ,    
 ,        ,   
              . 
           "",  , ,
,     ,        ,
                      ,     
-        .
    ,      -    
 :  ,  ,  ,     ,
.    ,       ,   
      ,     .
,            ."
(Ebd. S. 128).   :

     "       ,    
.    ,      ,
         .       
 ,           
    . ,        
     .     ,           
.   ,        , 
    ,        .
  ,                 
   .   ,     ,       
  .  ..         ...   
         ,
,   . (Ebd. S. 155f).

              :  
             
       .

     "              ,     
                  
.           ...    
             .   
  , ...     ,          ,
        .    ,      ,     
        
,            "
(Ebd. S. 202).

                ,
    ,            
.           AVH   ,
,   ,     
-    ,            
  ,    .
        .    24 . ,
         .   
     .   ,     
       ,    
    ,        
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    .
     ,         15  1949  .      
          :  "   ,
  !".        .   
           ,     
,    . 24        
  ,                
 :     .
                      
.        ,         
 ,        
,       .
                    
 .         -  
 -    - ,   ""         
    ec  e "c".
e,          ,     
       .     1950 . 
        : "",
",  "",  "", " ", "",
"",  "", "", ""  ..   
       ,       
.                   ,  
                    
 .    "",   
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a      ,   
               
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         .         
""           ""
 ,               
     " "     
        .  
             
          .
              
:        ,   ,  
 .
          ,  " "   
.             , 
   " " (.  Kaplan 1986,  S.  130).
,         
   .
              -.    1950 .
              AVH  
,     .     4 000
-          ,      
       .     
       .      
    ,       : "    ,  ,
     "             
,           . ,
      ,  ,      
 . "   ,     
(       ,     
      ),    -    ".
   ,    AVH  
          : " ,  
   !" (.  Molnr  1971, S.  23F; Palczy  - Hrvath 1959, S.
248).
            ,   
;    ,         ;    ,  
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     ,  ,        
   ,   " ".
                 , 
    .          -
,   -,      .       
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Deuxiem Bureau,    -       ,
    ...
     ""       , 
       , 
     o            
        .  20
   24   1950 .      18 , 7    
   .           
,         ,  
.      ,      ,    
,              aa  ,
           
 . [29]
        1951  .    " ",  
       ,   
        ,      
         .      
          , 
              
"",         " "   
   ,     , 
,       a      ,  
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  "      .    1943  .      
          
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 -    ""           
   .     :     
   ,      .  
 ,      . [30]
               ,  
         ;    
,          15 -     .
 ,           ,
           
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      ,      ,   ,
  .
       1952 .         
.                   ,
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            ,    
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    .     
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,  .  ,  ,     .
          ,      
 ""           ,   
             "  ".
,        - 
     AVH.      
  AVH      .     
""  ,     Intllignce  Service. 
     ,          
    (Szasz 1986, S. 276 ff, Ignotus 1959, S. 89) 31.
        1952 .         -    
   ""   .     
     .      
    ,   .  ,     ,
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  ,     1940 .    
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 .     .     
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 -  -     ,      
AVH   ,           
.
        1952 .        ,  
               "
  " .         ,
  ,       .      
    ,           
   - .
              1953 .       
        AVH,     
  ,         
        .      
   .  ,           
          (.  Kopacsi
1979, S. 34).           ,
       ee   .     
     ,        
  .          
         .
                
  .   ""      :   
"-   "              
     Intelligence Service.     
   ,        
    -         
        .  ,  
   ,  ,    
    ,        ,    
      .  12   1954
.        "  
,       "
         .        
    .
               ,    
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   .         ,    
    .             
.             
,  ,     ,      . 
             ,  
          .
                     
   ,       ,  
         .  
         
    .



            ,        
                  1949 .  
       ,             
       1949 .      
        "",  
 AVH.
               ,    
        . 
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      .    
           -     
""  "",      , 
  " ".
             .  
    1949  .    1950 .,    
              .   
            
" ",          
.        18   " "        
           40  ,  ,
                 
, "  "        .  
    1954 .,       
 .            
  ,      1948 .    1952 .   253
       178        .  
    35  000        
, 22 000             (.
Skilling 1977).        
 .           
,       ,   
            
            
  .            
,         
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 ""  "".
                .  
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.               
       " "  "".  
   .   14   
      :    
  .           
 : " ".    
      "".     1951 .    
        ,
   ,          
                 
"-"       .   
        .
                     ,       
 .        
      1948 .  ,   
     .   ,   
  ,        -    
,      "".    
       .   
  ,   ,      
.     .   1950  - 1952 .    
     ,       
 ,           24
               .   
                        
"-"               
.   ,                 
. ,             
         ,
        "  "  
             
.
          ,  
    .    ""  
            .   
               1948  .     
"  "      ,    
,      ,  
         ,     
      .  ,         
          ,    
 -      .
                
 :       " ".
            ,
   ,        
,              
  ,        .      
   , -   ,   
"",               ,   
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 "     ,    
 .
             "   "     
.    20         
          .   
             
           . 
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.  - ,   ,    
          ,
 "  "          .  50  -  
      :

     "  !        
           ...   
                
            
...         ...        
    ,       , 
     ,      .
(.  Slanska 1969. c. 16f).

         31  1951 .    
     ""      
    .

           ,   "" 
   ,   "   "             
[32].  ,      "   (. 
""   Kaplan 1986, c. 129ff; Pelikan 1970, c. 80 ff).
28  1949 .            
AVH                
:     "   "  ,        
 ,      .
                   
,       1919  .    
    .       
     ,      
,      .
         ,       
     Unitarian   Service  Committe,  
,            
CEDOK.
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     ,     
"      "      60     
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  ,         
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          .     
" ", ,     : 
      ,            
.                 
 ,     .
                 "",   
 AVH -   "",      
              
Czech Refugee Trust Fund     .    
    (    London 1970, c. 28ff, Loebl
1978, c. 54ff).      ,       . 
    .
               ""       :
        " " 
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           .  3
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   .  :

     "           
.        .      
 :        ,    
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  .        . 
                  
.    ,            
  ,         
   " (.  Pelikan, 1970, c. 86).

     7 c      ,    
       .  12  
          .    
          "
"         ,    
            
 (bd. c. 87) [33].
              .     
            
           .  
 1949 .               ,
            .    
           
   (ebd. c. 90  114).
          ""  ""  
   .       
              .  
    1949 .      "", "" 
,        .
.               e
         "Rude Pravo" 
.
      " "      
       ,        .  
            
    .   ,  ,  ,  
         ,  "",
    .        
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           ,   
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  .
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 .        "  "  -
,                
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  .       " "    ,
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  ,       )    
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     600  .  
        .   
   :         ,   
,        ,      
      ,       
         .         
  ""     "",   "",   
,        ,              
 .       
  ,             
 ,      (      
1950/51 . . Pelikan 1970, c. 90ff).
      1950    1951 .           "
 ",      , ..
         " ".
            ,       
  .      : 
,  ,  ,                   
.    1951  .    ""    
:  -     
-        .
[34].
               
          ""    "". 
               
        ,     
.              
        ,
           .    
 ""         
               
,            .     
   ,      "   "
                  
. [35]          
    ""  ,   
   "    oa.
     o  c.     eo     e  o e
c ,         .. ,
      .  11           
             
 .     .   
.           ,    
    .               
   ,         
.    ,   " "
       ,             .
[36].    ,           
 ,  ,     . 23  1951
.    ""              
. - " "  .
                            
   ,     
  :           
 ,        ,
         ,
              
    "Rude  Pravo"    .      
 ,    ,  ,      
                  
   .        
         ,  
       .
     ""  .     
    ,    :

     "   ,           . 
  ,      , ..   
     .            ,
   .      
" (Loebl/Pokorny 1968, c. 40).

              
,     .     
.      ,    .   
        - ,    
""       ,    
        "   "   . 
        , 
.
              ,  
     ,   ,    "
"                 
      .        
   ,     " ". 
,    13,   
  ,              
               
    ,       
       .     
  ""          ,  
         .   
   ,   , 
  ,            ,
        
     ,             
         (  
. Rfhlan 1986, c. 203 ff; Pelikan 1970, c. 272ff).
         .          
             
   ,                    
              
,          
,            .  (.
London 1970, c. 275). 38       : 
       ,   
        ,          
"".            
     -               
 "" (.   Pelikan 1970, c. 121).



     "          
       "  20       27
 1952  . 14     ,    
         ,    
,             ,   
      .   ,  
,         "   "            
.              
  ,            
,        ,     
    ,  
   ,       -  
,       -    
 .
      ""      .      
         
       .       
             ,    
          ,
                
        .  
 , ,  ,  ,     ,  
, "  ". "      ,
    ,     
      ,     ,      
    "   -           
  (. Proze ... 1953, c. 13).     
             
,         .
                   
  .     :

     ". .       
    -     ,  
         ,  
         ,      
       Intelligence  Service... 
             
  " (. 45).

           :   "             
-       Intelligence  Service   
              
     . (. 46).
            , ,     ,
              
  - .      :

     "              
,                ...  
,     ,      
     ,     
    -,   ,       
...    ,   ,                
  " (. 49).

     ,            
,           ,
       Trust Fund  
                
   .        
:

     " Trust Fund,   -   ,
                
...         ,    
 Trust Fund        .  
   ,      ,  
 ,     . .. 
     :  Trust  Fund       
,        -   
   " (. 9)

                     
:  -      , -:   (. .
10).                     -
        - .    
           
