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\def\lheader{\mainfont\the\pageno\hfill\sc\runninghead\hfill}
\def\rheader{\hfill\sc\runninghead\hfill\mainfont\the\pageno}
\def\runninghead{เใชฎขฎคแโขฎ ฏฎซ์งฎข โฅซ๏ {\tentt CWEB} (ขฅเแจ๏ 3.0)}

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\null\vfill
\centerline{\titlefont The {\ttitlefont CWEB} System of
    Structured Documentation}
\vskip 18pt\centerline{(Version 3.0)}
\vskip 24pt
\centerline{\authorfont Donald E. Knuth and Silvio Levy}
\vfill

\noindent
\TeX\ is a trademark of the American Mathematical Society.

\bigskip\noindent
The printed form of this manual is copyright \copyright\ 1994
  by Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.  All rights reserved.
\smallskip\noindent
The electronic form is copyright \copyright\ 1987, 1990, 1993
  by Silvio Levy and Donald E. Knuth.
\smallskip\noindent
The russian translation is copyright \copyright\ 1999
  by Sergey V. Korop \.{<svk@lib.ru>}

\bigskip\noindent
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of the
electronic form of this document provided that the electronic copyright
notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.

\smallskip\noindent
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of the
electronic form of this document under the conditions for verbatim copying,
provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms
of a permission notice identical to this one.

\smallskip\noindent
Individuals may make copies of the documentation from the electronic files
for their own personal use.

\pageno=0 \titletrue\eject

\null\vfill
\centerline{\titlefont แˆ‘’…Œ€ ‘’“Š’“ŽƒŽ „ŽŠ“Œ…’ˆŽ‚€ˆŸ {\ttitlefont CWEB}}
\vskip 18pt\centerline{(ข…‘ˆŸ 3.0)}
\vskip 24pt
\centerline{\authorfont คŽ€‹œ„ ํ. ช“’ ˆ แˆ‹œ‚ˆŽ ซ…‚ˆ}
\vfill

\noindent
\TeX\ Ÿ‚‹Ÿ…’‘Ÿ ’ŽƒŽ‚Ž‰ Œ€ŠŽ‰ American Mathematical Society.

\bigskip\noindent
\copyright\ 1994. ฏ€‚€Œˆ € ˆ‡„€ˆ… ’ŽƒŽ “ŠŽ‚Ž„‘’‚€ Ž‹€„€…’
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.  ข‘… €‚€ ‘Ž•€…›.
\smallskip\noindent
\copyright\ 1987, 1990, 1993. ฏ€‚€ € ‹…Š’Ž“ž ”ŽŒ“ ’ŽƒŽ
“ŠŽ‚Ž„‘’‚€  ˆ€„‹…†€’ แˆ‹œ‚ˆŽ ซ…‚ˆ ˆ คŽ€‹œ„“ ํ. ช“’“.
\smallskip\noindent
\copyright\ 1999. ฏ……‚Ž„ € “‘‘Šˆ‰ Ÿ‡›Š: แ…ƒ…‰ ชŽŽ \.{<svk@lib.ru>}

\bigskip\noindent
ข ‘‹“—€… ŠŽ”‹ˆŠ’€ “‘‘ŠŽƒŽ ……‚Ž„€ “‘‹Ž‚ˆ‰ €‘Ž‘’€…ˆŸ ‘ ˆ• €ƒ‹ˆ‰‘ŠˆŒ
‚€ˆ€’ŽŒ, ˆŽˆ’…’ŽŒ Ž‹œ‡“…’‘Ÿ Žˆƒˆ€‹.

\bigskip\noindent
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of the
electronic form of this document provided that the electronic copyright
notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.


\smallskip\noindent
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of the
electronic form of this document under the conditions for verbatim copying,
provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms
of a permission notice identical to this one.

\smallskip\noindent
Individuals may make copies of the documentation from the electronic files
for their own personal use.

\smallskip\noindent
เ€‡…˜€…’‘Ÿ €‘Ž‘’€…ˆ… ’Ž—›• ŠŽˆ‰ ‹…Š’ŽŽ‰ ‚…‘ˆˆ ’ŽƒŽ „ŽŠ“Œ…’€
ˆ “‘‹Ž‚ˆˆ, —’Ž ‘ŽŽ™…ˆ… Ž €‚’Ž‘Šˆ• €‚€• € ‹…Š’Ž“ž ‚…‘ˆž
ˆ ’Ž €‡…˜…ˆ… ˆ‘“’‘’‚“…’ ‚Ž ‚‘…• ŠŽˆŸ•.


\smallskip\noindent
เ€‡…˜€…’‘Ÿ €‘Ž‘’€…ˆ… ˆ‡Œ……›• ŠŽˆ‰ ‹…Š’ŽŽ‰ ‚…‘ˆˆ ’ŽƒŽ
„ŽŠ“Œ…’€ € “‘‹Ž‚ˆŸ• ’Ž—ŽƒŽ ŠŽˆŽ‚€ˆŸ, ˆ ˆ “‘‹Ž‚ˆˆ, —’Ž Žˆ‡‚Ž„€Ÿ
€Ž’€  €‘Ž‘’€Ÿ…’‘Ÿ € “‘‹Ž‚ˆŸ•, ˆ„…’ˆ—›• ’ˆŒ.

\smallskip\noindent
็€‘’›… ‹ˆ–€ ŒŽƒ“’ „…‹€’œ ŠŽˆˆ „ŽŠ“Œ…’€–ˆˆ ˆ‡ ‹…Š’Ž›• ”€‰‹Ž‚
„‹Ÿ ‹ˆ—ŽƒŽ ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€ˆŸ.

\pageno=0 \titletrue\eject


\titletrue
\centerline{\titlefont แˆ‘’…Œ€ ‘’“Š’“ŽƒŽ „ŽŠ“Œ…’ˆŽ‚€ˆŸ {\ttitlefont CWEB}}


\vskip 15pt plus 3pt minus 3pt
\centerline{\authorfont คŽ€‹œ„ ํ. ช“’ ˆ แˆ‹œ‚ˆŽ ซ…‚ˆ}

\vskip 24pt plus 3pt minus 3pt
\noindent
ํ’Ž’ „ŽŠ“Œ…’ Ÿ‚‹Ÿ…’‘Ÿ Žˆ‘€ˆ…Œ ‚…‘ˆˆ ‘ˆ‘’…Œ› \.{WEB} ค.~ช“’€,
€„€’ˆŽ‚€Ž‰ Š Ÿ‡›Š“ \CEE/ แˆ‹œ‚ˆŽ ซ…‚ˆ. แ ŒŽŒ…’€ ‘‚Ž…ƒŽ ‘Ž‡„€ˆŸ ‚
1987~ƒ., \.{CWEB} ‘Ž‚Œ…‘’›Œˆ “‘ˆ‹ˆŸŒˆ ช“’€ ˆ ซ…‚ˆ ‚Ž ŒŽƒŽŒ ›‹
ŒŽ„ˆ”ˆ–ˆŽ‚€ ˆ “‹“—˜….  ข €‘’ŽŸ™ˆ‰ ŒŽŒ…’ Œ› Ž‹€ƒ€…Œ …ƒŽ ‚Ž‹ž–ˆž
‹ˆ‡ŠŽ‰ Š ‡€‚…˜…ˆž, Ž ’…Œ … Œ………, ‘ŽŽ™…ˆŸ Ž Ž˜ˆŠ€•, …„‹Ž†…ˆŸ
ˆ ŠŽŒŒ…’€ˆˆ ‚…‘œŒ€ †…‹€’…‹œ› ˆ ŒŽƒ“’ €€‚‹Ÿ’œ‘Ÿ ซ…‚ˆ
(\.{levy@math.berkeley.edu}).

็ˆ’€’…‹ˆ, ‡€ŠŽŒ›… ‘ Œ…ŒŽ€„“ŒŽŒ ``The \.{WEB} System of Structured
Documentation'' ช“’€, ŒŽƒ“’ ‹ˆ˜œ …ƒ‹Ž Ž‡€ŠŽŒˆ’œ‘Ÿ ‘ ’ˆŒ „ŽŠ“Œ…’ŽŒ,
Ž‘ŠŽ‹œŠ“ \.{CWEB} ˆ \.{WEB} ˆŒ…ž’ Ž™“ž ”ˆ‹Ž‘Ž”ˆž ˆ (‚ Ž‘Ž‚ŽŒ)
‘ˆ’€Š‘ˆ‘. ข …ŠŽ’Ž›• ‚ŽŽ‘€• \.{CWEB} Ÿ‚‹Ÿ…’‘Ÿ “Ž™…ˆ…Œ \.{WEB}:
€ˆŒ…, \.{CWEB} … “†„€…’‘Ÿ ‚ Œ…•€ˆ‡Œ€• Ž…„…‹…ˆŸ Œ€ŠŽ‘Ž‚ ˆ
Ž€Ž’Šˆ ‘’ŽŠ \.{WEB}, Ž‘ŠŽ‹œŠ“ Ÿ‡›Š \CEE/ ˆ …ƒŽ …Ž–…‘‘Ž …“’
’“ €Ž’“ € ‘…Ÿ.  €‹Žƒˆ—Ž, ‘Žƒ‹€˜…ˆŸ \.{WEB} Ž’Ž‘ˆ’…‹œŽ ”ŽŒ€’€
‚Ž‘œŒˆˆ—›• ˆ ˜…‘’€„–€’ˆˆ—›• —ˆ‘…‹ \.{@'77} ˆ \.{@"3f} ‡€Œ……›
ˆŸ’›Œˆ ‚ Ÿ‡›Š… \CEE/ \.{077} ˆ \.{0x3f}. ข‘… Ž—ˆ… ‚Ž‡ŒŽ†Ž‘’ˆ
\.{WEB} ‘Ž•€…› ˆ €‘˜ˆ…›.

ฌ› ‚›€†€…Œ ‘‚Žž ‹€ƒŽ„€Ž‘’œ ‚‘…Œ, Š’Ž ‘‚ŽˆŒˆ Ž†…‹€ˆŸŒˆ ˆ ‡€Œ…—€ˆŸŒˆ
“—€‘’‚Ž‚€‹ ‚ €‡€Ž’Š… \.{CWEB}. ฎ‘Ž“ž ˆ‡€’…‹œŽ‘’œ Œ› ˆŽ‘ˆŒ Steve
Avery, Nelson Beebe, Hans-Hermann Bode, Klaus Guntermann, Norman Ramsey ˆ
Joachim Schnitter, ŠŽ’Ž›… …„Ž‘’€‚ˆ‹ˆ Žƒ€ŒŒ›‰ ŠŽ„, € ’€Š†… Cameron
Smith, ‡€ ŒŽ†…‘’‚Ž …„‹Ž†…ˆ‰ Ž „ŽŠ“Œ…’€–ˆˆ. Ramsey ‘„…‹€‹
"ƒ€ŒŽ’Ž… Žƒ€ŒŒˆŽ‚€ˆ…" ("literate programming",---’€Š ค. ช“’ €‡›‚€…’
Œ…’Ž„ˆŠ“ Žƒ€ŒŒˆŽ‚€ˆŸ ‘ ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€ˆ…Œ \.{CWEB}---{\sl ˆŒ. ……‚.\/})
„Ž‘’“›Œ „‹Ÿ „“ƒˆ• Ÿ‡›ŠŽ‚ ‘‚Ž…‰ ‘ˆ‘’…ŒŽ‰
\.{SPIDER} [‘Œ. {\sl Communications of the ACM\/ \bf32} (1989),
1051--1055].  Bode €„€’ˆŽ‚€‹ \.{CWEB} Š Ÿ‡›Š“ \CPLUSPLUS/, ’€Š —’Ž
„€‹…… Ž ’…Š‘’“ ‚‘… ‘‘›‹Šˆ € \CEE/ Ž„€‡“Œ…‚€ž’ ˆ \CPLUSPLUS/.

\section ข‚…„…ˆ….
แ“’œ ”ˆ‹Ž‘Ž”ˆˆ \.{CWEB} ‚ ’ŽŒ, —’Ž Žƒ€ŒŒˆ‘’›, †…‹€ž™ˆ… ‘€„ˆ’œ ‘‚Žž
Žƒ€ŒŒ“ €ˆ‹“—˜…‰ „ŽŠ“Œ…’€–ˆ…‰, „Ž‹†› Ž„Ž‚…Œ…Ž Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€’œ‘Ÿ
Ÿ‡›ŠŽŒ, Ž„Ž›Œ \TeX{}, „‹Ÿ Ž„ƒŽ’Ž‚Šˆ „ŽŠ“Œ…’€–ˆˆ ˆ Ÿ‡›ŠŽŒ, Ž„Ž›Œ
\CEE/, „‹Ÿ Žƒ€ŒŒˆŽ‚€ˆŸ. ญˆ ’Ž’, ˆ „“ƒŽ‰ ‘€Œ Ž ‘…… …
…„Ž‘’€‚‹Ÿ…’ ‚‘…ƒŽ …Ž•Ž„ˆŒŽƒŽ, Ž “„“—ˆ „Ž‹†›Œ Ž€‡ŽŒ Žฎ…„ˆ…›,
ŽŠ€‡›‚€ž’‘Ÿ Š“„€ Ž‹…… Ž‹…‡›Œˆ, —…Œ ŽŽ‡œ.

แ’“Š’“€ ŠŽŒœž’…Ž‰ Žƒ€ŒŒ› ŒŽ†…’ ›’œ …„‘’€‚‹…€, Š€Š ``‘…’œ''
(``web'' --- ``€“’ˆ€''), ‘Ž‘’ŽŸ™€Ÿ ˆ‡ ŒŽ†…‘’‚€ ‚‡€ˆŒŽ ‡€‚ˆ‘ˆŒ›• —€‘’…‰.
็’Ž› „ŽŠ“Œ…’ˆŽ‚€’œ
’€Š“ž Žƒ€ŒŒ“, …Ž•Ž„ˆŒŽ Žˆ‘€’œ Š€†„“ž ’€Š“ž —€‘’œ ˆ ……
‚‡€ˆŒŽŽ’Ž˜…ˆŸ ‘ „“ƒˆŒˆ. แ…„‘’‚€ Ž€Ž’Šˆ ’…Š‘’Ž‚, …„Ž‘’€‚‹Ÿ…Œ›…
\TeX{}, Ž‡‚Ž‹Ÿž’ €Œ Žˆ‘€’œ ‹ŽŠ€‹œ“ž ‘’“Š’““ Š€†„Ž‰ —€‘’ˆ Žƒ€ŒŒ›,
€ ‘…„‘’‚€ Žƒ€ŒŒˆŽ‚€ˆŸ Ÿ‡›Š€ \CEE/ --- ”ŽŒ€‹œŽ ˆ Ž„Ž‡€—Ž
‘…–ˆ”ˆ–ˆŽ‚€’œ €‹ƒŽˆ’Œ›. ฎฎ…„ˆˆ‚ ˆ•, Œ› Ž‹“—€…Œ ‘’ˆ‹œ
Žƒ€ŒŒˆŽ‚€ˆŸ, Œ€Š‘ˆŒ€‹œŽ ‘Ž‘Ž‘’‚“ž™ˆ‰ ŽˆŒ€ˆž ‘’“Š’“› ‘‹Ž†›•
Žƒ€ŒŒ, ˆ Ž„Ž‚…Œ…Ž --- •ŽŽ˜Ž „ŽŠ“Œ…’ˆŽ‚€›… Žƒ€ŒŒ›, „‹Ÿ ŠŽ’Ž›•
€‚’ŽŒ€’ˆ—…‘Šˆ Ž…‘…—ˆ‚€…’‘Ÿ ‚‡€ˆŒŽ… ‘ŽŽ’‚…’‘’‚ˆ… Žƒ€ŒŒ› ˆ „ŽŠ“Œ…’€–ˆˆ.