 .  :  "  : 
       .             
   "   (.  11).         
  "".  :  "     
   ", "   -     
        ,      ",
"     -          ",  "    
           
             
" (. 36).
                    
    .     
  "   ".  ",      
                   
  -     "
(.  42).    :  "     
            
   " (.  42f).        :
"              
         
,         " (. 43).
       "".     1951
.             -   ,
        -,
  ,       ,    ""  
 ,          
.          "".  
       ,         
,            
                
      . "    
            
       ,     
 " (. 43).
                   
""                   .  
     "    " (. 50),  
  .   ,     1948 .   
          -   ,  , 
     . ,   
,     ,     
.                     
   -    ,      
 .
     27   1952 .      : ,
         , , ,  ,
,  ,  ,  , ,  ,     - 
   . 3       .
 ,      ,       
         . (. Kaplan 1978,
c. 212).

                  "      "
 "      .  
   "",    .  
        ,
              
     " ",  "" 
                      ""           "",
"-"     ""        
      . 
              
 .         ,
       .  ""
             ,
       ,  
 .
                   .
   5   1953 .,   4       
      "-".          ""
     .
26                      
       ()   
 ()  ,        .  
          
    ,        ,      
       . 1953 .      
     ,  23  .   
                 1952  .   
  . .   ,      
,            .  
.
           . 14  1953 .,
         ,    ,  
   .          
       : ,  ,  ,
    .           
        ,           
    .
              1953 .    
                 
      .       
 ,        ,    ,   
   ,    .   
  1953  .    1954 .       
     ,    
  ,      ,     
  ,      ,        .     
,         -   25  
  ;           
  .    1954  .    
      , ,     
          .      
      ,    
     ,    ,         
.            
 ,      . ,
      ""             
     (     .
Pelikan  1970,  c. 131ff). 40    1954  .     
"   ".      
,            
     .    ,  
,         ,    ,      
 ,      .
                   
    .          ,
   ""  - ,     
      . 
  "  "     
  1954  .            ,  
             
    .       
"".          
   ,           
   ,     ,     
    . ,   ,  , 
          . 
         .
                     "":  
      " 
".           ,  
  . ""     ,  
    .       
 "",     ,       
. ,           
.           ,
   .       
.  ,  ,             
 "",  -       
.
                   ""
  .         
          .  
  ,          
     .
                      
    .    1954 .  
      ,          "-
",   .    "" 
,     10-     ,        
  "           
  ".   1954 .         
  .              
          
    ,            
;                . 
 1954 .                 
       .
            
           [43]. 
  1954  .  " "     ,  ,
            ,  
     .            
  " ". 3      "
     "    .     
        . 
  "      
    ",    
    ,  .
                   
    .    .  2   1954 .
  .          
1962 .      .



                  
    .     ,  ,   
.        .      
  ,         
.            ,  
              
  .          ,
   ,      
        .
            ,       
.         
 -           ,
     ,             .
-            
   .
      1948 .        
    "  ". -  
        . 
          .  
1953  .            "
"     -      
"",     ,   ,        
        .   
           ,    
         
     . . .      
  ,        .
     ,    
 ,         
.
           -  
   ,      , ,  
     .           
  , ,     ,
,        
  ""  ""[45].    
 .       
,    -     ,  ,   ,
  .     , 
          , 
 ,  1937 .       
 .
        30-         .
" "       -      
,                
       .     
                    
   .
          ,   ,
   ,             
.                  
  ,       "". 
      "",    ""   ,
""     ""  ;  ""  
      .     
    .            
                     
.
            ,   
    ,    
  [44].   ,  "" 
         ;
""  ,    ,    ,  
    ,    ,
                ,
-         
,       .
      ""           
         "   ",     
       -          
.         ,      ,
,           
,             "    "      
 .  " "      
,    :           
  ,   ,       
    "".
        1944  .        ""   
,              
            .  
            
          .
         4       
      .  
    -     (. Lndvi 1968, c.
301ff).

     -        .  
             
  -    1933 .          
   .    ,  
         .     
,         
   -,    ,     
                   .  
     ,      
  .
        -          
 .       ""
         1944  .   ,  
             ,  
  -  -    .       ,
   1931 .     ,    ,  
   .       
              
  -.           1944  .    
             .  
  .          
  -    -.
             -,     
     . -  
  ,                 
,                  
 .           
"". ,        
     ,       
.           
             ""
   .
            .      
      ,        
   .    .   ,
        ,      
,                 
   -      
.      ,   
          ,    
          
,          
.           
 :"  !"
     -         
         ,          
     .   ,      
      ,  
               
              ,    
   .
           ,         
        ,       
  [45].      1946  .  -       
 ""    :  ,      
      ,     
--    ,      
          - .  
-           "
".
      " "        
   .         
          .  
                 oe   
             .
          
          75  000.  ,      
    ,           
     ,  .
                - ,
    -    1948 .,
    2  -   .         
    . 10     
  ,           
      .   ,
12  ,              .  
  :        
"  " .
     -                
.      ,          
""   -  -       .  
   ,                
,          "".
                         
" ".    ,   ,
   ,     ,      
          .   
""        "".  -  
   ,        ,  
 .
           22     1948  .      
        ,      
-.     ,    
      ,  ,
              
     .     
  .             
     .
          -,    
-        .  
 1948  .             
"",  - .       
  ,           
    .     
       .
        , 10          
,              
,        ""  -      , 
   -. "  -   
         
 " -      .  
           ,
             ,  . 
          
          
    .           ,  
                 
,           
 -       .  "      
           .  
    ,    
" (.  Ionescu 1976, . 9).
               "
      "         
       .      
  ,         
     .     . 
               
(    ""  ee)   e  
e   -    e,        
         . 
  ,     "- "
                ,
 ,      "".
                
  "  "       
   -            ,
 . ,     ,  
          .       
    :      
  ,      ,            
   .
       ""      
,          ,   
 ,  -  1944 .  " "
      .        
   ,  -  ,       1944  .   
        .      
  :        ,   
    1936 .
             "     ",  
-          
          
.           ,  
      ,             
.                 
      :    Deuxieme
Bureau,       Intelligence Service.   
       "  "        
          .        "
"        -,   
,        .   
""       -  . (.  Ionscu
1976. . 155).
              
  1950 .,         . 
      .    ,    
  ,          
.     ,            
,      ,           
  ,          
        .        
               "  ",
" "   - .
                  
    300       
   .      ,  
     ,    ,  
 ;  ,      
   ;  ,    . 
, ,     -  
              ,    
  .             
,                  
.         ""  " ",
     .      
 .    ,   1961 .,      ,  
    -        .  (.  
    28.11.1961 ., .  Ionscu 1976, c.53).  
  : -      ,   
   .
      "  "    ,     ,
           "".  
           ,     
                  
-          -
 - .   ,       
          ,    
     , - ,   . 
  1950 .          ,
          .   
   :  "" ,    
  .       1951 .   30- 
      , -          
,        .  ,  
1952  .,        -  - .  
 ,        
           ,     
      .     
         ,        
  .
                 
         .        ,
                  
.         
 -     ,    ""    
    ,          
.
           :      -  
      -  - , 
      1952 .         
               
-     .    ,  
,    -  ,    
              ,
            
,               .
    "   "           
.
          1948   .  -,        
  ,        "". ,
     ,  ,    
  ,       
.
       1954 .      .         
 ""       "     ".  
              6   14
  1954  .           
   .        
     .      
              
  .    ,   ,
          
,   ,        - 
                     
    .   ,    
               ,    
""         :
        1946 .    
           
    . ,    
         ,       
""               
 .            
  "Vocea Libertati"  : "  
, .  ,  ,    , 
    ,         ,     
 ,          
         ".
(.  Ionescu 1976, . 156).
     -       
  -        .    
          
     .      ,  .   .
  -     ,   -   .
  15 ,         12  
.
                
 -  [46]  ,   
       ""     
             ,   
       ,         
  .         
  -       -, 
      ""  ,  
  .
     -,   ,    ,  
 .         1948 .   
        .   
1949 .          
   , ,    , "     
".                
,   " "    .     
          80  000    
       ""      
   .
                 ,    
       :    ,        
      .   
               ,  
-          .
  ,           
     ,      ,  
     .       
    ""  ""  ,        
  ,        .  - 
  "  "         "
"  ,           
.
         .       
   " "  "  "; 
  -,           
,              .       
  ,        ,       
                 
    .  .            
  .
                     
,       ,     1953 .
-   .   ,    
         ,    
,         "" ..
,      . (. Ionescu 1976, c. 213ff,
Lendvi 1968, . 310ff).
                        
,   ""  . -    
  .  ,   ,   , 
             -  -
,     1950  .      . 23   
        "    "      ,
     : ,   
,       ,        
  ,          200  000  
,         ,   ,  ,
               
 .
          ,     
     ,    :   
           .    ,
     ,   ,   
           
              
-           
.        1949 .      
  .       
  ,      ,     
   -                
.
        ,        , 
             
-   ,     ,    
       .     -       
        , 
  1950/1951 .          
     . -         
  -   -              
   .
            ,       
   -.         
                .  
                
     ,            
-           .
      ,    . 
      ,       .  
       .
            29   1952  .   
       .  [47]      
-          ,  
 ,       
.          
       ,   
.            . 
        ,   
          
           .        
    ,    , 
                   
  .
        ,         -,       
.                
.          
        ,          
    .     
      .  13
     ,    
     .  ,    -
         .  ,    
 .   ,    26   1952 .   
     ,   -     
.              ,        
,          ; 
                     
               ,
                               
  .     ,
      ,     
          .  
               
""     .
                 .
 ,       -  
;           
.                .  ,
,      ,      
     .      , 
                           
   ,            
       
  .         .
                .
          , 
29  ,   -          
                 
  :     ,
           
,           
                 
  .    -   
     -        
.
            1919 .    
,             .
     ,          
,   1940 .     . ,   
     .
                   
  .    ,   
    1929 .          
         
  .            
    ,    ,  
             
    .     
            
    .
               
 ,       :    
    (. Friecke  1974, .  45).        
           " " 
  "  ".
         ,          
       ,     
  .       
,             
       . 5  1952
.        , 12    
      -   
,         .     
  -           . 
    ,  .    1960 . 
.
       -          "  "  
,       :   ""  
   .    ,      
         ,      
          ,    
.   ,    ,    
            ,  
  ,    ""           
      . (    .
Ionescu 1976, c. 213; Lendvai 1972, c. 289 ff).
                 "  "    
,    1953 .  .    -
          . "
"     " "    1954 . 
   .      .   ,
10     .   ,    
             
  .      .    
           .      
          -.     ,  
       .    ,
   ,      ,      ,    
 ,       .
              , 
            .  
   25   .      1960 .
  62 .
     "  ,       , 
    ,"-    -   
1961 . "     ,     
        ." (. 
Scinteia  07.12.1961).
     -      1969  .      
          .
 , , ,    ,   
         . " ,
    ,           
  " -    1969 .

     .  10      

     19  1949 .        ,
            
,        ,   . .    "
     ".     
     ,    
   . "   ,   
         ". "   
?"  "       ,  ."  "      
,      ?" "" (.   Laszlo Rajk, 1949, c.
183  202).
                      
   -   .         
        
,               
   .   ,        
.    ,        ,    ,
    ,  .  
     ,      .    
,         ,     
      ,      . ,
               
,        1948 .     ,   
      .
                     
       .       
            
          , ,   
.              
                      
       [49].
      
    ,    , 
   ,      
,   ,     .
           1942 .  
        ,   
 .
            1940 .   1942
.          
 .             
      Unitarian  Service Commitee
(USC)    .       1940  .         
,     ;      
               .  
        ,   ,     
  ,     .
                 
,   USC     .      
             
    USC              .   
             .
         .    -
        
          
         
   - .     
,      USC    
   -.
           ,    ,
      .   ,   
,       .    1942 .  
      ,   USC  .
,           
 ,           
    .         
        .  ,  
   ,        
.           .    
            
   .
              USC  ,
                 
              
.              ,  
       ,         
 .         , 
    .
                   
  .   ,     
      ,     ,
           
.    ,           
       ,      
   .             
    .
                
,   ,        ,  
                     
- AVH.         ,   
,      .     
-,           
       .   
   ,     .  1949
.             
.  ,       
   ,        
.      ,   
     .
               
 .      , 
 ""        
         ""   
            
          .       
- . 9  1949 .      
         .     
  ,              -
 . (. Mitteilungsblatter des Informationsburos West
 9.4  3.12.1956).
               ,
,   .    
              
,   ,     -
,             30-  .  
    ,  ..  5,       
        7    1949  .       
 .       
     , ,   
            .   
         ,
  5,  "  " -    
   ,    SSD      
   (    SBZ   . Fricke 1979, kap. 2, c.
109ff).
     "   "        "  ".
         "  ",
   .     "  "
.
                 
   1948 .     .   :  
         , 
          ,  
  -          -       
.     ,         
           ()
       ,     
 .        
   ,    ,    
,   .        
  ,                 
  ,                
   .
            . 
 1948 .       : 
   , -      
   .                      
-          
,   ,    ,    ,  
    .      
         :  
            .
        ,  
,         .
         -     
1949  .      .          
    ()  ,  
          
.          
           
.    ,        
  ,          
    (. Stern/ 1957, c. 113ff). 
             ,     
.        ,           
  .
           , 
 ,       .    
         -     
""    -  .    
      ,  ,  
,            
  ,       .
        .       
      : "             
,            .     
         ." (. 
randt  1983,  c.  187f).      ,      ,
    -    ,     
        :      ,
    ,      .    
   .       ,     
       ,         
          
 .            
(. ebd. c 188f).
                  
          - 
SSD.                  ;  
            
       .  "  "    
     .          
     3,   1950  .     
,     .       
    ,         
-   (  .  Kruger 1963, c.
73ff).                
          .      
       .     , 
 ,  ,       
    (.  Brandt  1983, c. 190 ff).    
      .   ,  
      ,       
   (.          Wallach
1969).
            
-  .  3-   ,  
 20 - 24  1950 .        
   :  "     
,             ,  
,         
      .         ,    
           ".  
     : "        
    ,      
        -            
      , 
           "  (Neues
Deutschland  21.7.1950).
     24    1950  .          
        Unitarian Service
Cmmitee      (    Fricke  1971,  c.  153ff).  
              
     :     
USC               
  .    ,     
,          ;      
            
   .     
  .    :  ,  , 
            ,    -
  ,    ,    ,    ,  
, "    "    " , 
  "      .
     ,            .
            
    SSD        ,      
              .  
      .     
 ,       .   1945 . 
            
                     .      
-         
.                   
         .      24   
.           -
 .             
,                 -
           . 
    SSD    ,   , . .
        ,    
  (. Wallach 1969,  c. 18ff; Bauer 1956, c. 409; Deutscheland Archiv
N3/1971, c. 277ff).
       ,   ,     
        22   1950 .        
.            
   SSD  .        
     .    1931 .  
     ,       
   .  :   ,       
           ,  
    .   1934 .     
         .  ,  
     .     
       .  1950 . 
        ,
         "   "
(  . Der Spigel  3.1.1957, . 30ff).
        ""    "  ".   
  ,             
"   ".   ,  ,   ,      
               
,         ,     
          " ".  
      , ,   
      ,         ,     
   .  ,   
   .        
,                      
      ,           
   .          
        ,       
,  .
                 
       .  ,
               
  ,            
,           .
  ,         
 "Neues  Deutschland"           
,              
.        .

                 
      ,             
  .          
                
.            ,   -
     -    ;        
,    .
             ,      1931 .    
" "  ,   
       .    
         ,  , 
               
     1934  .       . 
                .  
        Intelligence  Service,    
        -
   ,       
          -   
.
              
"  ".   ,         
    ,            
            
  -    , 
    ,      ,
   .
                      
      .   
       .  ,  
            ,     ,   -
  ,        
      .   , ,     
,     "  ",     
          ,
       .          
          
  (. Wllach 1968, c. 115ff).
                ,
    .     , 
      ,    .    
,         ,     
  .
                  
         -.
           
.       ,      
  ,   ""   
 ,   SSD       .  
                   
,        SSD    ,
       .
              ,
   .           :   
            ,
""         " "
  ,             
         
  .           
 ,      ,     , 
       ,   
 ,         
 .    ,          24
 1950 .      .
               "".
           ,
 "",         
,            
,      ,   
          
;        .          
  ,     -  
          ,      
     .
     " ",          
    ,       : 
                   
   -        "       ",       
-       ,   ,   
 .      ,    
.       ,        
.            ,   
   .
          ""    .
-       1951  .       ,  
 ,     ,        
"  ".        .
        .
       1951 .           "
  ".     (1956, c.  412ff)    
 "       
  " -          
      .     , 
           
 .     .   
     ,    ,    ,  ,
  ,                
  ;    ,    8  10 , 
 ,     ,   6    9 ,     
.                   
.      ,   ,  
,       -,   , 
 .
           , 
   .      
  .    ,  
       ,      
              .
         ,    
 ,        
  USC   .           , 
    . (. . 130).
              ,    
   .           
       ,         
    ,       .  
                        
   ,                .
        .         
.
                
          .  
  ,    .   1952  .    
    .         ,    
               ,     
     .     " "
    .     ,   , ,
          58   
      ,        
,          
.           1952  .  
      : . , 
     25   .   
 1950 .         15   .
        25   15  
.              
,       .      
      .  (.  Bauer 1956, c. 416, Wallach
1969, c. 227ff; Brandt 1983, c. 202 ff).
       1951  .          ,   
   .        
          ""         
.          ,  
       ,            
  ",        
  ,   .  ,    
       8.
                   
    ,            .
        ,    
      .   
      "", ""
  " ".             
   ,      
,               
              -
.
                      -
    .    
                  
           
.               
.  (. Bauer  1956, c. 414).        
           .
                   
           
.
                    1952 .:
        , 
          
  ,    ,          
.        ,     
  ""  .
       1952  .     " " 
-         
,        ,  ,   
     . 21     : 
  " "        "
 "         
  1948 .,          "  
 ".  ""  "  .
            ,
  ,   -      
    ,               SSD  
""         . 20
  1952  .        "   
     " (.  Fricke 1971, c. 166ff).
    :  "  ,       
          "
(ebd. c. 170).           
       "Freies  Deutschland"    ,
             
  .     -
          
        ,
 ,           
        
    Joint    Distribution    Commitee            
 .       
,       ,          
,       ,            (
      Brandt 1967, c. 160ff).
                       