แˆ‘’…Œ€ \.{CWEB} ‘Ž‘’Žˆ’ ˆ‡ „‚“• Žƒ€ŒŒ, €‡‚€›• \.{CWEAVE} ˆ
\.{CTANGLE}. ฏˆ Žƒ€ŒŒˆŽ‚€ˆˆ ‚ ‘ˆ‘’…Œ… \.{CWEB} Žƒ€ŒŒ€ € Ÿ‡›Š…
\CEE/ ˆ „ŽŠ“Œ…’€–ˆŸ Š …‰ Žฎ…„ˆ…› ‚ Ž„ŽŒ ”€‰‹…, €‡›‚€…ŒŽŒ
\.{CWEB}-”€‰‹, ‘ ˆŒ……Œ ‚Ž„… \.{something.w}. ชŽŒ€„€
`\.{cweave} \.{something}' ‘Ž‡„€…’ ”€‰‹ \.{something.tex}, ŠŽ’Ž›‰ ‘
ŽŒŽ™œž \TeX{} …‚€™€…’‘Ÿ ‚ Š€‘ˆ‚Ž Ž”ŽŒ‹…“ž (``pretty printed'')
‚…‘ˆž \.{something.w},
ŠŽ’Ž€Ÿ ‘Ž‹ž„€…’ ‚‘… ’ˆŽƒ€”‘Šˆ… ‘Žƒ‹€˜…ˆŸ, ’€Šˆ… Š€Š „ˆ‡€‰
‘’€ˆ–›, ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€ˆ… Ž’‘’“Ž‚, Š“‘ˆ‚›• ˆ †ˆ›• ˜ˆ”’Ž‚,
Œ€’…Œ€’ˆ—…‘Šˆ• ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹Ž‚. คŽŽ‹ˆ’…‹œŽ €‚’ŽŒ€’ˆ—…‘Šˆ ‘’Žˆ’‘Ÿ ‘ˆ‘’…Œ€
……Š…‘’›• ‘‘›‹ŽŠ.  €‹Žƒˆ—Ž, ŠŽŒ€„€ `\.{ctangle} \.{something}'
ŽŽ†„€…’ Žƒ€ŒŒ“ € Ÿ‡›Š… \CEE/ \.{something.c}, ŠŽ’Ž€Ÿ ŒŽ†…’ ›’œ
Ž’ŠŽŒˆ‹ˆŽ‚€€ ‚ ˆ‘Ž‹ˆŒ›‰ ŠŽ„.

ฏŽŒˆŒŽ …„Ž‘’€‚‹…ˆŸ “„ŽŽƒŽ ‘…„‘’‚€ „ŽŠ“Œ…’ˆŽ‚€ˆŸ, \.{CWEB}
€‘˜ˆŸ…’ Ÿ‡›Š \CEE/ ‚Ž‡ŒŽ†Ž‘’œž Œ…Ÿ’œ Œ…‘’€Œˆ —€‘’ˆ ’…Š‘’€ Žƒ€ŒŒ›,
’€Š —’Ž Ž‹œ˜ˆ… Žƒ€ŒŒ›… ‘ˆ‘’…Œ› ŒŽƒ“’ ›’œ ‚Ž‘ˆŸ’› –…‹ˆŠŽŒ ‚
’…Œˆ€• …Ž‹œ˜ˆ• ‘…Š–ˆ‰ ˆ ˆ• ‹ŽŠ€‹œ›• ‚‡€ˆŒŽ‘‚Ÿ‡…‰. ฏŽƒ€ŒŒ€ \.{CTANGLE}
€‡‚€€ ’€Š Ž’ŽŒ“, —’Ž Ž€ €‘‘’€‚‹Ÿ…’ ‘…Š–ˆˆ web-‘’“Š’“› ‚ ŽŸ„Š…,
’…“…ŒŽŒ \CEE/; …ˆŒ“™…‘’‚ŽŒ Žƒ€ŒŒˆŽ‚€ˆŸ ‚ \.{CWEB} Ÿ‚‹Ÿ…’‘Ÿ ’Ž,
—’Ž €‹ƒŽˆ’Œ› ŒŽƒ“’ ›’œ ‚›€†…› ‚ "€‡‚…“’Ž‰" ”ŽŒ…, ‚ ŠŽ’ŽŽ‰
Š€†„€Ÿ ‘…Š–ˆŸ ŽฎŸ‘Ÿ…’‘Ÿ Ž’„…‹œŽ Ž’ „“ƒˆ•. ฏŽƒ€ŒŒ€ \.{CWEAVE}, ‚
‘ŽŽ’‚…’‘’‚ˆˆ ‘‚Ž…Œ“ €‡‚€ˆž, "‘‹…’€…’" ‘Ž„…†€™ˆ…‘Ÿ ‚ Š€†„Ž‰ ‘…Š–ˆˆ
\TeX ˆ \CEE/-—€‘’ˆ ‚ ‘’“Š’“ˆŽ‚€›‰ „ŽŠ“Œ…’. ขŽ‡ŒŽ†Ž, … ‘‹“—€‰Ž
…Œ…–ŠˆŒ Š‚ˆ‚€‹…’ŽŒ ``weave'' Ÿ‚‹Ÿ…’‘Ÿ ``{\it webe\/}'', €
‘ŽŽ’‚…’‘’‚“ž™ˆ‰ ˆŒ ‹€’ˆ‘Šˆ‰ ˆŒ…€’ˆ‚ --- ``{\it texe\/}''!

ฏŽ‹œ‡Ž‚€’…‹œ \.{CWEB} „Ž‹†… ›’œ •ŽŽ˜Ž ‡€ŠŽŒ ‘ Ÿ‡›ŠŽŒ \CEE/.
ฌˆˆŒ€‹œŽ… ‡€ŠŽŒ‘’‚Ž ‘ \TeX{} ’€Š†… †…‹€’…‹œŽ, Ž ”€Š’ˆ—…‘Šˆ ŒŽ†…’
›’œ Ž‹“—…Ž “†… ‚ Ž–…‘‘… €Ž’› ‘ \.{CWEB}, Ž‘ŠŽ‹œŠ“ Ž‘’Ž‰ ’…Š‘’
Ž„ƒŽ’€‚‹ˆ‚€…’‘Ÿ ‚ \TeX{} €Š’ˆ—…‘Šˆ …‡ Š€ŠŽƒŽ-‹ˆŽ ‡€ˆŸ …ƒŽ
Ÿ‡›Š€. โ…Œ, Š’Ž •ŽŽ˜Ž ‡€ŠŽŒ ‘ Ž…ˆŒˆ ‘ˆ‘’…Œ€Œˆ Ž’…“ž’‘Ÿ ‘Ž‚‘…Œ
…Ž‹œ˜ˆ… “‘ˆ‹ˆŸ, —’Ž› ˆ‡“—ˆ’œ ŠŽŒ€„› \.{CWEB}.

\section ฎ‡Ž.
แŽ„…†ˆŒ›Œ ”€‰‹Ž‚ \.{CWEB} ŒŽ†…’ ›’œ \TeX{}-’…Š‘’ ˆ \CEE/-’…Š‘’.
\.{CWEB}-Žƒ€ŒŒˆ‘’ „Ž‹†… —…’ŠŽ …„‘’€‚‹Ÿ’œ ‚‘… Žˆ‘•Ž„Ÿ™…… ‘ ˆŒˆ
Š€Š ‚ Ž–…‘‘… ƒ……€–ˆˆ „ŽŠ“Œ…’€–ˆˆ, ’€Š ˆ Žƒ€ŒŒ›, ’.…. ‡€’œ ‘“’œ
‚‘…• ’…• „…‰‘’‚ˆ‰, ŠŽ’Ž›… “„“’ Žˆ‡‚Ž„ˆ’œ‘Ÿ €„ \.{CWEB}-”€‰‹ŽŒ
Žƒ€ŒŒ€Œˆ \.{CWEAVE} ˆ \.{CTANGLE}. โ…Š‘’ ‚ ”ŽŒ€’… \TeX{} Ž‹Ž‘’œž
ŠŽˆ“…’‘Ÿ Žƒ€ŒŒŽ‰ \.{CWEAVE} ˆ ˆƒŽˆ“…’‘Ÿ \.{CTANGLE}, ’Ž "—ˆ‘’€Ÿ
„ŽŠ“Œ…’€–ˆŸ". แ „“ƒŽ‰ ‘’ŽŽ›, \CEE/-Žƒ€ŒŒ€ ”ŽŒ€’ˆ“…’‘Ÿ
\.{CWEAVE} ˆ …Ž€‡“…’‘Ÿ \.{CTANGLE} Ž €‚ˆ‹€Œ, ŠŽ’Ž›… “„“’ ‘’ŽƒŽ
Ž…„…‹…› Ž‡„……. ข €‘’ŽŸ™ˆ‰ ŒŽŒ…’ „Ž‘’€’Ž—Ž ŽŸ’œ, —’Ž ‘“™…‘’‚“…’
„‚… €‡Ž‚ˆ„Ž‘’ˆ ’…Š‘’€. แŽ‡„€ˆ… \.{CWEB}-Žƒ€ŒŒ› ‚ —…Œ-’Ž ‘•Ž†… ‘
Ž„ƒŽ’Ž‚ŠŽ‰ „ŽŠ“Œ…’€ \TeX{} ‘ ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€ˆ…Œ „ŽŽ‹ˆ’…‹œŽ‰
``\CEE/-ŒŽ„›'', Ž„ŽŽ‰ ˆŒ…ž™ˆŒ‘Ÿ ‚ \TeX{} ƒŽˆ‡Ž’€‹œŽ‰, ‚…’ˆŠ€‹œŽ‰
ˆ Œ€’…Œ€’ˆ—…‘ŠŽ‰ ŒŽ„€Œ.

\.{CWEB}-”€‰‹ ‘Ž„…†ˆ’ {\sl ‘…Š–ˆˆ\/}, ŠŽ’Ž›… Ž‹…… ˆ‹ˆ Œ………
‘€ŒŽ„Ž‘’€’Ž—›. ช€†„€Ÿ ‘…Š–ˆŸ ‘Ž‘’Žˆ’ ˆ‡ ’…• —€‘’…‰:

\yskip\item{$\bullet$} \TEX/-—€‘’œ, ‘Ž„…†€™€Ÿ Œ€’…ˆ€‹, €‡ฎŸ‘Ÿž™ˆ‰
‘“’œ ‘Ž„…†ˆŒŽƒŽ ‘…Š–ˆˆ.

\item{$\bullet$} ฏŽŒ…†“’Ž—€Ÿ (middle) —€‘’œ ‘Ž„…†ˆ’
Œ€ŠŽŽ…„…‹…ˆŸ, ‘‹“†€™ˆ… ‘ŽŠ€™…ˆŸŒˆ „‹Ÿ \CEE/-ŠŽ‘’“Š–ˆ‰, ŠŽ’Ž›…
…“„ŽŽ ‚›ˆ‘›‚€’œ Š€†„›‰ €‡ ‡€Ž‚Ž. ฎˆ …Ž€‡“ž’‘Ÿ \.{CTANGLE} ‚
Œ€ŠŽ‘› …Ž–…‘‘Ž€.

\item{$\bullet$} \CEE/-—€‘’œ, ‘Ž„…†€™€Ÿ —€‘’œ Žƒ€ŒŒ›, ƒ……ˆ“…ŒŽ‰
\.{CTANGLE}. ค‹ˆ€ \CEE/-—€‘’ˆ ‚ ˆ„…€‹… … „Ž‹†€ …‚›˜€’œ „ž†ˆ›
‘’Ž—…Š, —’Ž› Ž€ ‘Ž‘’€‚‹Ÿ‹€ ‡€ŠŽ—…›‰
”€ƒŒ…’ Žƒ€ŒŒ› ˆ ›‹€ ‹…ƒŠŽ ŽˆŒ€…ŒŽ‰.

\yskip\noindent โˆ —€‘’ˆ Š€†„Ž‰ ‘…Š–ˆˆ „Ž‹†› €‘Ž‹€ƒ€’œ‘Ÿ ‚ ’ŽŒ
ŽŸ„Š…, ’.…. \TeX-ŠŽŒŒ…’€ˆ‰ „Ž‹†… ‘‹…„Ž‚€’œ …‚›Œ, ‡€’…Œ
ŽŒ…†“’Ž—€Ÿ —€‘’œ ˆ, €ŠŽ…–, \CEE/-ŠŽ„. ซž€Ÿ ˆ‡ ’ˆ• —€‘’…‰ ŒŽ†…’
›’œ “‘’Ž‰.

แ…Š–ˆŸ €—ˆ€…’‘Ÿ ‹ˆŽ `\.{@\ }', ‹ˆŽ `\.{@*}', ƒ„… `\.{\ }' Ž‡€—€…’
‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹ "Ž…‹". แ…Š–ˆŸ ‡€Š€—ˆ‚€…’‘Ÿ €—€‹ŽŒ ‘‹…„“ž™…‰ ‘…Š–ˆˆ, ’.….
‘‹…„“ž™ˆŒ `\.{@\ }' ˆ‹ˆ `\.{@*}', ‹ˆŽ ŠŽ–ŽŒ ”€‰‹€. \.{CWEB}-”€‰‹ ŒŽ†…’
‘Ž„…†€’œ Žˆ‡‚Ž‹œ›‰ ’…Š‘’, €‘Ž‹€ƒ€ž™ˆ‰‘Ÿ ……„ €—€‹ŽŒ …‚Ž‰
‘…Š–ˆˆ ˆ … ‚•Ž„Ÿ™ˆ‰ ˆ ‚ Ž„“ ˆ‡ ‘…Š–ˆ‰. ฏŽ„Ž›‰ ’…Š‘’ „€‹…… “„…Œ
ˆŒ…Ž‚€’œ "…€Œ“‹Ž‰" (``in limbo''), Ž ˆƒŽˆ“…’‘Ÿ \.{CTANGLE} ˆ
Ž‹Ž‘’œž ŠŽˆ“…’‘Ÿ \.{CWEAVE}, ’€Š —’Ž …ƒŽ €‡€—…ˆ… ‘Ž‘’Žˆ’ ‚ Ž…„…‹…ˆˆ
Žˆ‡‚Ž‹œ›• ˆ‘’“Š–ˆ‰ \TeX'€. ช€Š €‚ˆ‹Ž, ’ˆ ˆ‘’“Š–ˆˆ ‡€ƒ“†€ž’
’…“…Œ›… ˜ˆ”’›, Ž…„…‹Ÿž’ Œ€ŠŽ‘›, ˆ‡Œ…Ÿž’ €‡Œ…› ‘’€ˆ–› ˆ/ˆ‹ˆ
ƒ……ˆ“ž’ ’ˆ’“‹œ›‰ ‹ˆ‘’.

แ…Š–ˆˆ “Œ…“ž’‘Ÿ Ž‘‹…„Ž‚€’…‹œŽ, €—ˆ€Ÿ ‘~1. ํ’ˆ ŽŒ…€ ŽŸ‚‹Ÿž’‘Ÿ ‚
€—€‹… Š€†„Ž‰ ‘…Š–ˆˆ ‚ \TeX-„ŽŠ“Œ…’…, Ž‹“—…ŽŒ \.{CWEAVE}, € ’€Š†… ‚
ŠŽŒŒ…’€ˆŸ•, Ž’Œ…—€ž™ˆ• €—€‹Ž ˆ ŠŽ…– Š€†„Ž‰ ‘…Š–ˆˆ ‚ \CEE/-Žƒ€ŒŒ…,
‘ƒ……ˆŽ‚€Ž‰ \.{CTANGLE}.

\section จŒ…€ ‘…Š–ˆ‰.
ช ‘—€‘’œž, …’ ˆŠ€ŠŽ‰ €„ŽŽ‘’ˆ “Œ…Ž‚€’œ ‘…Š–ˆˆ ‚“—“ž. ฏŽ‘’Ž
ŽŒ…‘’ˆ’… `\.{@\ }' ‹ˆŽ `\.{@*}' ‚ €—€‹… Š€†„Ž‰ Ž‚Ž‰ ‘…Š–ˆˆ, ˆ ˆ•
ŽŒ…€ “„“’ ‘ƒ……ˆŽ‚€› \.{CWEAVE} ˆ \.{CTANGLE} €‚’ŽŒ€’ˆ—…‘Šˆ. ฏˆ
…Ž•Ž„ˆŒŽ‘’ˆ ‘…Š–ˆˆ ŒŽ†…’ ›’œ ˆ‘‚Ž…Ž {\sl ˆŒŸ} ‚Œ…‘’Ž ŽŒ…€. จŒŸ
€—ˆ€…’‘Ÿ `\.{@<}', „€‹…… ‘‹…„“…’ Žˆ‡‚Ž‹œ›‰ ’…Š‘’ \TEX/, € ‡€’…Œ ---
`\.{@>}'. ชŽƒ„€ \.{CWEAVE} ‚›‚Ž„ˆ’ ˆŒŸ ‘…Š–ˆˆ, `\.{@<}' ˆ `\.{@>}'
‡€Œ…Ÿž’‘Ÿ “ƒ‹Ž‚›Œˆ ‘ŠŽŠ€Œˆ, ˆ „Ž€‚‹Ÿ…’‘Ÿ ŽŒ… ‘…Š–ˆˆ Ž‹…… Œ…‹ŠˆŒ
˜ˆ”’ŽŒ. ฏŽ’ŽŒ“, ŠŽƒ„€ ‚› —ˆ’€…’… ‚›‚Ž„ \.{CWEAVE}, ‹…ƒŠŽ Ž‘‹…„ˆ’œ
‚‘… ‚‡€ˆŒŽ‘‚Ÿ‡ˆ Œ…†„“ ‘…Š–ˆŸŒˆ.

ค‹Ÿ €ƒ‹Ÿ„Ž‘’ˆ ˆŒŸ ‘…Š–ˆˆ „Ž‹†Ž ›’œ •ŽŽ˜ˆŒ Žˆ‘€ˆ…Œ ‘Ž„…†ˆŒŽƒŽ
‘…Š–ˆˆ, ’.…. ŽŸ‘Ÿ’œ €‘’€Š–ˆž, …„‘’€‚‹…“ž ‘…Š–ˆ…‰. ขŽ‘‹…„‘’‚ˆ…
‘…Š–ˆŸ ŒŽ†…’ ›’œ "‚‘’Ž…€" ‚ „“ƒˆ… ‘…Š–ˆˆ ’€Š, —’Ž Œ€‹Ž‡€—ˆŒ›…
„…’€‹ˆ …… …€‹ˆ‡€–ˆˆ ŽŠ€†“’‘Ÿ ‘Š›’›Œˆ. จŒŸ ‘…Š–ˆˆ, ‘‹…„Ž‚€’…‹œŽ, „Ž‹†Ž
›’œ „Ž‘’€’Ž—Ž „‹ˆ›Œ, —’Ž› ‚›€‡ˆ’œ ˆ ’ŽŒ …… ‘“’œ.

ช ‘Ž†€‹…ˆž, “’ŽŒˆ’…‹œŽ ˆ —…‚€’Ž Ž˜ˆŠ€Œˆ ˆ‘€’œ „‹ˆŽ… ˆŒŸ ‘…Š–ˆˆ
‘Ž‚€ ˆ ‘Ž‚€. ฏŽ’ŽŒ“ \.{CTANGLE} ˆ \.{CWEAVE} Ž‡‚Ž‹Ÿž’
ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€’œ ‘ŽŠ€™…ˆŸ. ข‘ŸŠˆ‰ €‡, ŠŽƒ„€ ‚ \.{CWEB}-”€‰‹… „Ž‹†Ž
ŽŸ‚ˆ’œ‘Ÿ ˆŒŸ ‘…Š–ˆˆ, ‚› ŒŽ†…’… ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€’œ `\.{@<$\alpha$...@>}', ƒ„…
$\alpha$ --- ‹ž€Ÿ ‘’ŽŠ€, Ÿ‚‹Ÿž™€Ÿ‘Ÿ …”ˆŠ‘ŽŒ Ž‹ŽƒŽ ˆŒ…ˆ. ญ€ˆŒ…,
`\.{@<Clear the arrays@>}' ŒŽ†…’ ›’œ ‘ŽŠ€™…Ž „Ž `\.{@<Clear...@>}',
…‘‹ˆ ˆŠ€ŠŽ… „“ƒŽ… ˆŒŸ ‘…Š–ˆˆ … €—ˆ€…’‘Ÿ ‘ `\.{Clear}'.  €‹Žƒˆ—Ž
ŒŽ†Ž ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€’œ ‘ŽŠ€™…ˆ… `\.{@<Clear t...@>}' ˆ ’.„.

จŒ…€ ‘…Š–ˆ‰ ‚ Ž—ˆ• ‘‹“—€Ÿ• „Ž‹†› ‘Ž‚€„€’œ Ž‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹œŽ, ‡€
ˆ‘Š‹ž—…ˆ…Œ Ž‘‹…„Ž‚€’…‹œŽ‘’…‰ Ž…‹œ›• ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹Ž‚ (‘Ž‘’‚…Ž Ž…‹€,
‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹Ž‚ ’€“‹Ÿ–ˆˆ, ŠŽ–€ ‘’ŽŠˆ ˆ/ˆ‹ˆ ‘’€ˆ–›), ŠŽ’Ž›… ’€Š’“ž’‘Ÿ Š€Š
Ž„ˆ Ž…‹. ข €—€‹… ˆ ŠŽ–… ˆŒ…ˆ ‚‘… Ž…‹œ›… ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹› “„“’
Ž’Ž˜…›. โ€Š,  `\.{@< Clear { }the arrays @>}' “„…’ ‘ŽŽ’‚…’‘’‚Ž‚€’œ
ˆŒ…ˆ ‚ …„›„“™…Œ ˆŒ……. ฏŽ…‹œ›… ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹› Ž‘‹… ŒŽƒŽ’Ž—ˆŸ ’€Š†…
“„“’ ˆƒŽˆŽ‚€’œ‘Ÿ, Ž … ……„ ˆŒ, ’€Š —’Ž `\.{@<Clear t ...@>}' …
‘ŽŽ’‚…’‘’‚“…’ `\.{@<Clear the arrays@>}'.

\section ็’Ž „…‹€…’ \.{CTANGLE}.
ช€Š ›‹Ž ‘Š€‡€Ž ‚›˜…, ‘…Š–ˆŸ €—ˆ€…’‘Ÿ `\.{@\ }' ‹ˆŽ `\.{@*}', Ž
ˆ—…ƒŽ --- Ž ’ŽŒ, Š€Š Ž€ „…‹ˆ’‘Ÿ € \TeX-—€‘’œ, ŽŒ…†“’Ž—“ž ˆ
\CEE/-—€‘’ˆ. ฏŽŒ…†“’Ž—€Ÿ —€‘’œ €—ˆ€…’‘Ÿ ‘ …‚›Œ ŽŸ‚‹…ˆ…Œ ‚ ’…‹…
‘…Š–ˆˆ `\.{@d}' ‹ˆŽ `\.{@f}', € \CEE/-—€‘’œ €—ˆ€…’‘Ÿ …‚›Œ `\.{@c}'
ˆ‹ˆ `\.{@<section name@>=}'. ข Ž‘‹…„…Œ ‘‹“—€… ˆŒŸ ˆ‘‚€ˆ‚€…’‘Ÿ „€Ž‰
\CEE/-‘…Š–ˆˆ, …‘‹ˆ †… ‘…Š–ˆŸ €—€’€ `\.{@c}', ’Ž Ž€ “„…’ {\sl
…ˆŒ…Ž‚€Ž‰}.

ชŽ‘’“Š–ˆŸ `\.{@<section name@>}' ŒŽ†…’ ŽŸ‚ˆ’œ‘Ÿ ‚ ’…‹… \CEE/-‘…Š–ˆˆ
Žˆ‡‚Ž‹œŽ… ŠŽ‹ˆ—…‘’‚Ž €‡: Ž‘‹…„“ž™ˆ… ‘‘›‹Šˆ € ˆŒŸ Ž‡€—€ž’ …ƒŽ
"ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€ˆ…", € … "ŽฎŸ‚‹…ˆ…", ’.…. —’Ž ˆŒ…Ž‚€€Ÿ ‘…Š–ˆŸ,
Ž…„…‹…€Ÿ ƒ„…-‹ˆŽ …™…, „Ž‹†€ ›’œ ‚‘’€‚‹…€ ‚ ’Ž Œ…‘’Ž
\CEE/-Žƒ€ŒŒ›. ค…‰‘’‚ˆ’…‹œŽ, Ž‘Ž‚€Ÿ ˆ„…Ÿ \.{CTANGLE} --- ‘Ž‡„€’œ
Žƒ€ŒŒ“, Žฎ…„ˆˆ‚ …ŠŽ’ŽŽ… ŠŽ‹ˆ—…‘’‚Ž ˆŒ…Ž‚€›• ˆ …ˆŒ…Ž‚€›•
‘…Š–ˆ‰. โŽ—›… €‚ˆ‹€ ’€ŠŽƒŽ Žฎ…„ˆ…ˆŸ ’€ŠŽ‚›: ‚€—€‹… ‚‘…
Œ€ŠŽŽ…„…‹…ˆŸ, Ž’Œ…—…›… `\.{@d}' …Ž€‡“ž’‘Ÿ ‚ ˆ‘’“Š–ˆˆ
…Ž–…‘‘Ž€ ˆ ‘Žˆ€ž’‘Ÿ ‚ €—€‹… ”€‰‹€. ค€‹…… ’“„€ ŠŽˆ“ž’‘Ÿ
…ˆŒ…Ž‚€›… \CEE/-‘…Š–ˆˆ. โ€Š Ž€‡“…’‘Ÿ …‚Ž… ˆ‹ˆ†…ˆ… ’…Š‘’€
Žƒ€ŒŒ› („Ž‹†€ ‘“™…‘’‚Ž‚€’œ •Ž’Ÿ › Ž„€ …ˆŒ…Ž‚€€Ÿ ‘…Š–ˆŸ). ง€’…Œ
‚‘… ˆŒ…€ ‘…Š–ˆ‰, €‰„…›… ‚ Ž‹“—…ŽŒ ’…Š‘’…, ‡€Œ…Ÿž’‘Ÿ
\CEE/-—€‘’ŸŒˆ ‘ŽŽ’‚…’‘’‚“ž™ˆ• ‘…Š–ˆ‰ ˆ ’Ž’ Ž–…‘‘ Ž„‘’€Ž‚Šˆ
Ž„Ž‹†€…’‘Ÿ „Ž €‡…˜…ˆŸ ‚‘…• ‘‘›‹ŽŠ. ข‘… ŠŽŒŒ…’€ˆˆ “„€‹Ÿž’‘Ÿ,
Ž‘ŠŽ‹œŠ“ Ž‹“—…€Ÿ Žƒ€ŒŒ€ € \CEE/ … …„€‡€—€…’‘Ÿ „‹Ÿ —’…ˆŸ
—…‹Ž‚…ŠŽŒ.

ฅ‘‹ˆ Ž„Ž ˆ ’Ž †… ˆŒŸ ›‹Ž „€Ž Ž‹…… —…Œ Ž„Ž‰ ‘…Š–ˆˆ, \CEE/-”€ƒŒ…’
Ž‹“—€…’‘Ÿ Žฎ…„ˆ…ˆ…Œ \CEE/-—€‘’…‰ ‚‘…• ’€Šˆ• ‘…Š–ˆ‰. ํ’Ž ŽŠ€‡›‚€…’‘Ÿ
Ž‹…‡›Œ, €ˆŒ…, …‘‹ˆ ˆŒ……’‘Ÿ ‘…Š–ˆŸ ‘ ˆŒ……Œ `Global variables', ‚
ŠŽ’ŽŽ‰ “„“’ ‘Ž€› ‚‘… ƒ‹Ž€‹œ›… ……Œ…›…, ƒ„… › Žˆ ˆ ›‹ˆ
ŽฎŸ‚‹…›.
ชŽƒ„€ …‘ŠŽ‹œŠŽ ‘…Š–ˆ‰ ˆŒ…ž’ Ž„ˆ€ŠŽ‚Ž… ˆŒŸ, \.{CWEAVE} Ž‹€ƒ€…’ ŽŒ…
…‚Ž‰ ˆ‡ ˆ• ŽŒ…ŽŒ, ‘ŽŽ’‚…’‘’‚“ž™ˆŒ ’ŽŒ“ ˆŒ…ˆ, ˆ Ž€ ‚‘’€‚‹Ÿ…’ ‚
ŠŽ…– ‘…Š–ˆˆ ‘‘›‹Š“: `See also sections~\dots' ("แŒ. ’€Š†…
‘…Š–ˆˆ~\dots"),  ‚ ŠŽ’ŽŽ‰
……—ˆ‘‹…› ŽŒ…€ ‚‘…• Ž‘’€‹œ›• ‘…Š–ˆ‰, ˆŒ…ž™ˆ• ’Ž †… ˆŒŸ.
แŽŽ’‚…’‘’‚“ž™ˆ‰ \CEE/-’…Š‘’ ”ŽŒ€’ˆ“…’‘Ÿ \.{CWEAVE} ’€Š, —’Ž ‚Œ…‘’Ž
‡€Š€ €‚…‘’‚€ ‚ ‚›•Ž„ŽŒ „ŽŠ“Œ…’… ˆ‘“’‘’‚“…’ ‡€Š Š‚ˆ‚€‹…’Ž‘’ˆ,
’.…. `$\langle\,$section name$\,\rangle\equiv\null$\CEE/ text'.
ฏˆ ’ŽŒ ‚ Ž‘‹…„“ž™ˆ• ‘…Š–ˆŸ• ‘ ’ˆŒ ˆŒ……Œ ‡€Š  `$\equiv$' ‡€Œ…Ÿ…’‘Ÿ
€ `$\mathrel+\equiv$', “Š€‡›‚€ž™ˆŒ € ’Ž, —’Ž \CEE/-”€ƒŒ…’ ’Ž‰ ‘…Š–ˆˆ
“„…’ „Ž€‚‹… Š ”€ƒŒ…’“ „“ƒŽ‰ ‘…Š–ˆˆ.

ชŽƒ„€ \.{CTANGLE} €—ˆ€…’ ˆ ŽŠ€—ˆ‚€…’ Ž€Ž’Š“ ‘…Š–ˆˆ, Ž€ ‚‘’€‚‹Ÿ…’
‚ ‚›•Ž„Ž‰ ”€‰‹ „ˆ…Š’ˆ‚› …Ž–…‘‘Ž€ \.{\#line}, ’€Š —’Ž ŽŒ…€ ‘’ŽŠ
‚ ‘ŽŽ™…ˆŸ• Ž Ž˜ˆŠ€• ˆ ˆ Ž’‹€„Š… Žƒ€ŒŒ› “„“’ ‘‘›‹€’œ‘Ÿ €
ˆ‘•Ž„›‰ \.{CWEB}-”€‰‹. ก‹€ƒŽ„€Ÿ ’ŽŒ“, ‚ Ž‹œ˜ˆ‘’‚… ‘‹“—€…‚ Ž
Ž‹“—€…ŒŽŒ \CEE/-”€‰‹… ŒŽ†Ž Ž‘’Ž ‡€›’œ.