,        :   , 
       ,   ,  
   "Volkswacht"   .   ,  -  
     ,   
    .              
     ,  ,         
,           
    , ,    , ,  
30- ,         
 1947 .       Intelligence Service.
        ,     
  .   ,  "    "  
 " "    
        (.   Fricke 1971, c. 172   174)
        "  ". ,
      ,   ,  
    ,              
   .
                     
   .       
 ""    .    ,   
    ,    .       
        .
           /SSD   1952  .
            ,
            
.      "  "   
       " 
"                  ,
     (VVN)      
SSD.                 
       .    . 
 ,          VVN
  , ,     .     
    ,        :  
  .
              
       (. Strn 1957, . 130).
   ,    1950 . ,    - 
.          
  ,          .
    ,         -
   ,           ,  
          ;  -
       ,    ,   
       ,  ,      
     .              
  -         
        .         
,               
.  ,        . ,
  1953 .  ,          
                 
        .          
" ".
        1953 .          
              "  
  ,            
-".     .      , 
     " "   
               
     .         
  14  1953 . (.  Frick 1971, c. 192ff).   
           
   ,      
      ;      ""
           " 
        . "     
     ,       
" -       (.  ebd. c. 200).
    ,          . "
        "  -       
  (.  ebd.)     ,    
  .
            .      
           ,        
-       ,    
            
43      .         
          , 
              .  . 
 .      .   
     ,      SSD  ,
        .         "
",   ,     " "   
      .           -   
   .
       ,          , 
         , 
              
5-    ,  "         
,        " (.  Friecke 1971, c. 102).  
      ,   ,     
      ,  ,      
,    ,  ""        , 
""           ,  ""  
  ,        ,
             
    ,    ,      
       -        
.
                  
,              
     .          
    "  " ,      
   .        "
"   -  .  
      "- ",  ,   
         ,    .
,           ,      ,
    .
               ,   1956
.                 
      "      ",      "
",    "    ",    
.     11 896 ,   
               ( Fricke
1971, c. 100).              .
            
,   300  (. Lewis 1965, c. 186).   "
"           ,  
  ,      ,    
  .

                   ,   
        " ". 
            , 
       , 
       .
         -    ,  
          1954 . 
        ,  
  .                  .
-    ,    ,    ,  
,        ,  
  1955 .         ,       
,      .       ,  
          , 
 ,          .
     "          ,  
    "  -    
(.  Fricke 1971, c. 100).    1956 .   
      ,  ,   "  
".                 
           1950 . 
                
  .     "".   
        ,          :
",     ,     
,          (.   Fricke
1971, c. 238).           ,
   , ,  .
        .  ,   
 1951 .            ,
               
-   ,   1971 .   .
       . "  
,      , 
  .  .          " - 
   "Gschichte  der deutschen Arbeitersbewegung (1966, .
7, . 227).        .

     .  11     

     "       " - 
       ,     
 " ".(1962, .  117).       
     .     . 
      ,   
     .    ,  ,
  .
          -,      
      .   
     ,     :        
               ,
              .  
     ,     
 , , , , -   .
                 
.     1948 .   -  
 ,        .
,                 
  ,       ,          
  .                  
,             .
       ,      ,
    .       
 .
                     
.  ,     .     ,
          ,        .
,           ,  
                
  .          
   .     ,  
,           ,     
        
.          , 
    -.
                
  .            
          
     .    18-        
   ,    .     
         . 
- 1939 .        .
             
           .      ,
            
    ,    ""    "  ",
    .         4  100
  .      ,      1944  . 
             
,       150 000 ,   ,
   ,   .
                
  .       
       -.    
                .   
  ,    " ",  
           ,          
       .        
" ".
       "  "        
 aa          
                      
 .  [51]. , , 
                
   .
           .      
    ,          1918 .    
     .       
     -              
"  ".      1920  .      
      .      ,  ,
   "",        
  .  (.      Dziewanowski  1976,  c.  33ff).  
      ,  
 ,  ,        ,  
"      ",    
    ,        
  (. ebd. c. 88ff).        
                
 .
                      
" "  .        
     ,          
.          
         , 
 ,    .   ,  
         ,       
  (    )     , 
        ,       
.                , 
         .   
      .
                 
  ,     .
                    , 
    "."     .  
    ""           
     .                 
    "",       
      .  1924 .     
      "  ";     
     "   ".  
   "".  ,   
     ,   
     .        
       :   "   ",  ""  
     .     1933 .  1938 .  
                
,             ,    
            .  
  ,          
             . 
         .     
     1938 .       
(c. ebd. 146ff).
           ,     .  
             
     .
            ,  
     (.       Bthell, 1971). 
            
       .       
1939  .                 
        .       
:            
    .        ,
   .           
 ,    ,    
 ,        ,  
.   1942 .            
         
    (.  Ulam  1952, c.  149ff;  Dziewanowski 1976 c.
161ff; Bethell  1971  c.  65ff).      ,  
    .           
,         
    ().             
,           . 
   ,    1943  .       
          ,   
 .         . ,  
         ,  
                 ,
      .
       -           ,
            . [52] 
                      
    -    -   
.  ,        ,     ,
  .  ,    -    
      .             
      .
                     -  
.             
.         ,  
       . ,  
           
  ,      " ".
                 
   .       1931 . 
               
.           
  .
       1943 .      ,   
.            . 
                
         .     
     .       ,
      ,        
 .
       ,              
   .     1944  .   
    ,       
       .          -
  -                
        . 
           , 
      . 21  ,  
      ,           
   ,    31    
 .    ,  - 
  ,    -     -.  
           ,        ,  
   Urz(d  Bezpiecze(stwa   (Bezpieki()      
.          ,    
     .   
  .         
  (),        -      
,     .         
      .
     3   1949 .       e 
   .    (. Bethell 1971,  c. 176ff;  Dziewanowski
1976, c.  209; Ulam 1952, c.  164ff)        
      ,            
  .             
 ,         
  .
             ;    
      .   
     ,    ,    
,      -        ,
  ,            
,  .
     3   -    .  
               
   "  ",         ,
   .  ,    
  ,          
.  ,                 
,                    
"      ".
                 .
     ,      
     .     
              .   
    22   1947 .     
           
,           
         .      
,           ,    
.     , "" .     
  ,    .    
    ,  ,   
             .   
    ,         
,           
,     "  "  (  
. Bethell 1971 . 170ff).        
     1948 . -      
  -   ,       
      :       
 .
        3        
        .    
   ,        (. ebd.
c. 178ff; Ulam 1952 c. 165ff).       
   ,              .
        
""   .     eceo    
.   ""   ,   , 
 -    ,    
       ,     
   .  ,        
.  ,    "",   ""     
 30- ,         . 
           
,           .
 ,     ,   1938 - 1940 . 
       .           
               
      .           
  ,  ,           ,    
        ,             
    ,           (.
Toranska 1987, c. 146).
            ,     1948 . 
             
           
.         .   
    ,     "
"        .       
   ,  .   
                  
   "  ".
           ,        
          ,      
,                
       . 2
      .
               .     
  :  ",          
 ?     ,    
 ." (.   Bethell 1971, c. 192). ,   
     :  3        
       .    , 
    -           ,
"    "         
.      1949 .           
 ,        
-              
  .          ,  ,   
 -      .
                . 
     11   .   
          :      
                
;        ;
   ,         . 
                
  ,    .   
  ;        ,  
 ,     .
              . 
   ,   ,    
     ,      
  ;      ,     
        -                 
-.                     
 .
                   
    .    ,       ,
  ,        
           
   .
           .     
       -      
 ,       ,    1949 . 
            
              
      .           
            
  .      , 
             
,         ,           
 ,     ,     ,    
     .   
   .        , 
 ,   .
                 :
  ,       .       
            
         .       
     ,  
            , 
      .       
    ""               
         .     
     .
         1949 .    ,  ,
  "  ".         
 .  .      
  ,            ,  
          .    
       "": .    , .
 ,   ,    ,    ,    ,
    .
             :    . 
                 
 ,   1946  .   ,    
      .   1949  .    
     .        
          .  .  ,  
       ,   ,    
            - .
             ,    
               . 
     ,           ,
 ,       .  
          . 
        .
                                 
"-- ".  1949 .   
             
      .      
    .       
       .     
    ,        .
22        ,    
   - .        
 ,      (. Swialo  1955; Lwis 1965,
. 167).
           " "     ,
               ,
      .         
       , ,        
     .   ,     
  ,           
   ""  ,     ,  
             
 .        
             -   -
           
.
                    .   
       ,       
          ,   
           ""  -  
.          ,    
      ,  -  
.       ,    
,    ,       
        ,     .    
       ,             
,                           "
-   "        -    
        .         
:    ,    ""     
.      ,       
   [54].
                   
.   1952 .         
 ,       
        ""  
        ,      
.        ,      
        . 
            ,        
 ,       .

                     
     :    ,
      .
        1949 .       
,         .  
            :   
    ,          ,      
                 
   "      "      ,    ..    
     .  
     ,        
   (. Laszl Rajk 1949, c. 128  156). [55].
         .   ,  ,  
          ,
        ,     ,     
           "
",     .      
   .
                ,       
.                    
              
      ""  ,
        ,  
  .           ,
 ,   1945/46 .   ,  1948 . ,
  .          ,        
  .        
        ,     
            .  
        (. Bethell  1971,  c.
203ff; Ulam 1952,  c. 183ff).    1948 .    
      ,    
   ,         
     .          ,  
    ,        
              ,      
     .
          20 -      
            .  
     ,     
           (. Swiatlo
1955).
                   
   .              
     , ,   
   1949 .     .      
           
,  . "         ? 
,        . 
,              
   . (  Bthell 1971, c. 203).
         .    
     ,      . 
 ,    ,     
             .
                 
    ""       
     .      
,      " "   
   : "   , .  ,
 ." (.  ebd. c. 204).
              ,    . 
            
    ,      ,      
.       :    
         ,   
.            ; 
  ,   "-"  ,      
   .
          .       
      .         
 .      ,      
        .      
:    ,      
     .          
""  .         
  .          ,
          ,    
 ,      . ((.
Lewis 1959, c. 33).
     C      1950 . 
      .           
         ,     1947 .
         .    
        .  
         .    , 
    Intlligence Service     
  .            ,
    ""   ,          ,  
 "".
        1950  .           
  ,         
"  "              
         ,        
,   .
                
(. Switlo 1955; Bethell 1971, c. 217)    . 
 ,  ,       
   .       
 ,   ,      ,   .
,  ,        ""  ,
   ""         
  Intelligence  Service,    ,   
        ,     
                  
         .  
             
   .
                    
,    ,          
.  ,   ,    , 
        .         
          
       ,      50    
,                .
                   
,     ,       ,    
,                
               
    .         
   ,         
   .               :  
           
   "",      ,
       ;          
    .
                .
      " "  31  1951 .  
        ""   ,
     -      
           
.
            ,      
           "
".  ,          
       ,         
     ,      
           , 
"    ,        ".
       .      
,         . 
  ,             
  ,  ,         
  " ,    ".
                      
 .   ""  ,      
               
          .   ,
,            
       Intlligence
Service,         -,       
  .
          .  
 ,           , 
        
            .       
,     ,      
  ,  : ",         
  " (.    Bethell  1971,  c.  178).    
""   ,         
      ,      ,
      . 
     ,      
    .
               
       .

     "                     
   ,     
.        ,       
            
,      ,       
,   " (.  ebd. c. 218).

           13   1951 .    ,   
         ,   
,      ,     , 
    ,         
 ;        
.   ""        
 .  " ",    ,  
 99  , 19         .
             ,  
   ""   ,   , 
     .     
               ,
     (. Checinski 1982, c. 56).
             ,     
    .  ,   
    .
     14 ,        "Trybuna
Ludu",         ,   
      .  "        
            
  ,           
 " (.  Bethell 1971, c. 222).

     ,          ,      
 ,        .
      1949 .       ,  
            ,    "
".             
     ,      ,   
    .
             ,    ,
             
  ,       
.       ,     
 .          ,  
    .      , 
 ""  ,       .
         ,    
 .       ,     
    ,    ,    
    - .           
     -        
,            
  .      "" 
,      " -  ".
              
   .      
ee oo, o           
   .         ,
       1943  .           ,  
  ,        .
               ,
 ""      .  . "  ".
    :         ,
    .
                        
,    .     ,  
      .         
  "",             
     .      
                
.              
 ,      [56].
                      -
.     .
          ,    , 
              
,        ,  
     .         
          .  
    ,             ,  
    ,         .
         ,       
        .
             .       
  .           
       
 .       
   ,     ,  (
    - )   
      .     
            
.
                       
          .    
     ,      . 
        .
                
  -  ,       .   
      .           1950  .  
             .
      ,      
  .        ""       
     ,    ,  
   ,       "  ". (
  "  "         
  .)
       1952 .     ,    
       " " . 
              
      .             
  .  11       14    -
    ,       
  .        .   
,       ,  .   
         (. Checinski 1982,  c.
85).            
 .
      "    "        ,
 .     . 
            .
     ,     .  
      ,  ,     
  ,               .
                ""  
 ,  . .      
  ,      .
                    
.     ,   
   .       
     .    ,
              -   
,          .
  1955 .               
            (. ebd.
. 79ff).
     (c    ,        ,
       ,  1954 ,    
 ,     ,   
    .)

        1953  .          
            ,       
     :  "        
?" (Swiatlo 1955).
           :  
           .    1951  .  
             
                -     
. (. Checinski 1982, c. 41).      1952 .
  1953 .         , 
      .        
           -            
"",           
""                 
                
   . "           
    ,      - " - 
 (.  Toranska 1987, c. 147).
         ,     1952 .  
        -   
,  "  "        
  .          1949 .,
        .      
                .   
       1950  .  .  
     ,        
          ,
  ,     .      ,    
             .     
     1952 .        
     .      
,                   
    .  1949 .    
   ,      .
    ,        
             ,   
          .
                  - 
 .   1951  .    : 
                 
     .     
       ,    
          ,        
     .            1
 1951 .             
.
                   :
  .        
   .          
        .
       1            
  :          ,     
 .         ,   
     ,            
                                                 
"---"         
.            :  .
,  ,  , ,     -  
      .    ,   
 .
                  ,      
,  ,     . ,   
,    ,        
     Problemy.    ,    
    ,      
,            
             .   
             
     .
         1953 .,    , , 
                       
        .     
               15 
 .          
.   ""       ,      
         .        
,         ,    
                      
      . (. Swiatlo 1955; Bethell 1971,
c. 222ff).
                 ,  
                  
      ?     
     ?    ,
        ,     
                 .
,             ,
 ,       .
            .    
  ,      ,       
            ,    .
          
,       .  
,      .
            Der Sowjetblock (1962,
c. 117),            
,       ,          
            .  
     ,       
       ,    ,    
      ,    .
                       
.      ,     (.
Switlo 1955; Bethell 1971, c. 227; Checinski 1982, c. 74) 57.  
   ,      ,    
         ,           
,      .       
       .    
            ,   
,    ,      , 
             
        ,      
,  .       
  ,          ,   
              ,    
-      .    
,           
,     .
                
  "".            
            ,  
  "":           
  .           ,    
""         .    
   :  ,  ,
             .  
       ,    
  .      , 
             (. Lwis
1959, c. 32).
            .   
       ,          . 
          ,            
   .
                  
.           ,
  ,    , 
  .  ,       ,  
    ,        
 .    ,        
            .  
        - , 
             
 .
              , 
Trybuna Ludu (  1.11.1951 .)   ,   
"       ,     
   ".       
                  
   .          
       ,         . 
    ,      , 
              ,  - 
    .  "  , 
,     , ,     
          
     " -   (.  Bethell
1971, c. 232).          
        .       
,            
.                  
,       :  "    
             ,  
            .  
              "
(.  ebd. c. 233).

        5    1953 .     ,  
    .    ,     
.              -  
  ;                
.          
   .    1953 .     19 ,
              
    ,     .       
     ,  ,   ,
,   ""              
,   ,     ""  
  .         
      "";       :  
      .    1955 .
    ;     
 ,    ,      
 ,   "",     "".
               .      
         ,       
,  - .     .
      1953  .       ,
    ,     " "    
                  
.
     ,  ,    ,      
   .         ,                 
-:      ,      
  ,    ""      "  
"  .       .
       1954  .            
       .  
"  "     -  ,  
  ,     ,          
           "". 25  
  . ,    ,  
                       
,   50 000  ,     
    ,         . 
           
   "".
       1954 .            
        ,    ""    
""  -  ,   .      
    .      
,   1955 .  ,   "     
  "     "       
" (.   Dziewanowski  1976,  c.  256).  ,  
            ,      .
          
           ,    .   
     .   1954 .    
        .
          .    
            .       
         .      1956 .  
  ,    ,   
   .    1956  .    
   .
             .     
   "   ",      "
,      - ".
    1956 .        .    
          
. 5      .
     "  "              
.             
   .         "  ",
,          ,      
.         
 .
          ,       .    
  ,     ,   
        .    "
"         .         
"  "    .           
                   
            
  .
      .



           ,    
 .          .
              
    ,         ,
   -  ,  
       (    .  Cohn 1985).
[58
     ]                 (   
 )      .
                   ,
   ,        
. ,         
                
  ,         ,        
    ""   ,    
.
                 , 
  ,         ,
     .        
             
   ,   ,    . 
                
,       ,     - 
.                 1954  .
,               ,     
-   ,      
.    1956 .     ,   
    ,     .     
      ,    
   .   1965 .    
  .           1963  .     
        ,          
,        
     1968 .    .
              ,
         ,      
       .  , . ,
, ,         ,    
    ,  .    
            ,   
,       .            
.
            ,     
,  ,          ,
 .  ,       
       :                 
.         ,    
          ,     
  ,  "  "  .   
    .   -      
  ,               
  .               
.        ,    1978  . 
    ,        ,        .    
          ,    
: "       ."
             .    
 ,        ,  
        . 
        .       , 
       1956 .       
,    ,   ,    ,  
   :   ,  ,  ,   
    .          
      ,         ,
      .  ,    
       .       
 .     1968 .,     
     ,          
  ,            1970  .
      .         1980  .   
        ,   
,                   
      . "      
    1956  .,       " -    
,      ,        .
"  -     ,      1956  .,  
    ,     
   ".       
              1956 ..
 ,          -    
,       1953 .         
        ,       
  " "       -. 
1954  .                
 ,    .      
 " ".
                .  
         ,    
  ,        ,
    .   
           .       
                