\section ็’Ž „…‹€…’ \.{CWEAVE}. ฎ™€Ÿ ˆ„…Ÿ \.{CWEAVE} --- ‘Ž‡„€’œ ˆ‡
”€‰‹€ \.{CWEB} ”€‰‹ \.{.tex} ’€ŠˆŒ Ž€‡ŽŒ: …‚€Ÿ ‘’ŽŠ€ Ž‹“—€…ŒŽƒŽ
”€‰‹€ \.{.tex} “Š€‡›‚€…’ \TeX'“ ‡€ƒ“‡ˆ’œ ”€‰‹ Œ€ŠŽŽ…„…‹…ˆ‰,
Žˆ‘›‚€ž™ˆ• ”ŽŒ€’ \.{CWEB}-„ŽŠ“Œ…’Ž‚. ค€‹…… ‚ \.{tex}-”€‰‹ ŠŽˆ“…’‘Ÿ
’…Š‘’ …€Œ“‹›, €‘Ž‹Ž†…›‰ ……„ …‚Ž‰ ‘…Š–ˆ…‰. ง€’…Œ ‘‹…„“…’ Ž
Ž—……„ˆ ‚›‚Ž„ Š€†„Ž‰ ‘…Š–ˆˆ, ‚Ž‡ŒŽ†Ž ‚……Œ…˜Š“ ‘ ŠŽŒ€„€Œˆ ŽŠŽ—€ˆŸ
‘’€ˆ–›. ญ€ŠŽ…–, \.{CWEAVE} ƒ……ˆ“…’ ‘ˆ‘’…Œ“ ……Š…‘’›• ‘‘›‹ŽŠ: „‹Ÿ
Š€†„ŽƒŽ \CEE/-ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž€ “Š€‡›‚€ž’‘Ÿ ŽŒ…€ ‚‘…• ‘…Š–ˆ‰, ‚ ŠŽ’Ž›•
Ž ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡“…’‘Ÿ, € ’€Š†… ‘’Žˆ’‘Ÿ €‹”€‚ˆ’›‰ ‘ˆ‘ŽŠ ‚‘…• ˆŒ… ‘…Š–ˆ‰, €
’€Š†… Žƒ‹€‚‹…ˆ…, ‘Ž„…†€™…… ŽŒ…€ ‘’€ˆ– ˆ ‘…Š–ˆ‰ „‹Ÿ ‚‘…•
``‡€ƒ‹€‚›•'' ‘…Š–ˆ‰.

ข› ‘Ž‘ˆ’…,  —’Ž ’€ŠŽ… ``‡€ƒ‹€‚€Ÿ'' ‘…Š–ˆŸ (``starred-section'')?
แ…Š–ˆˆ, ŠŽ’Ž›… €—ˆ€ž’‘Ÿ
`\.{@*}' ‚Œ…‘’Ž `\.{@\ }' ŽŽ‡€—€ž’ €—€‹Ž Ž‚Ž‰ ƒ“› ‘…Š–ˆ‰.  ฏŽ‘‹…
`\.{@*}' “Š€‡›‚€…’‘Ÿ ˆŒŸ ƒ“›, ŽŠ€—ˆ‚€ž™……‘Ÿ ’Ž—ŠŽ‰. โ€Šˆ… ƒ“› ‚
„ŽŠ“Œ…’… \TEX/ ‚‘…ƒ„€ €—ˆ€ž’ Ž‚“ž ‘’€ˆ–“, ˆ ˆ• ˆŒŸ ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡“…’‘Ÿ ‚
ŠŽ‹Ž’ˆ’“‹… ‚‘…• Ž‘‹…„“ž™ˆ• ‘’€ˆ– „Ž ŽŸ‚‹…ˆŸ Ž—……„Ž‰
‡€ƒ‹€‚Ž‰ ‘…Š–ˆˆ. จŒŸ ƒ“› ’€Š†… ‡€Ž‘ˆ’‘Ÿ ‚ Žƒ‹€‚‹…ˆ… ˆ …—€’€…’‘Ÿ ‚
€—€‹… ‘…Š–ˆˆ †ˆ›Œ ˜ˆ”’ŽŒ. ฏ…„Ž‘’……†…ˆ…: … ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡“‰’… ‚ ’€Šˆ•
ˆŒ…€• “€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ• …„‹Ž†…ˆ‰ \TeX'€, …‘‹ˆ ‚› … “‚……›, —’Ž
Œ€ŠŽŽ…„…‹…ˆŸ ˆ‡ \.{cwebmac} … ŠŽ”‹ˆŠ’“ž’ ‘ ˆŒˆ. ฏˆ—ˆŽ‰ ’ŽŒ“
‘‹“†ˆ’ ’Ž, —’Ž ˆŒŸ ƒ“› “„…’ …Ž€‡Ž‚€Ž ‚ ‚…•ˆ‰ …ƒˆ‘’, ŠŽƒ„€
ŽŽ ŽŸ‚‹Ÿ…’‘Ÿ ‚ ŠŽ‹Ž’ˆ’“‹…, € ’€Š†… “„…’ ‚›‚…„…Ž †ˆ›Œ ˜ˆ”’ŽŒ ‚
€—€‹… ‘…Š–ˆˆ ˆ ‡€ˆ‘€Ž ‚Ž ‚…Œ…›‰ ”€‰‹-Žƒ‹€‚‹…ˆ…, ’€Š —’Ž
ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡“…Œ›… ŠŽŒ€„› „Ž‹†› €Ž’€’œ €‚ˆ‹œŽ ‚Ž ‚‘…• ’ˆ• …†ˆŒ€•.

\TeX-”€‰‹, Ž‹“—…›‰ ‘ ŽŒŽ™œž \.{CWEAVE}, „‹Ÿ Š€†„Ž‰ ‘…Š–ˆˆ ‘Ž„…†ˆ’
‘‹…„“ž™……: ‚Ž-…‚›•, ŽŒ… ‘…Š–ˆˆ (’.…. `\.{\\M123.}' ‚ €—€‹… ‘…Š–ˆˆ
ŽŒ… 123, ‡€ ˆ‘Š‹ž—…ˆ…Œ ‡€ƒ‹€‚›• ‘…Š–ˆ‰, ‚ €—€‹… ŠŽ’Ž›• ‚Œ…‘’Ž
`\.{\\M}' ‘‹…„“…’ `\.{\\N}'). ค€‹…… ‘‹…„“…’ \TeX-—€‘’œ ‘…Š–ˆˆ,
‘ŠŽˆŽ‚€€Ÿ Ž—’ˆ „Ž‘‹Ž‚Ž, Š€Š Žˆ‘€Ž ˆ†…. ข‘‹…„ ‡€ ’ˆŒ ˆ„“’
ŽŒ…†“’Ž—€Ÿ ˆ \CEE/-—€‘’ˆ ‘…Š–ˆˆ, €‡„…‹…›… …Ž‹œ˜ˆŒ ŽŒ…†“’ŠŽŒ,
…‘‹ˆ Žˆ Ž… …“‘’›…. ํ’ˆ „‚… —€‘’ˆ Ž‹“—…› ‚‘’€‚ŠŽ‰ ŒŽ†…‘’‚€
‡€’…‰‹ˆ‚›• \TeX-Œ€ŠŽ‘Ž‚ ‚ \CEE/-Žƒ€ŒŒ“. ํ’ˆ Œ€ŠŽ‘› “€‚‹Ÿž’
’ˆŽƒ€”‘ŠˆŒˆ Ž„ŽŽ‘’ŸŒˆ, ’€ŠˆŒˆ, Š€Š ˜ˆ”’›, €‚ˆ‹œ€Ÿ
€‘‘’€Ž‚Š€ Ž…‹Ž‚ ‚ Œ€’…Œ€’ˆ—…‘Šˆ• ”ŽŒ“‹€•, €‡ˆ…ˆ… € ‘’ŽŠˆ ˆ
Ž’‘’“›.

\section \CEE/-ŠŽ„ ‚ ’…Š‘’… \TeX'€ ˆ €ŽŽŽ’.
ชŽƒ„€ ‚› €ˆ€…’… \TeX-’…Š‘’, ‚Ž‡ŒŽ†Ž, —’Ž ‚€Œ Ž€„Žˆ’‘Ÿ
‘Ž‘‹€’œ‘Ÿ € ……Œ…›… ˆ „“ƒˆ… Žฎ…Š’› \CEE/-Žƒ€ŒŒ›, ˆ—…Œ
†…‹€’…‹œŽ, —’Ž› ˆ• Ž”ŽŒ‹…ˆ… ‘ŽŽ’‚…’‘’‚Ž‚€‹Ž ’ŽŒ“, —’Ž ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡“…’‘Ÿ ‚
Žƒ€ŒŒ…. ค‹Ÿ ’ŽƒŽ \.{CWEB} …„“‘Œ€’ˆ‚€…’ ‚Ž‡ŒŽ†Ž‘’œ €‡Œ…‘’ˆ’œ ‚
’…‹… \TeX-’…Š‘’€ ŠŽ‘’“Š–ˆˆ Ÿ‡›Š€ \CEE/, Žƒ€ˆ—ˆ‚ ˆ• ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹€Œˆ `\.|'.
ญ€ˆŒ…, “‘’œ Œ› •Ž’ˆŒ €ˆ‘€’œ —’Ž-’Ž ‚Ž„…
$$\hbox{ If \\{pa} is declared as `\&{int} ${}{*}\\{pa}$',
the assignment $\\{pa}\K{\AND}\|a[\T{0}]$ makes \\{pa}
point to the zeroth element of \|a.}$$
โ…Š‘’ € Ÿ‡›Š… \TeX\ ‚  \.{CWEB}-”€‰‹… “„…’ ’€ŠˆŒ:
$$\lpile{\.{If |pa| is declared as `|int *pa|', the}\cr
\.{assignment |pa=\&a[0]| makes |pa| point
to the zeroth element of |a|.}\cr}$$
จ €ŠŽ…–, \.{CWEAVE} …Ž€‡“…’ …ƒŽ ‚ …—’Ž ’€ŠŽ…, —’Ž ˆŠŽŒ“ …
‡€•Ž’…‹Ž‘œ › ‚‚Ž„ˆ’œ ‚“—“ž:
$$\lpile{\.{If \\\\\{pa\} is declared as
  `\\\&\{int\} \$\{\}\{*\}\\\\\{pa\}\$',}\cr
\.{the assignment \$\\\\\{pa\}\\K\{\\AND\}\\|a[\\T\{0\}]\$}\cr
\.{makes \\\\\{pa\} point to the zeroth element of \\|a.}\cr}$$
ฎ’Œ…’ˆŒ, —’Ž ’€‹ˆ–€ ……Š…‘’›• ‘‘›‹ŽŠ, ‘Ž‡„€€Ÿ \.{CWEAVE}, „‹Ÿ
Ž„ŽŽƒŽ ŠŽŒŒ…’€ˆŸ “„…’ ‚Š‹ž—€’œ
ŽŒ… ’…Š“™…‰ ‘…Š–ˆˆ ‚ ‘ˆ‘Š… ‘‘›‹ŽŠ € \\{pa}
…‘ŒŽ’Ÿ € ’Ž, —’Ž \\{pa} ŒŽ†…’ ˆ … ŽŸ‚ˆ’œ‘Ÿ ‚ \CEE/-—€‘’ˆ ’Ž‰
‘…Š–ˆˆ. ค…‰‘’‚ˆ’…‹œŽ, ˆ„…Š‘ ‚Š‹ž—€…’ ‘‘›‹Šˆ € ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž› ‚
ŽŸ‘Ÿž™ˆ• ŠŽŒŒ…’€ˆŸ• ’€Š †…, Š€Š ˆ ‚ ‘€ŒŽ‰ Žƒ€ŒŒ…; —’Ž› Ž–…ˆ’œ
’“ ‚Ž‡ŒŽ†Ž‘’œ … Ž’…“…’‘Ÿ ŒŽƒŽ ‚…Œ…ˆ.
ข ’Ž †… ‚…ŒŸ, ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž›
\&{int} ˆ \|a\ ‚ ˆ„…Š‘ … Ž€„“’,
Ž’ŽŒ“ —’Ž \.{CWEAVE} … ŽŒ…™€…’ ‚ ˆ„…Š‘ ‡€…‡…‚ˆŽ‚€›… ‘‹Ž‚€ ˆ
Ž„Ž“Š‚…›… ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž›. โ€Šˆ… ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž› Ž‹€ƒ€ž’‘Ÿ ‘’Ž‹œ
‚…‡„…‘“™ˆŒˆ, —’Ž …’ ‘Œ›‘‹€ ……—ˆ‘‹Ÿ’œ ‚‘… Œ…‘’€, ƒ„… Žˆ ‚‘’…—€ž’‘Ÿ.

ญ…‘ŒŽ’Ÿ € ’Ž, —’Ž ‘…Š–ˆŸ €—ˆ€…’‘Ÿ \TEX/-—€‘’œž ˆ ‡€Š€—ˆ‚€…’‘Ÿ
\CEE/-—€‘’œž, ƒ€ˆ–€ Œ…†„“ ˆŒˆ ’Ž—Ž … Ž…„…‹…€, Ž‘ŠŽ‹œŠ“
\CEE/-ŠŽ„ ŒŽ†…’ ›’œ ‚Š‹ž—… ‚ ’…Š‘’ \TEX/, …‘‹ˆ Ž Žƒ€ˆ—… `\pb'.
 €‹Žƒˆ—Ž, ’…Š‘’ \TEX/ ‡€—€‘’“ž ŽŸ‚‹Ÿ…’‘Ÿ ‚“’ˆ \CEE/-ŠŽ„€, Ž‘ŠŽ‹œŠ“
‚‘…, —’Ž ‘—ˆ’€…’‘Ÿ ŠŽŒŒ…’€ˆ…Œ (’.…. ‚‘… ‚“’ˆ \.{/*} ˆ \.{*/}, ‹ˆŽ Ž‘‹…
\.{//}) ˆ’……’ˆ“…’‘Ÿ Š€Š ’…Š‘’ \TEX/. โŽ—Ž ’€Š †… ˆŒŸ ‘…Š–ˆˆ
‘Ž„…†ˆ’ ’…Š‘’ \TEX/, Ž ŠŽ‘’“Š–ˆŸ \.{@<ˆŒŸ ‘…Š–ˆˆ@>} –…‹ˆŠŽŒ ŒŽ†…’
ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€’œ‘Ÿ ‚ \CEE/-ŠŽ„…; ‘‹…„Ž‚€’…‹œŽ, ……•Ž„ Œ…†„“ …†ˆŒ€Œˆ \CEE/
ˆ~\TEX/ Ž‘“™…‘’‚‹Ÿ…’‘Ÿ …‘’…‘’‚…Ž, Š€Š ‚ ’ˆ• ˆŒ…€•:
$$
\displaylines{
\hbox{\.{if} \.{(x==0)} \.{@<Empty} \.{the} \.{|buffer|} \.{array@>}} \cr
\hbox{\.{...} \.{using}  \.{the} \.{algorithm}
\.{in} \.{|@<Empty} \.{the} \.{|buffer|} \.{array@>|.}} }
$$
ฏ…‚›‰ ˆ‡ ˆ• ŒŽ†…’ ›’œ €‰„… ‚ \CEE/-—€‘’ˆ ‘…Š–ˆˆ, ‚ ŠŽ’Ž“ž “„…’
‚‘’€‚‹… ŠŽ„ ˆ‡ ‘…Š–ˆˆ, €‡‚€Ž‰ ``Empty the \\{buffer} array''. ข’ŽŽ‰
ˆŒ… ˆ‡ \TEX/-—€‘’ˆ ‘…Š–ˆˆ, ŠŽ’Ž€Ÿ ‹ˆ˜œ ‘‘›‹€…’‘Ÿ € „“ƒ“ž ‘…Š–ˆž,
Ž … Ž…„…‹Ÿ…’ ˆ … ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡“…’ ……. (ฎ€’ˆ’… ‚ˆŒ€ˆ… € `\pb' ‚ŽŠ“ƒ
ˆŒ…ˆ ‘…Š–ˆˆ ‚ ’ŽŒ ‘‹“—€….)

\section ฌ€ŠŽŽ…„…‹…ˆŸ.
ใ€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ‰ ŠŽ„ \.{@d}, ‡€ ŠŽ’Ž›Œ ‘‹…„“…’
$$\\{identifier}\.{ }\hbox{\CEE/-ŠŽ„}\qquad\hbox{‹ˆŽ}\qquad
\\{identifier}\.(\\{par}_1,\ldots,\\{par}_n\.{) }\hbox{\CEE/-ŠŽ„}$$
(\\{identifier} ˆ ‘ŠŽŠ€ ‚Ž ‚’ŽŽŒ ‘‹“—€… … „Ž‹†› €‡„…‹Ÿ’œ‘Ÿ
Ž…‹€Œˆ) …Ž€‡“…’‘Ÿ \.{CTANGLE} ‚ „ˆ…Š’ˆ‚“ …Ž–…‘‘Ž€
\.{\#define}, ŠŽ’Ž›… €‘Ž‹€ƒ€ž’‘Ÿ ‚ €—€‹… ƒ……ˆ“…ŒŽ‰
\CEE/-Žƒ€ŒŒ›, Š€Š Žˆ‘€Ž €…….