                 
.
        23  1956 .,     
6        ,  
200 000       , ,   , 
     .    
 ,    ,  : "
    ,        ".     
     .
             
         , - ""
, ,  , ,  , ; "" - , ,
,     ,   .     ,  
         ,   
.         ,  
        .   ,       
 ,         . 
   .       .   
       ,   .
                  
      .      ,    
          
"   "  " ".   
    ,     :   ,
 ,       ,
       .
                   
          
.   ,  ,  
 .              
   ,    ,
, , ,       
,   .      ,
          ,   
        , 
        .     1957 .
    ""       
       .  1963 .       
      ,     "  
 ".      
      1968 .
       "  "      ,    
        .      
                
      ,      .
     ,   
,           .  ,
, ,  ,       ,  
  ,      ,    
      ,      
     .         
 20  1968 .
                      
.      "   "           
 ""       
              "  ". 
            -   
      (             )
    .         
  .               
,      ,        
     .     
     ""     
             
" "
             
:  ,        . 
          ,   30   . 
              
  .  " "   
              
  .  -     
            ;  ,   
  ,     .
                
,     . :    ,  
     ,       
  ,         ,   
                 ,    
.        ,      
,              
    ,  .     
,             
     ,   "  "
         .
           .   
              
    ,  ,   
.       , 
 .
     ,       ,      .
     ,   
  ,        
                 
       .
            .




     1.      .    ""
- ,           
             
        . 
     "",          ,
       ,      ,  
    .
       ,       , 
.      ,          ,  
        .           
  .              
     1950  .,   ,     
 .   1948 .       
  12 000 ""       ( 
          )    .
      ,     
            
      .              
            .
 ,    ,    ,
 ,     ,     
""  ,      ,     
  ,  .
          ,        
   .          
       ,         
      .
     2.    "  ",      
  - " " (Medvedev 1949, c. 157).
     3.           
The Soviet - Yugoslav Dispute. Text of the Published Correspondence. London,
Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1948.
     4.        -  .  Pano
1968, c. 68ff; Scndi  196  c. 313f;  Wolff 1970, c. 275ff; Lndvai 1969, c.
187ff).
     5.         
        ,
 1949. .  Scendi 1956, c. 229ff; Dedier 1979, c. 171ff; Djilas
1985, c. 145f).
     6.       .  
        .        
      ,       
,      .
     7.        ,          
  14   31       32  109 
 .         
,          ,         "
"    .  .  Pano  1968, c.  93.     
       
 ,       " ".
     8.  -          ,
     -  .
               .  
        .  
       -  ,
   1955 .,   "".       
   "  "     
   .       
 , -       .
                    
:  "       "   
              .
       ,  ,  
      .                   
     ,      
  -   ,      
     .
                   ,      
       .     1982 .
      "  ",     
  ,          
  , ,    .   
             
  ,  . .       ,
         .
     9.          Devediev 1962; 
    . .  Wolff 1970.
     10.            
 (Bell 1986, c. 42).     ,  , 
   .      ,      (1981)
          .  
  600          ,     ,
      .           ""
  : ,  ,      
(Bell, 1986, c. 49f).
     11.  Bell  (1986, c. 104)     ,  
  ,     ,  ,      
,   , , ,   -.
     12.        
          
        ,         "",
         .        
    ,     (Bell 1986,
c. 104).
     13.                  
  "    "    15    1949  .,    
.
     14.  Bll (1986, c.  106)      
 . .     . .
     15.  ,       
     "Der Proze  gegen  Traitscho Kostow  und  seine
Gruppe, (Ost) - Berlin  1951. .  Devedijev  1962, c. 34ff  Ulam 1971
c. 214f.
     16.           .  ,
,            ,    
                  "",
    .   1949 .    
          ,      
      .
                 .      ,
         -     
         .     
            .
                
"" ,           .
       ""        ,       
   .       , 
   .
     17.           Flor Lewis "Buer  im
rten Spiele" (1965).
     18.               . 
        50 -   .    - 
      .   
     "  "     1944 .
          ,    
    15        .  10         
  .
     19. ,          ,  
                    
 ,        . 
  ,         -       
         
,      . ,   1936 -
1937 .       ,        
     , ,     ,
  ,     "  "  
  (Lewis 1965, c. 78ff).    ,   
    , ,     
       :            
"   ,    ,
   " (Kaplan 1978 c. 144).
             .   
        ,     ,    
  ,       .  
     ,   ,   
   30-      .    
            .      
  1936  .,    "  ".       
.   1937  .             
  .
     20.               
          
.
     21.         . 
  ,        ,   1948
.   --,   - .    
         .         
         
      .     
,       "" 
   " ",     .
     22.         
 .        
    .         
                     
   . .  Broue/Temine 1968, c.
274, 270  474.
     23.          ,
          Tarsadalmi  Szelme,  5/1983,
.
     24.        29    . 
     .       
 ,        .     
 AVH.        ,   
      AVH  .  
            
.
     25.         
 .     . ,  , 
 ,      : "  ." : " 
    ?" : ",     .     
 ". : "    ,   ." : "."
(Laszlo Rajk... 1949, c. 198).
     26.     ,       
.   ,       .
          
.     ,    ,    
  .
       ,  ,   -,    1954
.,     ,          
,          .  "   ",  -
 , - "         ?" (Palaczy  - Horvath
1959, c. 272).
     27.                 
 AVH.
     28.          ,
  ,     ,     1932
.        .  ,      ,
         ,     , 
         .      ,   
: "    .   .   
   .          
  10   .        - 
1950 .        .
     29.      ,          -  
        Pal  Ignotus (1959).
        Gyorge  Szasz
(1984, c. 309) -    ,   .
     30.            . 
  Gyurko  (1982, c. 190ff)    
               
    .       -  Andras Hugedus
(1986),             
    .
      ae     Kalai (1997)     ,  
 ,   ,      .
     31.     ,     :   -
  AVH               
              .
            
      .   
       .      
,        ,          
,      .      
   .
           AVH  ,  
   ,           ,
   -  ,       
     AVH   .   ,
                
           ,     
 o.   "e"     
,        (. Historia, No
5 - 6, Budapst 1986).         AVH 
         .
  AVH,       4       
   .
     32.           -     
               
                 
.
               , 
   .      
                 
     ,    .
                     
  .            
            .  Lndon
(1970), Loebl (1978), Oren(1960), Slnsk (1969)  Slingova (1968),   
,           
        .
     33.            
                  
  ,   .
     34.      . Kplan 1986, c. 202;  Lendvai
1972, c. 21ff; Pejto 1972, c. 294; Oren 1960.
     35.       ,    .. ""
,           ,  
              .
,  "",    ,    
          
,          ,      .  
            
. . Pelikan 1970, c. 115ff).
     36.      "  " .  Kaplan 1986
c.203.          ,  
             ,  
"  "  .             
         (Pelikan 1970, c. 103f; Kaplan
1986, c.  196).           
4.
     37.   Loebl/Pokorny 1968, c.  52f.  .    .
                 
: "  ,      
." (1970, . 268).
     38.           
        ."      ",  -
       .  "        
  (    10     ,    
 )  :   ,   ?  ,
     .               
         " (Kaplan
1978, c. 122).
     39.          (1953),
     .     
 London (1970, c. 282ff), Loebl/Pokorny (1968, c. 87ff).
     40.      ,         
, ,     " "  . 
   "  "     
                  
   .
     41.               
            . , ,
           , .
.    ,            
,      (Pelikan 1970, c. 139).
     42.                  
      .    ,
           
    .      
            (1950 - 1952)    20 %,
  .      ,           
 ,         21  1953  .  
   ,      . , 
       ,       
         ,        
,            . 
         ,   "  "  - 
         ,        .  
        -,  
        .   
       (   29  1953 .) 
.
               
  ,             
       ,   . 
,   ,     
       -,  
        .         
       ,      
  -    .      
:  "        (   ) 
,     ....     ,  
  .          ,   ,
   ".      : "  ,
           
.            ".  (Tallbott 1971,  c.
369ff).
         ,       
,    .    
          
   1954 .      .
     43.          
. King  1980 c. 27ff; Fischer-Galati 1970, c. 73ff; Lendvai  1968; Inescu
1976,  c.  2ff.    ,       1964  .
         -
  ,     .
     44.        . Fischer-Galati
1970, c. 70ff;  King 1980,  c. 39ff; Ionescu 1976, c. 83ff;   
  Markham 1949.
     45.  ,            
         .   
           King  (1980),     
 Fischer-Galati  (1970)      . 
            
  "  ,       ".  
  Brzzinski  (1962)  Ulam (1952)    .
     ,     
(1976,  .  151ff).        ,     
,         ,       
 .
     46.    / .Fischr-Glati 1976,  . 17ff; King
1980, c. 92ff; Wllf 1970, c. 467ff); Ionescu 1976, c. 208ff.)
     47.                 
    Ionescu  (1976, c.  213ff).       
      Scinteia  3.07.1952.
     48.           
          
-         ; ,  ,
        .   , 18
        .   1968
.      ,       
 ,    " ".   Lendvai
1968, c. 349ff; Fricke 1971, c. 46.
     49.               
,      - .  
       Brndt  u.  a. 1983, c. 85ff.
             