ฌ€ŠŽŽ…„…‹…ˆ… `\.{@d}' ŒŽ†…’ ›’œ €‡ˆ’Ž € …‘ŠŽ‹œŠŽ ‘’ŽŠ, ˆ—…Œ
… “†Ž ‘’€‚ˆ’œ ‚ ŠŽ–… ‘’ŽŠˆ `\.{\\}' --- ˆ• €‚’ŽŒ€’ˆ—…‘Šˆ
‚‘’€‚ˆ’ \.{CTANGLE}. ฅ‘‹ˆ Ž Š€ŠŽ‰-’Ž ˆ—ˆ… Ž’…“…’‘Ÿ „ˆ…Š’ˆ‚€
\.{\#define} ‚ ŠŽŠ…’Ž‰ ’Ž—Š… \CEE/-”€‰‹€, ŒŽ†Ž ‡€„€’œ …… ‚
\CEE/-ŠŽ„…, € … ‘ ŽŒŽ™œž \.{CWEB}, Ž ‚ ’ŽŒ ‘‹“—€… ˆ„…’‘Ÿ
Œ€‘ŠˆŽ‚€’œ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹› ……‚Ž„€ ‘’ŽŠˆ ‘€ŒŽ‘’ŽŸ’…‹œŽ.

\section แ’ŽŠˆ ˆ ŠŽ‘’€’›.
ฅ‘‹ˆ ‚€Œ “†€ ‚ \CEE/-ŠŽ„… ‘’ŽŠŽ‚€Ÿ ŠŽ‘’€’€, Žƒ€ˆ—…€Ÿ \.' ˆ‹ˆ
\.", …… ŒŽ†Ž ‡€„€’œ Š€Š Ž›—Ž, ‡€ ˆ‘Š‹ž—…ˆ…Œ ’ŽƒŽ, —’Ž ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹ `\.@'
„Ž‹†… ›’œ …„‘’€‚‹… `\.{@@}' (’Ž …„ˆ‘’‚…›‰ “€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ‰ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹,
ŠŽ’Ž›‰ ŒŽ†…’ ŽŸ‚‹Ÿ’œ‘Ÿ ‚“’ˆ ‘’ŽŠˆ, ‘Œ. „€‹……). แ’ŽŠŽ‚›… ŠŽ‘’€’› …
„Ž‹†› ‘Ž„…†€’œ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹Ž‚ ……‚Ž„€ ‘’ŽŠˆ, …‘‹ˆ Žˆ …
‡€Œ€‘ŠˆŽ‚€›~`\.{\\}'.

\TEX/ ˆ \CEE/ …„‹€ƒ€ž’ €‡‹ˆ—›… ‘Ž‘Ž› ‡€„€ˆŸ ‚Ž‘œŒ…ˆ—›• ˆ
˜…‘’€„–€’ˆˆ—›• ŠŽ‘’€’, Ž‘ŠŽ‹œŠ“ \TEX/ Žˆ…’ˆŽ‚€ € Ž„ƒŽ’Ž‚Š“
’…Š‘’€ —…‹Ž‚…ŠŽŒ, € \CEE/ --- € Œ€˜ˆ“ž Ž€Ž’Š“. ข \TEX/ ŠŽ‘’€’€
ŽฎŸ‚‹Ÿ…’‘Ÿ ‚Ž‘œŒ…ˆ—Ž‰ ˆ‹ˆ ˜…‘’€„–€’ˆˆ—Ž‰ ‘ ŽŒŽ™œž …”ˆŠ‘€ \.'
‹ˆŽ~\." ‘ŽŽ’‚…’‘’‚…Ž; ‚ \CEE/ …”ˆŠ‘› ˆŒ…ž’ ‚ˆ„ \.0 ˆ \.{0x}.
ข~\.{CWEB} €‡…˜…Ž ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€’œ Ž€ ‘Žƒ‹€˜…ˆŸ ’€Œ, ƒ„… Žˆ ˆŸ’›: ‚
\CEE/-ŠŽ„… —’Ž› Ž‹“—ˆ’œ $40_8$ ‡€„€…’‘Ÿ `\.{040}' ˆ \.{CTANGLE} …‡
ˆ‡Œ……ˆ‰ ŠŽˆ“…’ ’Ž ‚ \CEE/-”€‰‹ Š “„Ž‚Ž‹œ‘’‚ˆž ŠŽŒˆ‹Ÿ’Ž€, € \.{CWEAVE}
…—€’€…’ Š€Š $\T{\~40}$.  €‹Žƒˆ—Ž, \.{CWEAVE} …—€’€…’ ˜…‘’€„–€’ˆˆ—“ž
\CEE/-ŠŽ‘’€’“  `\.{0x20}' Š€Š \T{\^20}. จ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€ˆ… Š“‘ˆ‚€ „‹Ÿ
‚Ž‘œŒ…ˆ—›• –ˆ” ˆ ˜ˆ”’€ ˆ˜“™…‰ Œ€˜ˆŠˆ „‹Ÿ ˜…‘’€„–€’ˆˆ—›• “‹“—˜€…’
‚Ž‘ˆŸ’ˆ… ’ˆ• ŠŽ‘’€’ ‚ „ŽŠ“Œ…’….  ค‹Ÿ ‘Ž•€…ˆŸ Ž™Ž‘’ˆ ŒŽ†Ž
ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€’œ `\.{|040|}' ˆ~`\.{|0x20|}' ‚ \TEX/-—€‘’ˆ ‘…Š–ˆˆ.

\section ใ€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ… ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹›.
{\sl ใ€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ‰ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹ (control code)\/} \.{CWEB} --- ’Ž ŠŽŒˆ€–ˆŸ
„‚“• ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹Ž‚, ˆ‡ ŠŽ’Ž›• …‚›‰ `\.@'. ฌ› “†… Ž‡€ŠŽŒˆ‹ˆ‘œ ‘
€‡€—…ˆ…Œ …ŠŽ’Ž›• ˆ‡ ˆ•, € ’……œ ˆ‡‹Ž†ˆŒ ’Ž Ž‹…… ’Ž—Ž.

ข ˆ†…‘‹…„“ž™…Œ ‘ˆ‘Š… “Š‚› ‚ Š‚€„€’›• ‘ŠŽŠ€• “Š€‡›‚€ž’ ŠŽ’…Š‘’, ‚
ŠŽ’ŽŽŒ Š€†„›‰ “€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ‰ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹ ˆŒ……’ ‘Œ›‘‹. $L$ Ž‡€—€…’, —’Ž ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹
„Ž“‘’ˆŒ ‚ …€Œ“‹…, $T$ (\TEX/), $M$ (middle) ˆ $C$ --- ‚ Š€†„Ž‰ ˆ‡
’…• —€‘’…‰ ‘…Š–ˆˆ € ‚…•…Œ “Ž‚… (’.…. ‚Ž‚… ŠŽ‘’“Š–ˆˆ `\pb' ˆ
ˆŒ… ‘…Š–ˆ‰). แ’…‹Š€ $\to$ ŽŽ‡€—€…’, —’Ž “€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ‰ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹ ‡€‚…˜€…’
’…Š“™“ž —€‘’œ \.{CWEB}-”€‰‹€ ˆ €—ˆ€…’ ‘‹…„“ž™“ž —€‘’œ, “Š€‡€“ž
“Š‚Ž‰ Ž‘‹… ‘’…‹Šˆ. ญ€ˆŒ…, $[LTMC\to T]$ Ž‘‹… \.{@\ } ‡€—ˆ’, —’Ž
“€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ‰ ŠŽ„ ŒŽ†…’ ŽŸ‚ˆ’œ‘Ÿ ‚ …€Œ“‹… ‹ˆŽ ‚ ‹žŽ‰ ˆ‡ ’…• —€‘’…‰
‘…Š–ˆˆ, ˆ —’Ž Ž €—ˆ€…’ \TEX/-—€‘’œ (‚Ž‡ŒŽ†Ž “‘’“ž) ’…Š“™…‰ ‘…Š–ˆˆ.

ฅ™… „‚€ ‘ŽŠ€™…ˆŸ ŒŽƒ“’ ›’œ “Š€‡€› ‚ ’ˆ• Š‚€„€’›• ‘ŠŽŠ€•:
ก“Š‚€~$r$ Ž‡€—€…’ {\it Žƒ€ˆ—…›‰ ŠŽ’…Š‘’ (restricted context)}, ’Ž
…‘’œ, ‘Ž„…†ˆŒŽ… \CEE/-ŠŽŒŒ…’€ˆ…‚, ˆŒ… ‘…Š–ˆ‰, \CEE/-‘’ŽŠ ˆ
“€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ• ’…Š‘’Ž‚ (Ž…„…‹…› „€‹……). ก“Š‚€ $c$ --- ’Ž
{\it ‚“’…ˆ‰ \CEE/-ŠŽ’…Š‘’ (inner \CEE/ context)} ˆ‹ˆ \CEE/-ŠŽ„
‚“’ˆ`\pb' (‚Š‹ž—€Ÿ ŠŽŒŒ…’€ˆˆ ‚“’ˆ `\pb', Ž … ‚ „“ƒˆ•
Žƒ€ˆ—…›• ŠŽ’…Š‘’€•). ง‚…‡„Ž—Š€ $*$ Ž‘‹… ‘ŠŽŽŠ “Š€‡›‚€…’, —’Ž
’ˆŒ “€‚‹Ÿž™ˆŒ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹ŽŒ €—ˆ€…’‘Ÿ Žƒ€ˆ—…›‰ ŠŽ’…Š‘’, ŠŽ’Ž›‰
‡€‚…˜€…’‘Ÿ €Ž‰ \.{@>}

ก“Š‚› ‚ “€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ• ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹€• … €‡‹ˆ—€ž’‘Ÿ Ž …ƒˆ‘’“. โ€Š, \.{@d}
Ž‡€—€…’ ’Ž †… ‘€ŒŽ…, —’Ž ˆ \.{@D}. ค€‹…… €‘‘ŒŽ’…› ’Ž‹œŠŽ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹› ‘
“Š‚€Œˆ ˆ†…ƒŽ …ƒˆ‘’€.

\gdef\@#1[#2] {\penalty-50\yskip\hangindent 2em\noindent\.{@#1\unskip
  \spacefactor1000{ }}$[#2]$\quad}
\def\more{\hangindent 2em \hangafter0}
\def\subsec{\penalty-300\medskip\noindent}

\@@ [LTMCrc] ฏ€€ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹Ž‚ \.@ …„‘’€‚‹Ÿ…’ ‘€Œ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹ `\.@'. ํ’Ž
…„ˆ‘’‚…›‰ “€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ‰ ŠŽ„, ŠŽ’Ž›‰ „…‰‘’‚“…’ Ž‚‘ž„“. ง€Œ…’ˆŒ, —’Ž
‚€Œ ˆ„…’‘Ÿ ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€’œ ’Ž ‘Žƒ‹€˜…ˆ…, …‘‹ˆ ‚› “Š€‡›‚€…’… email-€„…‘
‚ \.{CWEB}-”€‰‹… (€ˆŒ…, \.{levy@@geom.umn.edu}).

\subsec
แ‹…„“ž™ˆ… ŠŽ„› …„‘’€‚‹Ÿž’ \TEX/-—€‘’œ ‘…Š–ˆˆ.

\@\ [LTMC\to T] ฎ‡€—€…’ €—€‹Ž Ž‚Ž‰ (… ‡€ƒ‹€‚Ž‰) ‘…Š–ˆˆ. แˆŒ‚Ž‹
’€“‹Ÿ–ˆˆ, ŽƒŽ€ ‘’€ˆ–› ˆ‹ˆ ŠŽ–€ ‘’ŽŠˆ, ‘‹…„“ž™ˆ… ‡€ ‡€ŠŽŒ \.@,
Š‚ˆ‚€‹…’› Ž…‹“ (Š€Š ˆ ‚ Ž‹œ˜ˆ‘’‚… „“ƒˆ• ‘‹“—€…‚).

\@* [LTMC\to T] ฎ’Œ…—€…’ €—€‹Ž Ž‚Ž‰ ‡€ƒ‹€‚Ž‰ ‘…Š–ˆˆ, ’.…. ‘…Š–ˆˆ,
€—ˆ€ž™…‰ Ž‚“ž ƒ““. ญ€‡‚€ˆ… ’Ž‰ ƒ“› „Ž‹†Ž ‘‹…„Ž‚€’œ ‡€ \.{@*}
ˆ ‡€‚…˜€’œ‘Ÿ ’Ž—ŠŽ‰. ช€Š “Š€‡€Ž ‚›˜…, ‚ …Œ … „Ž‹†› ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€’œ‘Ÿ
“€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ… Ž‘‹…„Ž‚€’…‹œŽ‘’ˆ \TEX/'€, ŠŽŒ… „Ž‘’€’Ž—Ž Ž‘’›•.
ชŽƒ„€ \.{CWEAVE} ˆ \.{CTANGLE} ‘—ˆ’›‚€ž’ \.{@*}, Žˆ ‚›‚Ž„Ÿ’ € ’…Œˆ€‹
‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹ `*' ˆ ŽŒ… ’…Š“™…‰ ‘…Š–ˆˆ, ’€Š —’Ž Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€’…‹œ ŒŽ†…’ ‚ˆ‡“€‹œŽ
‘‹…„ˆ’œ ‡€ Ž„‚ˆ†…ˆ…Œ €Ž’›.
แ€Œ€Ÿ …‚€Ÿ ‘…Š–ˆŸ †…‹€’…‹œŽ „Ž‹†€ ›’œ ‡€ƒ‹€‚Ž‰.

\more ข› ŒŽ†…’… “Š€‡€’œ ``ƒ‹“ˆ“'' ‡€ƒ‹€‚Ž‰ ‘…Š–ˆˆ, ‚‚Ž„Ÿ \.* ‹ˆŽ
„…‘Ÿ’ˆˆ—Ž… —ˆ‘‹Ž Ž‘‹… \.{@*}, Ž’Œ…—€Ÿ ’ˆŒ Ž’Ž‘ˆ’…‹œŽ… €‘Ž‹Ž†…ˆ…
’…Š“™…‰ ƒ“› ‘…Š–ˆ‰ ‚ ˆ…€•ˆˆ Žƒ€ŒŒ›. ็€‘’ˆ Žƒ€ŒŒ› ‚…•…ƒŽ
“Ž‚Ÿ, ŽŽ‡€—…›… \.{@**}, ‚›„…‹Ÿž’‘Ÿ ‚ Žƒ‹€‚‹…ˆˆ †ˆ›Œ ˜ˆ”’ŽŒ:
“„…Œ ƒŽ‚Žˆ’œ, —’Ž ˆ• ƒ‹“ˆ€~$-1$. ข Ž’ˆ‚ŽŒ ‘‹“—€…, ƒ‹“ˆ€
…„‘’€‚‹Ÿ…’ ‘ŽŽ‰ …Ž’ˆ–€’…‹œŽ… —ˆ‘‹Ž, ŠŽ’ŽŽ… Ž…„…‹Ÿ…’ ‚…‹ˆ—ˆ“
Ž’‘’“€ ‚ Žƒ‹€‚‹…ˆˆ. ฏŽ„Ž›… Ž’‘’“› ŽŒŽƒ€ž’ ŽŸ‘ˆ’œ ‘’“Š’““
„‹ˆŽ‰ Žƒ€ŒŒ›. ฅ‘‹ˆ ƒ‹“ˆ€ … “Š€‡€€ Ÿ‚Ž, Ž€ Ž‹€ƒ€…’‘Ÿ €‚Ž‰ 0.
ฅ‘‹ˆ ‚€˜€ Žƒ€ŒŒ€ ŠŽŽ’Š€, ’Ž, Ž-‚ˆ„ˆŒŽŒ“, ‚Ž‡ŒŽ†Ž “„…’ Ž‘’€‚ˆ’œ
‡€—…ˆ… ƒ‹“ˆ› “‹…‚›Œ. ง€ƒ‹€‚›… ‘…Š–ˆˆ ‚‘…ƒ„€ €‘Ž‹€ƒ€ž’‘Ÿ € Ž‚Ž‰
‘’€ˆ–… ‚›‚Ž„€,  …‘‹ˆ ’Ž‹œŠŽ ƒ‹“ˆ€ … …‚›˜€…’~1.

\subsec
ฏŽŒ…†“’Ž—€Ÿ —€‘’œ Š€†„Ž‰ ‘…Š–ˆˆ ‘Ž„…†ˆ’ Žˆ‡‚Ž‹œŽ… ŠŽ‹ˆ—…‘’‚Ž
Œ€ŠŽŽ…„…‹…ˆ‰ (€—ˆ€ž™ˆ•‘Ÿ ‘ \.{@d}) ˆ Ž…„…‹…ˆ‰ ”ŽŒ€’Ž‚ (…„‚€Ÿ…Œ›•
\.{@f} ‹ˆŽ \.{@s}), €‘Ž‹Ž†…›• ‚ Žˆ‡‚Ž‹œŽŒ ŽŸ„Š….

\@d [TM\to M] ฌ€ŠŽŽ…„…‹…ˆ…: €—ˆ€…’‘Ÿ \.{@d}, ‡€ ŠŽ’Ž›Œ ˆ„“’
ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž, …ŽŸ‡€’…‹œ›… €€Œ…’› ˆ \CEE/-ŠŽ„, Š€Š Žˆ‘€Ž €…….

\@f [TM\to M] ฎ…„…‹…ˆ… ”ŽŒ€’€: €—ˆ€…’‘Ÿ \.{@f}; Žˆ “Š€‡›‚€ž’
\.{CWEAVE} Ž€€’›‚€’œ ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž› Ž‘Ž›Œ Ž€‡ŽŒ, ŠŽƒ„€ Žˆ
‚‘’…—€ž’‘Ÿ ‚ \CEE/-ŠŽ„…. ฎ™ˆ‰ ‚ˆ„ Ž…„…‹…ˆŸ ”ŽŒ€’€ ---
`\.{@f} \|l \|r', „€‹…… ‘‹…„“…’ …ŽŸ‡€’…‹œ›‰ ŠŽŒŒ…’€ˆ‰, Žƒ€ˆ—…›‰
\.{/*} ˆ \.{*/}, ƒ„… \|l ˆ \|r --- ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž›:
\.{CWEAVE} ‚ „€‹œ…‰˜…Œ “„…’ €‘‘Œ€’ˆ‚€’œ ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž \|l ’€Š, Š€Š
Ž ’Ž „…‹€…’ ‚ €‘’ŽŸ™ˆ‰ ŒŽŒ…’ „‹Ÿ \|r.
ํ’Ž „€…’ \.{CWEB}-Žƒ€ŒŒˆ‘’“ ‚Ž‡ŒŽ†Ž‘’œ
‚‚Ž„ˆ’œ Ž‚›… ‡€…‡…‚ˆŽ‚€›… ‘‹Ž‚€ ˆ/ˆ‹ˆ Ž’Œ…Ÿ’œ …‡…‚ˆŽ‚€ˆ…
…ŠŽ’Ž›• ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’ŽŽ‚ Ÿ‡›ŠŽŒ \CEE/. ฅ‘‹ˆ \|r --- ‘…–ˆ€‹œ›‰
ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž `\\{TeX}', ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž \|l
“„…’ Ž’”ŽŒ€’ˆŽ‚€ Š€Š “€‚‹Ÿž™€Ÿ Ž‘‹…„Ž‚€’…‹œŽ‘’œ \TEX/. ญ€ˆŒ…,
`\.{@f foo TeX}' ‚ \.{CWEB}-”€‰‹… ˆ‚…„…’ Š ’ŽŒ“, —’Ž ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž \\{foo}
“„…’ ‚›‚Ž„ˆ’œ‘Ÿ  \.{CWEAVE} Š€Š \.{\\foo}. ฏŽƒ€ŒŒˆ‘’ „Ž‹†… Ž…„…‹ˆ’œ
\.{\\foo} Ž ‘‚Ž…Œ“ “‘ŒŽ’…ˆž, Ž‹€ƒ€Ÿ, —’Ž \TEX/ €•Ž„ˆ’‘Ÿ ‚
Œ€’…Œ€’ˆ—…‘ŠŽ‰ ŒŽ„…. (ช€†„›‰ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹ Ž„—…Šˆ‚€ˆŸ …Ž€‡“…’‘Ÿ ‚ \.{x},
ŠŽƒ„€ ‘Ž‡„€…’‘Ÿ “€‚‹Ÿž™€Ÿ Ž‘‹…„Ž‚€’…‹œŽ‘’œ \TEX/; ’€Š, \\{foo\_bar}
‘’€Ž‚ˆ’‘Ÿ \.{\\fooxbar}. ฏŽ—ˆ… ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹›, ‚Š‹ž—€Ÿ –ˆ”›, …
’€‘‹ˆ“ž’‘Ÿ, ’€Š —’Ž \TEX/ “„…’ Ž‹€ƒ€’œ ˆ• €€Œ…’€Œˆ Œ€ŠŽ‘€, € …
—€‘’œž ‘€ŒŽ‰ “€‚‹Ÿž™…‰ Ž‘‹…„Ž‚€’…‹œŽ‘’ˆ.
ญ€ˆŒ…,
$$\.{\\def\\x\#1\{x\_\{\#1\}\} @f x1 TeX @f x2 TeX}$$
“„…’ ‚›‚Ž„ˆ’œ \.{x1} ˆ \.{x2} … Š€Š \\{x1} ˆ \\{x2}, € Š€Š $x_1$ ˆ $x_2$.

\more \.{CWEAVE} €‚’ŽŒ€’ˆ—…‘Šˆ ”ŽŒ€’ˆ“…’ ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž›, ‚‚…„…›…
Ž‘…„‘’‚ŽŒ \&{typedef}, Š€Š ‡€…‡…‚ˆŽ‚€›… ‘‹Ž‚€, Ž’ŽŒ“ ‚€Œ …
ˆ„…’‘Ÿ Ž…„…‹Ÿ’œ ”ŽŒ€’› ‘‹ˆ˜ŠŽŒ —€‘’Ž.

\@s [TM\to M;\;L]  €‹Žƒˆ—Ž \.{@f}, Ž \.{CWEAVE} … Ž’Ž€†€…’
Ž…„…‹…ˆŸ ”ŽŒ€’Ž‚ ‚ ‘‚Ž…Œ ‚›‚Ž„…, ˆ …ŽŸ‡€’…‹œ›‰ \CEE/-ŠŽŒŒ…’€ˆ‰
…„Ž“‘’ˆŒ. จ‘Ž‹œ‡“…’‘Ÿ ƒ‹€‚›Œ Ž€‡ŽŒ ‚ \.{@i}-”€‰‹€•.

\subsec
แ‹…„“ž™ˆ… ŠŽ„› “€‚‹Ÿž’ \CEE/-—€‘’œž ‘…Š–ˆˆ.

\@{c @p} [TM\to C] \CEE/-—€‘’œ …ˆŒ…Ž‚€Ž‰ ‘…Š–ˆˆ €—ˆ€…’‘Ÿ \.{@c}
(‹ˆŽ \.{@p}, ’.…. ``program''; Ž€ “€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ• ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹€ „…‹€ž’ Ž„Ž ˆ ’Ž †…).
ํ’Ž ‡€‘’€‚‹Ÿ…’ \.{CTANGLE} „ŽŽ‹ˆ’œ ‘‹…„“ž™ˆŒ \CEE/-ŠŽ„ŽŒ …‚Ž…
ˆ‹ˆ†…ˆ… ’…Š‘’€ Žƒ€ŒŒ›, Š€Š Žˆ‘€Ž € ‘’€ˆ–…~\tangref.
ง€Œ…’ˆŒ, —’Ž \.{CWEAVE} … ŽŒ…™€…’ `\.{@c}' ‚ \TEX/-‚›‚Ž„,
’€Š —’Ž …‘‹ˆ ‚› ‘Ž‡„€…’… ”€‰‹ \.{CWEB}, Ž‘Ž‚›‚€Ÿ‘œ € €‘…—€’€Ž‰
\TEX/'ŽŒ \.{CWEB}-„ŽŠ“Œ…’€–ˆˆ, … ‡€“„œ’… “Š€‡€’œ \.{@c} ‚
‘ŽŽ’‚…’‘’‚“ž™ˆ• Œ…‘’€• …ˆŒ…Ž‚€›• ‘…Š–ˆ‰.

\@< [TM\to C;\; C;\; c] $*$ ํ’Ž’ “€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ‰ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹ …„‘’€‚‹Ÿ…’ ˆŒŸ
‘…Š–ˆˆ (‹ˆŽ “ˆŠ€‹œ›‰ …”ˆŠ‘, Š€Š “Š€‡€Ž ‚›˜…), ‘Ž„…†€™…… ’…Š‘’
\TEX/ ˆ ‡€‚…˜€ž™……‘Ÿ \.{@>}.
ชŽ‘’“Š–ˆŸ \.{@<...@>} ‚ –…‹ŽŒ ŠŽ–…’“€‹œŽ Ÿ‚‹Ÿ…’‘Ÿ ‹…Œ…’ŽŒ \CEE/-ŠŽ„€.
ฅ… Ž‚…„…ˆ… ‡€‚ˆ‘ˆ’ Ž’ ŠŽ’…Š‘’€:

\more แˆŒ‚Ž‹ \.{@<} ‚ ŠŽ’…Š‘’€• $T$ ˆ $M$ ‘‚Ÿ‡›‚€…’
‘‹…„“ž™…… „€‹…… ˆŒŸ ‘…Š–ˆˆ ‘ ’…Š“™…‰ ‘…Š–ˆ…‰, ˆ Ž’Š›‚€…’
\CEE/-—€‘’œ ‘…Š–ˆˆ.  จŒŸ ‡€‚…˜€…’‘Ÿ \.{@>}, ‡€ ŠŽ’Ž›Œ
‘‹…„“…’ \.{=} ˆ‹ˆ \.{+=}.

\more
ข ŠŽ’…Š‘’… $C$, \.{@<} “Š€‡›‚€…’, —’Ž ‘…Š–ˆŸ ‡„…‘œ
ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡“…’‘Ÿ --- …… \CEE/-Ž…„…‹…ˆŸ “„“’ ŽŒ…™…› ‘ž„€
\.{CTANGLE}, Š€Š Žˆ‘€Ž € ‘’€ˆ–…~\tangref.
ค‹Ÿ Ž‹…… Ž‹ŽƒŽ ‚›Ÿ‚‹…ˆŸ Ž˜ˆŽŠ
\.{CTANGLE} ˆ \.{CWEAVE} …„“‘Œ€’ˆ‚€ž’ ‚›‚Ž„ ‘ŽŽ™…ˆŸ ‚ ‘‹“—€…, …‘‹ˆ ‡€
’€ŠˆŒ ˆŒ……Œ ‘…Š–ˆˆ ‘‹…„“…’ \.=, Ž‘ŠŽ‹œŠ“ ’Ž ‘ŠŽ…… ‚‘…ƒŽ Ž‡€—€…’
Ž…„…‹…ˆ… Ž‚Ž‰ ‘…Š–ˆˆ, ˆ Ž’ŽŒ“ „Ž‹†Ž …„‚€Ÿ’œ‘Ÿ \.{@\ }.
ฅ‘‹ˆ ‚€Œ „…‰‘’‚ˆ’…‹œŽ
“†Ž €ˆ‘€’œ $\langle\,$foo$\,\rangle=\\{bar}$, ƒ„… $\langle\,$foo$\,\rangle$
ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡“…’‘Ÿ, € … Ž…„…‹Ÿ…’‘Ÿ, ŽŒ…‘’ˆ’… \.= € Ž‚Ž‰ ‘’ŽŠ….

\more
ญ€ŠŽ…–, ‚Ž ‚“’……Œ \CEE/-ŠŽ’…Š‘’… (’.…., ‚“’ˆ `\pb' ‚ \TEX/-—€‘’ˆ
‘…Š–ˆˆ ˆ‹ˆ ‚ ŠŽŒŒ…’€ˆˆ), \.{@<...@>}
Ž‡€—€…’, —’Ž ’€ ‘…–ˆŸ –ˆ’ˆ“…’‘Ÿ.
โ€ŠŽ… ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€ˆ… ˆƒŽˆ“…’‘Ÿ \.{CTANGLE}. ฎ’Œ…’ˆŒ, —’Ž „€†… ‚ ’ŽŒ ‘‹“—€…
Œ› ’€Š’“…Œ ˆŒŸ ‘…Š–ˆˆ Š€Š ‹…Œ…’ \CEE/, ’€Š Š€Š ŽŽ Žƒ€ˆ—…Ž \pb.

\@( [TM\to C;\;C;\;c] $*$ จŒŸ ‘…Š–ˆˆ ŒŽ†…’ €—ˆ€’œ‘Ÿ \.{@(}.
ข‘… “„…’ €Ž’€’œ, Š€Š ˆ „‹Ÿ \.{@<}, Ž ‘ ’…Œ ˆ‘Š‹ž—…ˆ…Œ, —’Ž \CEE/-ŠŽ„
‘…Š–ˆˆ, €‡‚€Ž‰ \.{@(foo@>} “„…’ ‡€ˆ‘€ \.{CTANGLE} ‚ ”€‰‹ \.{foo}.
โ…Œ ‘€Œ›Œ Œ› ŒŽ†…Œ Ž‹“—ˆ’œ ˆ‡ Ž„ŽƒŽ ”€‰‹€ \.{CWEB} …‘ŠŽ‹œŠŽ ‚›•Ž„›•
”€‰‹Ž‚.
(ฎ…„…‹…ˆŸ \.{@d} … Ž€„€ž’ ‚ ’€Šˆ… ”€‰‹›,
€ ‹ˆ˜œ ‚ Ž‘Ž‚Ž‰ \.{.c}-”€‰‹.) ฎ„Ž ˆ‡ …„€‡€—…ˆ‰ ’Ž‰ ‚Ž‡ŒŽ†Ž‘’ˆ
‚ ’ŽŒ, —’Ž›  ‘Ž‡„€’œ ‡€ƒŽ‹Ž‚Ž—›… ”€‰‹› „‹Ÿ Žƒ€ŒŒ›• ŒŽ„“‹…‰.
ค“ƒˆŒ ˆŒ…ŽŒ …… ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€ˆŸ ‘‹“†ˆ’  ƒ……€–ˆŸ
’…‘’Ž‚, €‘Ž‘’€Ÿ…Œ›• ‘ ‚€˜…‰ Žƒ€ŒŒŽ‰. แŽ•€ŸŸ ˆ‘•Ž„›… ’…Š‘’›
Žƒ€ŒŒ›, …… ‡€ƒŽ‹Ž‚Ž—›… ”€‰‹› ˆ ’…‘’Ž‚›… Ž–…„“› ‘Ž‚Œ…‘’Ž,
Œ› ˆŒ……Œ Ž‹œ˜… ˜€‘Ž‚ Ž„„…†€’œ ˆ• ‘Žƒ‹€‘Ž‚€Ž‘’œ.
ฎ’Œ…’ˆŒ, —’Ž ˆŒ…Ž‚€€Ÿ ‘…Š–ˆŸ ŒŽ†…’ ›’œ ‚›‚…„…€ ‚
…‘ŠŽ‹œŠŽ €‡‹ˆ—›• ‚›•Ž„›• ”€‰‹Ž‚, Ž‘ŠŽ‹œŠ“
‚› ŒŽ†…’… “ŽŒŸ“’œ \.{@<foo@>} Š€Š ‚ \.{@(bar1@>}, ’€Š ˆ ‚ \.{@(bar2@>}.