.               
Teubner 1978.
     50. Brzezinski (1962, c. 112ff) ,    
  -  - .  
 ,         
.          ,          
          (ebd.  c.  118).
      (1956, . 412f), 
     - "   ", 
    .     , 
.  .      .       ,
   Brndt u. a. (1983, c. 201) ,     
  -  ,           
         
    .
     51.                ,      
-      
             ,  
    .       "     "  
15.12.1947  .     :  "       
,   ,       
   .         
."              
  .
     52.        ,       
          ,      
, ,    1953 .   . 
     " "     
      .  ,   
     ,            
,              
    .    
   "     " "  
",    1953/54,    ,        
.
     53.           Switl  1955 
Checinski  1982.   ,    ,  
    ,     .
        " "      
 .    ,       
      .     
       ,     
      ,     .     
    (Djilas 1985, c. 85ff).
     54.           
  ,          
 "".      (Bronska-Pampuch 1958,
c. 197).         
 Chtcinski 1982, c. 79ff.
     55.         
,             
    .  (.        
Toranska 1987, c. 112).
     56.               .
           ,         
  (Bronska-Pampuch 1951, c. 197).
     57.        ,   ,      
     .   1949 .   
   ,  ,       
 .            
          ,         .
            
 .         , 
       ." (  
 . .  Njwe Drogi,  1956.).
                  :
"    ,       ."
(.    Polytika  30   1981).     
,          
(1976, . 257).



       .. (1894 - 1954):  .     
   1942  . c   ,  , 1946  .
  ,    .   
1952  .,            "  
-"  .        ,
     ,     .
     Aczel  Gyorgy (1917 -  ):        .    1935 . 
,  1945  .  .   1949 .      
     .   1954  .       ,  
               
.   1985 .   .
     Alapi  Gyula (? - 1982).  .    
   .      .
 1962 .   ,   .
     Antonescu Ion (1882 - 1946).  .    ,
  1933 .    ,  1937  .  , 1940 .
    .   1944 .  
,     1946 .    .
     Bacilk Karol (1896 - 1972):  ,  1921 .  ,
     . . 1938  .   .   
  .   1945  .     
. 1952 .      .  1965 .  
           .  
1968   .
     Bauer Leo (1912 - 1968):      .  1932 .
  ,   1933          .  
  .   1945       
,  1947 .     Deutschlandsenden.
 1950 . ,    ,    25 
      . 1955 .      
.    ,      Neue  Gesellschaft    
   .
     Bnes   Eduard  (1884  -   1948).     ,  
,    1935   .       ,    -  
.         .
  1945  .    .     
  1948 .
      . . (1899 - 1953).  .  1918 .   
,          ,      
 .  1934 .  . 1938 .     
.            .  1945  
. 1946 .       .
        , ,    1953  .
    .
     Brman Jakub  (1901  - 1984).   .   1924 .  , 
1928  .  .  1938 .   ,   
          .  1946  .
  .     , , 
  .   1956 .  -         
     ,  1957  .   . o e  (1969)
    a.
     Bierut  Bleslaw (1882 - 1956).  .  1919 .  , 
1925 .  .      ,   
  ,     . 1935 .    . 1939 .
   . 1943   .    
.    1945  .    ,   1948  .  
 .          .
           (?   -    ?).      .      
-         -. 
o 1952 . o        
   .           1955  .
  .
     Brankov Lazar (1912 - ?).  ,    .   
,       -   .  
1945   .               ,  
       ,   UDB 
.   1948  .        . 
1949 .              
.  1956 .   .
     Ceausescu  Nikolae  (1918 -  ?).    ..  1932  .  
.      . 1945 .
1948     ,  1954     1965   -  
  .
     (epicka  Alexej  (1910  -  ?).  .    1929 .  
.        .    1945 . 
 ,   .  1951 .  ,  1954 .    
 .   1956 .   ""     .   1963  .
  ,     .
      . . (1894 - 1975).   .  1918 .   ,
   , ,     . 1931 -
1937     ,  1938  - 1945  .    
(). 1939 .   .      
  ,      1958   .        .    
          
  .   1964 .   .
     Clementis  Vladimir (1902 - 1952).    .  1924
.  ,  1935 .   , 1939  .    o.
e 1945 . e    , 1949 .  .  1951
.   ,             .   1963  .   
.
     Dahlem Franz (1892 - ?).      .  1918 .
 , 1928 .  ,  1928 .    .   
       . 1939 -  1941   
,     . 1946 .   , 
1950 .        .  1953 .       .  1956  .
,  1957      ,         
.
     Decsi Gula (?  -?).  .    . 
1943  .  .   1945  .     AVH,  1952 .
  . 1953 . -     
 .  1959 . .
         (1882  -  1949).  .    1903  .  
  .  1918  .    -   .    1923  .  
  ,   .     , 
    ,       .    1933  .  
         . 1935 - 1943
.   ,  1945 .    .
  .
     Djilas  Milovan (1911 - ).  .  1927 .   ,
1937    ,  1942  .      
  .   1945  .  ,  . 1954 . 
        .        
      .    .
      .
     Donath Ferenz  (1913 - 1986).      .  1934 . 
,  1936 .      . 
1943  .      .  1945 .
        .   1951     
,   1954 . .       1956  . 
   .     .  1960 . .  
                   