\@h [Cc] ฏ…„ˆ‘›‚€…’ \.{CTANGLE}
‚‘’€‚ˆ’œ ‚ ’“ ’Ž—Š“ Ž…„…‹…ˆŸ \.{\#define}
ˆ‡ ŽŒ…†“’Ž—›• —€‘’…‰ ‚‘…• ‘…Š–ˆ‰ ˆ {\it …\/} ‡€ˆ‘›‚€’œ ˆ• ‚ €—€‹Ž
\CEE/-”€‰‹€. ฏŽ‹…‡Ž, Š ˆŒ…“, ˆ …Ž•Ž„ˆŒŽ‘’ˆ €‡Œ…‘’ˆ’œ Œ€ŠŽŽ…„…‹…ˆŸ
Ž‘‹… ‚Š‹ž—€…Œ›• ”€‰‹Ž‚.
(จƒŽˆ“…’‘Ÿ \.{CTANGLE} ‚“’ˆ `\pb'.)

\subsec
ญ…‘ŠŽ‹œŠŽ ‘‹…„“ž™ˆ• “€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ• ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹Ž‚ €—ˆ€ž’ ``“€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ… ’…Š‘’›''
(``control texts''), ‡€‚…˜€ž™ˆ…‘Ÿ `\.{@>}'.
ง€Š›‚€ž™€Ÿ `\.{@>}' „Ž‹†€ ›’œ €
’Ž‰ †… ‘’ŽŠ… \.{CWEB} ”€‰‹€, —’Ž ˆ €—€‹Ž “€‚‹Ÿž™…ƒŽ ’…Š‘’€.
ชŽ’…Š‘’, €—ˆ€ž™ˆ‰‘Ÿ ’ˆŒˆ “€‚‹Ÿž™ˆŒˆ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹€Œˆ ˆ ŽŠ€—ˆ‚€ž™ˆ‰‘Ÿ
\.{@>}, Ÿ‚‹Ÿ…’‘Ÿ Žƒ€ˆ—…›Œ.

\@\^ [TMCc] $*$ ค€‹œ…‰˜ˆ‰ “€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ‰ ’…Š‘’, ‚‹Ž’œ „Ž `\.{@>}',
“„…’ ŽŒ…™… ‚ ˆ„…Š‘ €Ÿ„“ ‘ ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž€Œˆ
\CEE/-Žƒ€ŒŒ›; ’Ž’ ’…Š‘’ “„…’ €€ ŽŒ€‘ŠˆŒ ˜ˆ”’ŽŒ. ญ€ˆŒ…, —’Ž›
ŽŒ…‘’ˆ’œ ”€‡“ ``system dependencies'' (‘ˆ‘’…Œ›… ‡€‚ˆ‘ˆŒŽ‘’ˆ) ‚
ˆ„…Š‘, ƒ……ˆ“…Œ›‰ \.{CWEAVE}, ŽŒ…‘’ˆ’… `\.{@\^system dependencies@>}'
‚ Š€†„Ž‰ ‘…Š–ˆˆ, ŠŽ’“ž ‚› •Ž’ˆ’… Ž’Œ…’ˆ’œ Š€Š ‘ˆ‘’…ŒŽ-‡€‚ˆ‘ˆŒ“ž.

\@. [TMCc] $*$ ฏŽ‘‹…„“ž™ˆ‰ “€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ‰ ’…Š‘’ “„…’ ŽŒ…™… ‚ ˆ„…Š‘
‚ ‘’ˆ‹… ˆ˜“™…‰ Œ€˜ˆŠˆ (\.{typewriter} \.{type}).

\@: [TMCc] $*$ แŽŽ’‚…’‘’‚“ž™ˆ‰ ’…Š‘’ “„…’ ŽŒ…™… ‚ ˆ„…Š‘
‚ ”ŽŒ€’…, Žˆ‘€ŽŒ \TEX/-Œ€ŠŽ‘ŽŒ `\.{\\9}', ŠŽ’Ž›‰ ‚› „Ž‹†›
Ž…„…‹ˆ’œ ’€Š, Š€Š ’Ž …Ž•Ž„ˆŒŽ.

\@t [MCc] $*$ ค€‹œ…‰˜ˆ‰ “€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ‰ ’…Š‘’ “„…’ ‡€Š‹ž—… ‚
\TEX/ \.{\\hbox} ˆ Ž’”ŽŒ€’ˆŽ‚€ Š€Š —€‘’œ ŽŠ“†€ž™…‰ …ƒŽ
\CEE/-Žƒ€ŒŒ›. ํ’Ž’ ’…Š‘’ ˆƒŽˆ“…’‘Ÿ \.{CTANGLE}, Ž ŒŽ†…’ ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€’œ‘Ÿ
‚ €‡‹ˆ—›• –…‹Ÿ• \.{CWEAVE}. ญ€ˆŒ…, ‚› ŒŽ†…’… „…‹€’œ ŠŽŒŒ…’€ˆˆ,
ŠŽ’Ž›… ‘Ž—…’€ž’ \CEE/ ˆ Š‹€‘‘ˆ—…‘Š“ž Œ€’…Œ€’ˆŠ“, ‚Ž„…  `$\\{size}<2^{15}$',
‚‚Ž„Ÿ `\.{|size < 2@t\$\^\{15\}\$@>|}'.

\@= [MCc] $*$ ใ€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ‰ ’…Š‘’ “„…’
„Ž‘‹Ž‚Ž ‚›‚…„… ‚ \CEE/-Žƒ€ŒŒ“.

\@q [LTMCc] $*$ ใ€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ‰ ’…Š‘’ Ž‹Ž‘’œž ˆƒŽˆ“…’‘Ÿ
--- ’Ž ŠŽŒŒ…’€ˆ‰ ˆ‘Š‹ž—ˆ’…‹œŽ „‹Ÿ —ˆ’€’…‹…‰ \.{CWEB}-”€‰‹€.
ไ€‰‹, …„€‡€—…›‰ „‹Ÿ ‚Š‹ž—…ˆŸ ‚ …€Œ“‹“ ‘ ŽŒŽ™œž \.{@i},
ŒŽ†…’ ‘Ž„…†€’œ ˆ”ŽŒ€–ˆž Ž ‘…… ‘€ŒŽŒ ‚ \.{@q} ŠŽŒŒ…’€ˆˆ. ค“ƒˆŒ
ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€ˆ…Œ ’Ž‰ ŠŽ‘’“Š–ˆˆ ŒŽ†…’ ›’œ ‚Ž‘‘’€Ž‚‹…ˆ… €‹€‘€ ‘ŠŽŽŠ
‚“’ˆ C-‘’ŽŠ, —’Ž› ’…Š‘’Ž‚›… …„€Š’Ž›, Ž’‘‹…†ˆ‚€ž™ˆ… ˆ• €Ž‘’œ, "…
€„€‹ˆ ‚ ˜’ŽŽ"
(„€, ˆŒ…Ž ’€Š: "go into a tailspin" --- {\sl ฏˆŒ. ……‚.\/}).

\@! [TMCc] $*$
ญŽŒ… ‘…Š–ˆˆ ‚ ˆ„…Š‘… “„…’ Ž„—…Š“’, …‘‹ˆ `\.{@!}' …Ž‘…„‘’‚…Ž
…„˜…‘’‚“…’ ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž“ ‹ˆŽ “€‚‹Ÿž™…Œ“ ’…Š‘’“, ŽŒ…™€…ŒŽŒ“ ‚
ˆ„…Š‘. ํ’Ž ‘Žƒ‹€˜…ˆ…
ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡“ž’, —’Ž› €‡‹ˆ—€’œ ‘…Š–ˆˆ, ‚ ŠŽ’Ž›• ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž Ž…„…‹… ‹ˆŽ
ŽฎŸ‘Ÿ…’‘Ÿ …ŠŽ’Ž›Œ Ž‘Ž›Œ Ž€‡ŽŒ, Ž’ ‘…Š–ˆ‰, ƒ„… Ž ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€.
แ‘›‹Šˆ € ‡€…‡…‚ˆŽ‚€›… ‘‹Ž‚€ ‹ˆŽ Ž„Ž‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹œ›… ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž› ‚ ˆ„…Š‘
… ŽŒ…™€ž’‘Ÿ, ‡€ ˆ‘Š‹ž—…ˆ…Œ Ž„—…Š“’›•. `\.{@!}' …Ÿ‚Ž ‚‘’€‚‹Ÿ…’‘Ÿ
\.{CWEAVE} ŠŽƒ„€ ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž ŽฎŸ‚‹Ÿ…’‘Ÿ ‹ˆŽ Ž…„…‹Ÿ…’‘Ÿ ‚ \CEE/-ŠŽ„…;
€ˆŒ…, Ž…„…‹…ˆ…
$$\hbox{\&{int} \\{array}[\\{max\_dim}], \\{count}${}=\\{old\_count};$}$$
ŽŒ…™€…’ ‚ ˆ„…Š‘ ˆŒ…€ \\{array} ˆ \\{count}, ‚›„…‹ŸŸ ˆ• Ž„—…Šˆ‚€ˆ…Œ.
ฌ…’Šˆ, Ž…„…‹…ˆŸ ”“Š–ˆ‰, Ž„Ž›…
\\{main}(\&{int}~\\{argc},\,\&{char}~$*$\\{argv}[\,]),
ˆ Ž…„…‹…ˆŸ \&{typedef} ’€Š†… Ž„€‡“Œ…‚€ž’ Ž„—…Šˆ‚€ˆ….
ฎ…„…‹…ˆŸ ”“Š–ˆ‰ ‘’€ŽƒŽ ‘’ˆ‹Ÿ (…‡ Ž’Ž’ˆ€)
… Ž…„…‹Ÿž’ ˆ• €ƒ“Œ…’Ž‚, ’…Œ … Œ………, €ƒ“Œ…’› “„“’ Ž‹€ƒ€’œ‘Ÿ
Ž…„…‹…›Œˆ (ˆ “„“’ Ž’Ž€†€’œ‘Ÿ ‚ ˆ„…Š‘… ‘ Ž„—…Šˆ‚€ˆ…Œ),
…‘‹ˆ ˆ• ’ˆ› ŽฎŸ‚‹…› ……„ ’…‹ŽŒ ”“Š–ˆˆ Ž›—›Œ Ž€‡ŽŒ,
(€ˆŒ…, `\&{int}~\\{argc}; \&{char}~${*}\\{argv}[\,]$; $\{\,\ldots\,\}$').

\subsec
ฏ……‰„…Œ, €ŠŽ…–, Š “€‚‹Ÿž™ˆŒ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹€Œ, ŠŽ’Ž›… ‚‹ˆŸž’ ’Ž‹œŠŽ € €Ž’“
\.{CTANGLE}.

\@' [MCc] จ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€ˆ… ’ŽƒŽ “€‚‹Ÿž™…ƒŽ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹€ Ž€‘Ž, Ž‘ŠŽ‹œŠ“ …ƒŽ
‡€—…ˆ… ‚ \.{CWEB} ‘“™…‘’‚…Ž Ž’‹ˆ—€…’‘Ÿ Ž’ …ƒŽ ŽŽ€‡€ ‚ \.{WEB}.
ข \.{CWEB} Ž €‘Š›‚€…’‘Ÿ ‚ „…‘Ÿ’ˆˆ—“ž ŠŽ‘’€’“, ‘ŽŽ’‚…’‘’‚“ž™“ž
ASCII-ŠŽ„“ ‘’ŽŠˆ …„ˆˆ—Ž‰ „‹ˆ› (’.…. \.{@'a'} …Ž€‡“…’‘Ÿ
\.{CTANGLE} ‚ \.{97}, € \.{@'\\t'} --- ‚ \.9). ข› ŒŽ†…’… ‚Ž‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€’œ‘Ÿ
’ˆŒ, …‘‹ˆ •Ž’ˆ’… €Ž’€’œ ‘ ASCII € Œ€˜ˆ…, … ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡“ž™…‰ ’“ ŠŽ„ˆŽ‚Š“,
Ž ‚ Ž‹œ˜ˆ‘’‚… ‘‹“—€…‚ ‘…„‘’‚€ Ÿ‡›Š€  \CEE/, Ž…„…‹…›… ‚ \.{<ctype.h>},
‚Ž‹… „Ž‘’€’Ž—› „‹Ÿ “‘’€…ˆŸ ‡€‚ˆ‘ˆŒŽ‘’ˆ Ž’ ŠŽ„ˆŽ‚Šˆ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹Ž‚.

\@\& [MCc] ฎ…€–ˆŸ \.{@\&} ‘–…‹Ÿ…’ ’…Š‘’ ‘‹…‚€ Ž’ ‘…Ÿ ‘ ’…Š‘’ŽŒ
‘€‚€ ˆ ‚›‚Ž„ˆ’ ‚ \CEE/-”€‰‹ ’€Š, —’Ž ˆ Ž…‹›, ˆ
Œ€Š…› ŠŽ–€ ‘’ŽŠˆ … “„“’ ‚‘’€‚‹…› Œ…†„“ ˆŒˆ.

\@l [L] \.{CWEB}-Žƒ€ŒŒˆ‘’› ‚Ž‹œ› ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€’œ ‚ \TEX/’… ‹žŽ‰ 8-ˆ’›‰
‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹œ›‰ ŠŽ„ ˆ‡ ……„ŠŽ ‡€…’ŽƒŽ „ˆ€€‡Ž€ 128--255; ’ˆ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹› ’€Š†…
„Ž“‘’ˆŒ› ‚ ‘’ŽŠ€• ˆ „€†… ‚ ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž€• \CEE/-Žƒ€ŒŒ›.
ข €‡‹ˆ—›• €‘˜ˆ…ˆŸ• €‡Ž‚ŽƒŽ ‘’€„€’€ ASCII ˆ†ŸŸ —€‘’œ ’€‹ˆ–›
(ŠŽ„›, Ž‹œ˜ˆ… 128) ‘ŽŽ’‚…’‘’‚“…’ “Š‚€Œ ‘ „ˆ€Šˆ’ˆ—…‘ŠˆŒˆ ‡€Š€Œˆ,
‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹€Œ … ‹€’ˆ‘Šˆ• €‹”€‚ˆ’Ž‚ ˆ ’.„.
ชŽƒ„€ ’€Šˆ… ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹› ŽŸ‚‹Ÿž’‘Ÿ ‚ ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž€•, \.{CTANGLE} ‡€Œ…Ÿ…’
ˆ• ‘’€„€’›Œˆ €‹”€‚ˆ’Ž-–ˆ”Ž‚›Œˆ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹€Œˆ ASCII ‹ˆŽ \.{\_}, —’Ž›
ˆŒ…€ ‘ŽŽ’‚…’‘’‚Ž‚€‹ˆ ‘Žƒ‹€˜…ˆŸŒ Ÿ‡›Š€ \CEE/.  ฏˆ ’ŽŒ ˆŒ…Ÿ…’‘Ÿ
’€‹ˆ–€ ……ŠŽ„ˆŽ‚Šˆ, ŠŽ’Ž€Ÿ Ž “ŒŽ‹—€ˆž ‘ŽŽ‘’€‚‹Ÿ…’ ‘ Š€†„›Œ
‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹ŽŒ, ˆŒ…ž™ˆŒ ASCII-ŠŽ„ \T{\^}$ab$ (ƒ„… $a$ ˆ $b$ --- ˜…‘’€„–€’…ˆ—›…
–ˆ”› ˆ $a\ge8$) ‘’ŽŠ“ \.{Xab}. ฏŽŒ…‘’ˆ‚ ‚ …€Œ“‹… ŠŽ‘’“Š–ˆž
\.{@l\ ab\ newstring}, ‚› “Š€†…’… \.{CTANGLE} ‡€Œ…Ÿ’œ ’Ž’ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹
‘’ŽŠŽ‰ \.{newstring}. ญ€ˆŒ…, ‚ ŠŽ„ˆŽ‚Š… ISO Latin-1 “Š‚€ `\"u'
ˆŒ……’ ŠŽ„ \T{\^FC} (‹ˆŽ \.{'\char`\\374'}), ˆ \.{CTANGLE} Ž “ŒŽ‹—€ˆž
‡€Œ…Ÿ…’ ‚ ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž€• ’Ž’ ŠŽ„ Ž‘‹…„Ž‚€’…‹œŽ‘’œž ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹Ž‚
\.{XFC}. ฅ‘‹ˆ ‚› ‡€„€„ˆ’… \.{@l} \.{fc} \.{ue}, ’Ž „€‹…… ‚Œ…‘’Ž ’Ž‰
“Š‚› “„…’ Ž„‘’€‚‹Ÿ’œ‘Ÿ \.{ue}.