 .
     Doubek Bohumil (? - ?).   . 
 .  1955 . -      
         9      .   1958 .
      .
     Dub(ek Alexander (1921  - ).   .    1938  .  
.       ao   . 
1945 .        . 1955
- 1958 .   .  1958 .   .  1962 .   
  , 1968 . - .    1968   
        .  1970  .    ,  
  .       , 
 ,   .
     Dulles  Allen  W. (1893 - 1968).    .  
         ,      
    ,      .  1942-1945  .
      . 1953-1961 .  . 
-       .
     Duracz Anna  (1923  - 1971).      .    
  .   1943  .            
.  1945  .     .  1949  . ,
1954 .     .   1968       
   ,    .
     Farka( Mihaly (1901 - 1965).  .  1921 .  ,
 ,  .  1925 .    . 1929
   ,         
         .    1945
             .    
. 1948 - 1953 .  .  1954 .   , 
1955          1956  .    .    1956 .  -      
        .  1959 . .  
    .
     Fejgin Anatol (?  - ?).     .   
 .  1955 . -        
,      1957  .        12  
 .
     Field  Herman (1910  -  ).  ,        . 
 .   . 60.        . 
    .
     Field Noel H.  (1904 - 1972). ,     . .
     .  58  -  65.          1954  .
    .       
  .
     Fischl Otto (1902 - 1952).    .  1928 . 
.   1945  .     ,  1946 -  1948  .  
  ,  1949  -  1951 .      ,   1951  . ,
    . 1963 .  .
     Frank Josef (1909 - 1952).    .  1930 . 
.  1939  .       . 
1945  .    , 1948    , 1951
.  ,            .    1963  .   
.
     Frejka  Ludvik (1904 - 1952).    . 1922 - 1939
.       . 1939 .    .
 1945 .  ,   . 1951 . , 
   . 1963 .  .
     Gecow  Leon (1911  - 1952).      .    
. 1939 .     ,     .  1945  .
        . 1949 . .   
 ,  .
     Geminder Bedrich (1901 - 1951).     .  1921 .
 .       .  1945 . 
    .  1951 . ,  
  . 1963 .  .
     Gere  Erno (1891 - 1980).   .  1918  
,  1919  .     ,  1922  .    ,   
  15   .      
.     1924  .            ,  
          .     2-
        .  1945 . 
   .          
.    1956  .     .    1962 .
-            , 
.
     Gheorgiu  -  Dej  Gheorghe (1901 -  1965).    . . 
   .  152.   1953 .       
           ,    -
    .   1968 .   , 
  "   ".
     Gomulka Wladislaw (1905 - 1982).     . . 
 . 213.  1956 .       
    .     
      (1970),      (1971).
     Gottwald   Klement  (1896  -  1953).    .    
 ,   1925  .        ,   1928 . 
.  1928  -  1943 .    . 1939 .  
.  1945 . -,  1948 .  .
     Hothy  Miklos  (1868  -  1957).   .   
     .   
      .    " "    1944  .
        .  1948 .   
.
     Hoxha  Enver  (1901 -  1985).    .      ,
  .  1936 . ,  . 1941 . 
    ,  1943  .   ,  1948  .    
,  1961  .   ,  1974    .       
 .
     Husak  Gustav (1913 - ).     .   1933 . 
.            .   
    .    1945  .        
. 1951           .
1960  .  ,  1963  .       
. 1968 .   -,     . 1968 .
   . 1969 - 1987 .   .
       (1904 -?).  . .     . 41 -
55.  1950 .          
.   1956   .      ,      1962   .
-. 1962 .   "  " 
       , 1965 .   .
     Justus Pal  (1905 - 1965).     .    .
. 72.        1956  .      
.
     Kadar Janos (1912 - ).  .   1931 .  , 
1943  .   ,        .
 1945 .   ,  1948 - 1950 .   . 1951 .
   . 1954  . ,    
    e.  1956  .       .      1956  .
    ,            
.        ,        
  .  1961 .    
-    .
     Kallai Gyula (1910 -?).    .  1931 .  ,
, 1936 .      ,
1944 .  .  1945 .   , 1945 - 1951 .  
 .  1951 .      ,  1954  .  ,
     -   .    
        .
     Kardelj  Edvard (1910  - 1979).  .     
1928 .,      . 1941 .  
   ,      .    1945  .     
,     ,    -    .  
  .
     Kethly Anna (1889  - 1976).    .    
   .  1945  .  - . 
     .  1950  . .  -  
      . 1954 . ,  
 .  1956 .     . 
 1956 .   ,   .
     Komr Waclaw (1909  - 1972).     . .  
  .  232f.     1956 .     
 .  1959  .        
        .
     Kpriva  Ladislav  (1897 -?).   .    
1921  .           .    1945  .  
   . 1950 - 1952 .  , 1952 -  1954
.        .        
 .  1963 . -     
  .
     Krondy Bela  (1914 - 1949).    .   .
       .   1945 .
     ,           ,    
    .  1949 . ,       
. 1956 .  .
        (1897 -  1949).    .   
.  c. 44ff. 1956 .  .
     Kun  Bela  (1886  - 1937).   .  1918  .   
 .         .
 1919 .    ,      
      .  1937 .    
   .  1958 .  .
     Lechowicz  W.  Wlodzimerz (1911 - ?).       .  
          .    1945  .
 ,      .  1948 . , 
1955 .   15    ,    
a. o       .
     Loebl Evzen (1907 - 1987).    .  
 1934 . 1939 - 1945  .     .
 1945 .   . 1949  . ,    1952 .
        ,    1960   .    
.          .  1968 .
  ,   Visar College.
     London Artur  (1915 - 1985).      .   1949 .
      .    
 1956 .   ,     1968 .
     Losonczy Geza (1917  - 1957).      . 1936  . 
   , 1939 .   .  1945
. -    .  1951 . 
  .      1954 .       Magyar
Nemzet.       1956  . -    
.            ,   
      ,    .
     Luka Vasile (1898 - 1959).    .     .
  . 116.      .   1968  .   ,   
.
     Margolius Rudolf (1913 - 1952).    .   
          .
 1945 .    .   1951  .  ,
    .  1963 .  .
     Mrosy Gyorgy (1908 -).    . 1943 - 1947 . 
      - .    1948  .    
     - .   1950 . , .   1956  .
,        ,    -  .
   1956 .    .   1962
.    "        "        
.  1965 .   .  1972 .    .
     Mrker Paul (1894 - 1969).   .    1920
.  1926 - 1946 .   .    1930 .  " "    
.    1933  .         .
    . 1946  .   . 1946 - 1950
.       .    1950 .           
  ".  1952  -   1956  .    .    
.
     Milke Erih  (1907 - ?).    .    1925 .
1933  .    . 1936 .       
.        -      .  1945  .
    ,         .  1950  .
-          .   1957   .   
.
        (1895 -  1978).      . 
   1915 .  1925 .  ,  1935 .  . 1926  -
1955 .    .     
,   1955 .     , 1964 .
 . 1965 .  .
       .  . (1890  -  1986).     . 
   1906 .  1921 .  , 1925 .  . 
   .  1930  .     .  1937   .  
 .       . 1957 .   
            . 1964 .
   .     . 1984 .   
.
     Muller Kurt (1903 -  1960).   .   
1920 .  1929 .  . 1931 .     . 1934 - 1945
.     . 1945  .  
   . ,  1949 .   , 1950 .  
,      . 1955  . .  
  .
     Nagy Imre  (1896 - 1958).      .   1921.
      ,       
.  1926   .         ,         
        .  
1945 .       . 1949 - 1951 .
-  "          .  1952  . 
-, 1953  . -.  1955 .       
   . 1956 .      .      
-.        
  .  1958 .       
   .
     Novotny Antonin (1904 1975).    .  
   1921 .         . 
1945 .    . 1953  .      , 
 .  1957  .    .  1968 . - 
           .
     Pallfy Gyorgy  (1909 - 1949).      .   
    .  78.   1956   .         
   ,    .
     Patrascany  Lucretiu  (1900 -  1954).        .  
 .  . 151. 1968 .  .
     Pauker Ana (1893 - 1960)      . e  . 
. 166f. .   .
     Pavlik  Gejza  (1884  - 1964),      .  1919 .
       .      .
1039  .     ,   .  1945 .  
    . 1949 .    .  1956  .
  .
     Peter Gabor (1911 - ?).   .  
 1931 .           
-    .   1945    ,   
  AVH.  1953  .  .  1957  .  -      
      . 1959 .
,  .
     Piek Wilhelm (1876 -  1960).   .    1895
. 1918 .        .   1928  .   
 . 1933 .    . 1935 .    
    . 1936  .    
.   1945 .       .
1946 - 1954 .  , 1949 .  .
     Pijd Mosa (1890 - 1957).   . 1921 . 
     20   .  
  1941 .       . 
1945 .    ,     .
     Radkiewicz Stanislaw  (1903 -  ?).     .  
     ,    1945 .     , 1945 -  1954  .
 . 1955  .       
 . 1957 .          
   . 1960     ,     
 . 1968   .
     Rajk Laszlo (1909 - 1949).     .    .
 .  70f.  1955  .        1956 .  
.
     Rakosi Matas  (1892 - 1971).   . 1918  .
    ,     ,  
 -   .  1919 .    . 1924  .  
, , 1926 .   8   ,  1935
.           . 1940 .
            1848-1849
.          .    1945  .     
.  1953 .              -
,    1956  .   .    
   .       . 1962  .    
.   .    1971 .    .
     Rankovic  Alexandar  (1909 -  1982).    .
      1928  . 1940  .     . 1941  .  
,      .         
 .  1945 .     ,   
   -   .    1964 .   
       1966 .   .
     Reicin Bedrich (1911  -  1952).        .  
   1929  .    1936  .   .  1938 .    , 
  .   1945  .       
  .  1951 .  ,        
. 1968 .  .
     Revai Jozsef  (1898  - 1959).   .  1918 .
    .  a   
  ,      . 1930 .       . 
      ,    .  
1945 .    ,      ,
        .  1953  .   
.     -     
   .
     Roznski Jacek (? -  ?).    .    
1935  .,    .  1939 .      .    1945  .
     .     
   1955 .    5,   1957 .   
 15   ,   1960 . .
      . .  (1905 -  ?).    .   
            .
  1945 .          .    
                .  1956 . 
   -     .  1959 .
   .
     Shehu  Mehmet  (1913 -  1982).        .  
  ,      . 1936 .
        .    . 1942  .
   ,         
.     1945  .          ,  
 . 1948 .    .1954 . -.
1982 .      , .
     Simont  Andre (1895 - 1952).    . 1922 . 
  ,  1936  .     .     
       .  1939
.   , 1942 .   .   1945 . 
   Rude Pravo. 1952 . ,   
 . 1963 .  .
     Slnsky  Rudlf (1901 -  1953).     ,  
1953  .      .   .  127f.  1963  .    
, 1968 . .
     Sling Otto (1912 - 1952).    .   
 1930 .      . 1938 .   .
 1945 .   ,      . 1950 .
,     . 1968 .  .
     Spychalski  Marian  (1906  - 1980).      .  .  
   . 214.      1956  .    .
1956 -  1968 .   ,   1963 .   , 1968 - 1970  .
  .  1970 .  -       
    .
     Svab Karel  (1904 - 1952).    .  
 1930 .  1938  .      .  1945 .
       . 1951 .
,     . 1968 .  .
     Swiatlo Iosef (1905 - ?).   .  
 1930- .  1945 .    . 1949 . ,
     - .    1953 .     
           
 .   .
     Szakasits Arpad (1888  - 1965).      .   1903 . 
- ,       
 ,   1920  1922 .  1925 .  ,   1938
.     , 1944 .     
 .  1945  .   -, 1948  .
   . 1949 .  , 1950 .
    .  1956 .  .      1956  .
       .
     Szalai Andras (1917 - 1949).    . .  
 . 103f. 1955 .  .
     Szonyi Tibor (1903 -  1949).    .   .
 . 73. 1955 .  .
     Tatarescu Gheorghe (1886 - 1955).   . 
 .         -. 1945 -
1947 .   .  1949 .   . 
   .
       (1900 - ?).   .  1956
.      ,  1961 .     ,
1962 .   .
       . .  (1893 -  1937).   .   
,  1917  .       ,      
, 1925 .    . 1931 .  
.  1937  .         
.
     Ulbricht Walter (1893 - 1973).   . 1919 .
    ,  1923  .   . 1924 .    ,
1936 .      . 1933 -  1945 .  ,
     ,    .  1945
.  ,  ,      ,  1949
-  1960  .      -,   1960  .  
  .            1971  .
   .
     Vc  Zoltan  (1903  -  1980).      .  
  1919 .,    1921  1925 .  16  
         ,   
  .  1945 .      ,    
,        . 1953 .   
,           . 
1956  .     .        , 
 .    1958 .    .  
       .
     Xoe Koci (1911 - 1949).    . .    
. 25f.     .
     Zambrowski Roman (1909 - 1977).    . 1941 .
  , 1945 .  , 1948 - 1954 .   
    .  1963  .    ""    
.  1968 .       .
     Zapotocky Antonin  (1894 -  1957).    .
    1920  . 1922  .       ,  1922  -  1925  .
      , 1939 . 
      .    1945  .     
,  1948  -  1953 .   -  ,       
 .
     Zilliacus Konni  (1894 - 1967).     . 
    .    1945  .        ,
                      
- .
     Zold  Sador  (1913 - 1951).     .    
1932 ., 1936 .        . 
1945  .        .  1950 .      .  
,  ,   .









Last-modified: Sun, 22 Oct 2000 08:50:15 GMT
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