\more
\.{CWEAVE} Ž“‘Š€…’ 8-ˆ’›… ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹› ŸŒŽ ‚ \TEX/ …‡ ’€‘‹ˆ’…€–ˆˆ;
Ž ˆ ’ŽŒ \TEX/ „Ž‹†… ›’œ, ‚ ‘‚Žž Ž—……„œ, Ž„ƒŽ’Ž‚‹… Š ˆ• Ž€Ž’Š….
ฅ‘‹ˆ ‚› ”ŽŒ€’ˆ“…’… ‚‘… …‘’€„€’›… ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž› Š€Š Ž‘Ž›… (``custom'')
“€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ… Ž‘‹…„Ž‚€’…‹œŽ‘’ˆ, ‘‹…„“…’ €‘’Žˆ’œ \TEX/ ’€Š, —’Ž› Ž
‚Ž‘ˆˆŒ€‹ ‚‘… ˆ• ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹› Š€Š “Š‚›. ข Ž’ˆ‚ŽŒ ‘‹“—€… ‘‹…„“…’
‹ˆŽ ŽฎŸ‚ˆ’œ ‚ \TEX/'… 8-ˆ’›… ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹› ``€Š’ˆ‚›Œˆ'', ‹ˆŽ ‡€ƒ“‡ˆ’œ
˜ˆ”’›, ‘Ž„…†€™ˆ… ‚ ‘ŽŽ’‚…’‘’‚“ž™…‰ Ž‡ˆ–ˆˆ “†›… ‘…–ˆ€‹œ›… ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹›.
(ค‹Ÿ ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’ŽŽ‚ ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡“…’‘Ÿ ˜ˆ”’, ‚›ˆ€…Œ›‰ ŠŽŒ€„Ž‰ \TEX/'€
\.{\\it}.)
จ™ˆ’… ‘…–ˆ€‹œ›… Œ€ŠŽ€Š…’›, €ˆ‘€›… „‹Ÿ ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€ˆŸ ‚ \.{CWEB}
‚€˜…ƒŽ Ÿ‡›Š€ ‹ˆŽ, …‘‹ˆ … Žˆ’…‘œ ’“„Ž‘’…‰, €ˆ˜ˆ’… ‘‚Ž‰ ‘Ž‘’‚…›‰.

\subsec
แ‹…„“ž™ˆ… ‚Ž‘…Œœ “€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ• ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹Ž‚ (€ ˆŒ…Ž, `\.{@,}', `\.{@/}', `\.{@|}',
`\.{@\#}',
`\.{@+}', `\.{@;}', `\.{@[}', ˆ `\.{@]}') … ‚‹ˆŸž’ € ƒ……€–ˆž
\CEE/-Žƒ€ŒŒ› \.{CTANGLE}, Ž ‚ …ŠŽ’Ž›• …Ž›—›• ‘‹“—€Ÿ• ŒŽƒ“’ ŽŒŽ—œ
“‹“—˜ˆ’œ —ˆ’€…ŒŽ‘’œ …… \TEX/-…„‘’€‚‹…ˆŸ, Ž‹“—…ŽƒŽ \.{CWEAVE}.
ข‘’Ž…›‰ €‹ƒŽˆ’Œ ”ŽŒ€’ˆŽ‚€ˆŸ ‚…‘œŒ€ •ŽŽ˜, ŠŽƒ„€
ˆŒ…Ÿ…’‘Ÿ Š ‘ˆ’€Š‘ˆ—…‘Šˆ €‚ˆ‹œŽ‰ Žƒ€ŒŒ…, Ž … ŒŽ†…’ “—…‘’œ ‚‘…•
‚Ž‡ŒŽ†›• ‘ˆ’“€–ˆ‰, Ž’ŽŒ“ —’Ž €Ž’€…’ ‘ ”€ƒŒ…’€Œˆ ’…Š‘’€, ‚Š‹ž—€ž™ˆŒˆ
Œ€ŠŽ‘› ˆ ˆŒ…€ ‘…Š–ˆ‰; ’€Šˆ… ”€ƒŒ…’› … ‚‘…ƒ„€ ‘Ž‹ž„€ž’ ‘ˆ’€Š‘ˆ‘.
ญ…‘ŒŽ’Ÿ € ’Ž, —’Ž \.{CWEB} Ž‡‚Ž‹Ÿ…’ ……Š›‚€’œ
€‚’ŽŒ€’ˆ—…‘ŠŽ… ”ŽŒ€’ˆŽ‚€ˆ…, ‹“—˜…‰ ‘’€’…ƒˆ…‰ “„…’ €—€’œ ‘
…ƒŽ, Ž‘ŠŽ‹œŠ“ ŒŽ†…’ ŽŠ€‡€’œ‘Ÿ, —’Ž Ž€„ŽŸ’‘Ÿ ‹ˆ˜œ …‘ŠŽ‹œŠŽ Œ…‹Šˆ•
ŠŽ…Š’ˆ‚.

\@, [MCc] ํ’Ž’ “€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ‰ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹ ‚‘’€‚‹Ÿ…’ ’ŽŠˆ‰ Ž…‹ (thin space) ‚
‚›‚Ž„ \.{CWEAVE}.
จŽƒ„€ „ŽŽ‹ˆ’…‹œ›‰ Ž…‹ ŒŽ†…’ Ž€„Žˆ’œ‘Ÿ ˆ …Ž›—ŽŒ ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€ˆˆ
Œ€ŠŽ‘Ž‚, €ˆŒ…, ŠŽƒ„€ „‚€ ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž€ €‘Ž‹Ž†…› Ÿ„ŽŒ.

\@/ [MC] ํ’Ž’ “€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ‰ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹ ‚›‡›‚€…’ €‡›‚ ‘’ŽŠˆ ‚
\CEE/-Žƒ€ŒŒ…, Ž’”ŽŒ€’ˆŽ‚€Ž‰ \.{CWEAVE}. เ€‡›‚› ‘’ŽŠ €‚’ŽŒ€’ˆ—…‘Šˆ
‚›ˆ€ž’‘Ÿ
\TEX/'ŽŒ Ž ‘•…Œ…, €Ž’€ž™…‰ ŠŽ…Š’Ž ‚ 99\%\ ‘‹“—€…‚, Ž ˆŽƒ„€
…Ž•Ž„ˆŒŽ Ÿ‚Ž… “Š€‡€ˆ…, —’Ž› €‡ˆ…ˆ… ‘ŽŽ’‚…’‘’‚Ž‚€‹Ž,
ŽŒˆŒŽ ‚…˜…‰ ˆ‚‹…Š€’…‹œŽ‘’ˆ, ‹ŽƒˆŠ… Žƒ€ŒŒ›.
ญ€ˆŒ…, ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡“‰’… `\.{@/@,}' ……„ ŠŽŒŒ…’€ˆŸŒˆ, —’Ž› Žˆ
€—ˆ€‹ˆ‘œ ‘ Ž‚Ž‰ ‘’ŽŠˆ.

\@| [MC] ํ’Ž’ “€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ‰ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹ ‡€„€…’ …ŽŸ‡€’…‹œ›‰ €‡›‚ ‘’ŽŠˆ
Ž‘…„ˆ ‚›€†…ˆŸ. ญ€ˆŒ…, …‘‹ˆ ˆŒ……’‘Ÿ „‹ˆŽ… ‚›€†…ˆ… ‚ €‚Ž‰ —€‘’ˆ
ˆ‘‚€ˆ‚€ˆŸ, ‘ ŽŒŽ™œž `\.{@|}' ŒŽ†Ž “Š€‡€’œ ‚ …Œ ‚Ž‡ŒŽ†›… ’Ž—Šˆ
€‡›‚€, ŠŽ’Ž›… “„“’ ‹“—˜… Ž„—…Šˆ‚€’œ ‹ŽƒˆŠ“ Žƒ€ŒŒ›, …†…‹ˆ
‚›€›… \TEX/'ŽŒ €‚’ŽŒ€’ˆ—…‘Šˆ.

\@\# [MC] ํ’Ž’ “€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ‰ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹ ‚›‡›‚€…’ €‡›‚ ‘’ŽŠˆ Ž„ŽŽ \.{@/},
€ ’€Š†… ‚‘’€‚‹Ÿ…’ …Ž‹œ˜Ž‰ „ŽŽ‹ˆ’…‹œ›‰ Ž…‹ ‚ ’Ž—Š“ €‡›‚€.
ฎ ŒŽ†…’ ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€’œ‘Ÿ, €ˆŒ…,
Œ…†„“ ‹Žƒˆ—…‘Šˆ €‡‹ˆ—›Œˆ ƒ“€Œˆ Œ€ŠŽ‘Ž‚, €‡Œ…™…›Œˆ ‚ Ž„Ž‰ ‘…Š–ˆˆ.
\.{CWEB} €‚’ŽŒ€’ˆ—…‘Šˆ ‚‘’€‚‹Ÿ…’ ’€ŠŽ‰ „ŽŽ‹ˆ’…‹œ›‰
Ž…‹ Œ…†„“ ”“Š–ˆŸŒˆ, ‚…˜ˆŒˆ ŽฎŸ‚‹…ˆŸŒˆ ˆ ”“Š–ˆŸŒˆ, € ’€Š†… Œ…†„“
ŽฎŸ‚‹…ˆŸŒˆ ˆ Ž…€’Ž€Œˆ ‚ ’…‹… ”“Š–ˆˆ.

\@+ [MC] ํ’Ž’ “€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ‰ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹ Œ€‘Šˆ“…’ €‡›‚ ‘’ŽŠˆ, ŠŽ’Ž›‰ „Ž‹†…
›’œ ‘„…‹€ \.{CWEAVE}, €ˆŒ…, ……„ `\&{else}', …‘‹ˆ ‚› •Ž’ˆ’…
€‡Œ…‘’ˆ’œ ŠŽŽ’Š“ž if--else ŠŽ‘’“Š–ˆž € Ž„Ž‰ ‘’ŽŠ….
ฅ‘‹ˆ “Š€‡€’œ `\.{\{@+}' ‚ €—€‹… ‘Ž‘’€‚ŽƒŽ Ž…€’Ž€, Ÿ‚‹Ÿž™…ƒŽ‘Ÿ ’…‹ŽŒ
”“Š–ˆˆ, ’Ž …‚Ž… ŽฎŸ‚‹…ˆ… ˆ‹ˆ Ž…€’Ž ”“Š–ˆˆ “„“’ €‘Ž‹Ž†…› €
’Ž‰ †… ‘’ŽŠ…, —’Ž ˆ Ž’Š›‚€ž™€Ÿ ‘ŠŽŠ€, ˆ ‘ Ž’‘’“ŽŒ, ŠŽ’Ž›‰ “„…’
…„˜…‘’‚Ž‚€’œ ‚’ŽŽŒ“ Ž…€’Ž“ ˆ‹ˆ ŽฎŸ‚‹…ˆž € ‘‹…„“ž™…‰ ‘’ŽŠ….

\@; [MC] ํ’Ž’ “€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ‰ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹ ˆ ”ŽŒ€’ˆŽ‚€ˆˆ €€‹Žƒˆ—… ’Ž—Š… ‘
‡€Ÿ’Ž‰, Ž …‚ˆ„ˆŒ. ข› ŒŽ†…’… ‚Ž‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€’œ‘Ÿ ˆŒ, €ˆŒ…, Ž‘‹…
ˆŒ…ˆ ‘…Š–ˆˆ ˆ‹ˆ Œ€ŠŽ‘€, ŠŽƒ„€ \CEE/-ŠŽ„, …„‘’€‚‹…›‰ ‚ ’Ž‰ ‘…Š–ˆˆ
ˆ‹ˆ Œ€ŠŽ‘…, …‘’œ ‘Ž‘’€‚Ž‰ Ž…€’Ž ‹ˆŽ ŽŠ€—ˆ‚€…’‘Ÿ ’Ž—ŠŽ‰ ‘ ‡€Ÿ’Ž‰.
ฏˆŒ…ŽŒ ’€ŠŽ‰ ŠŽ‘’“Š–ˆˆ Ÿ‚‹Ÿ…’‘Ÿ
$$\lpile{\.{if (condition) macro @;}\cr
\.{else break;}\cr}$$
ƒ„… Ž…„…‹…ˆ…Œ \\{macro} ‘‹“†ˆ’ ‘Ž‘’€‚Ž‰ Ž…€’Ž (‡€Š‹ž—…›‰ ‚ ”ˆƒ“›…
‘ŠŽŠˆ).
ํ’Ž •ŽŽ˜Ž ˆ‡‚…‘’›‰ …„Ž‘’€’ŽŠ ‘ˆ’€Š‘ˆ‘€ \CEE/.

\@{[} [MC] แŒ. \.{@]}.

\@] [MC] ฏŽŒ…‘’ˆ’… Š‚€„€’›… ‘ŠŽŠˆ \.{@[...@]} ‚ŽŠ“ƒ ’…Š‘’€ Žƒ€ŒŒ›,
ŠŽ’Ž›‰ „Ž‹†… ›’œ Ž’”ŽŒ€’ˆŽ‚€ \.{CWEAVE}
 Š€Š ‚›€†…ˆ…, …‘‹ˆ ’ŽƒŽ … Žˆ‡Ž˜‹Ž. (โ€ŠŽ…
ˆŽƒ„€ ‘‹“—€…’‘Ÿ ‘ …Ž›—›Œˆ €ƒ“Œ…’€Œˆ Œ€ŠŽ‘Ž‚.)
โ€Š†… ‚‘’€‚‹Ÿ‰’… `\.{@[@]}' Œ…†„“ ˆŒ……Œ ’ˆ€ ˆ ‹…‚Ž‰ ‘ŠŽŠŽ‰, ŠŽƒ„€
ŽฎŸ‚‹Ÿ…’… “Š€‡€’…‹œ € ”“Š–ˆž, ‚Ž„…,
$$\.{int @[@] (*f)();}$$
‚ Ž’ˆ‚ŽŒ ‘‹“—€… \.{CWEAVE} ‘“’€…’ …‚“ž —€‘’œ ’ŽƒŽ Ž…„…‹…ˆŸ
‘ ‚›€†…ˆ…Œ \CPLUSPLUS/ `\&{int}($*f$)'.

\subsec
ฎ‘’€‹œ›… “€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ… ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹› \.{CWEB} “ŠŽ‚Ž„Ÿ’ ‚‚Ž„ŽŒ „€›•.

\@{x @y @z}[\\{change\_file}]
\.{CWEAVE} ˆ \.{CTANGLE} …„€‡€—…› „‹Ÿ €Ž’› ‘ „‚“ŒŸ ‚•Ž„›Œˆ ”€‰‹€Œˆ,
€‡›‚€…Œ›Œˆ \\{web\_file} ˆ ”€‰‹ ˆ‡Œ……ˆ‰ \\{change\_file},
ƒ„… \\{change\_file} ‘Ž„…†ˆ’ „€›…, ‡€Œ…™€ž™ˆ… Ž’„…‹œ›… —€‘’ˆ \\{web\_file}.
เ…‡“‹œ’ˆ“ž™ˆ‰ ’…Š‘’ ˆ …‘’œ ’Ž’ ‘€Œ›‰ ”€‰‹ \.{CWEB}, ŠŽ’Ž›‰ “ŽŒˆ€…’‘Ÿ
Ž‚‘…Œ…‘’Ž ‚ ’ŽŒ “ŠŽ‚Ž„‘’‚….

\more ช€Š ’Ž €Ž’€…’: ”€‰‹ ˆ‡Œ……ˆ‰ ‘Ž„…†ˆ’ “‹œ ˆ Ž‹…… ``ŠŽ…Š’ˆ‚'',
ƒ„…  ŠŽ…Š’ˆ‚€ ˆŒ……’ ‚ˆ„ `\.{@x}$\langle$‘’€›… ‘’ŽŠˆ$\rangle$\.{@y}$\langle$%
Ž‚›… ‘’ŽŠˆ$\rangle$\.{@z}'. แ…–ˆ€‹œ›… “€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ… ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹› \.{@x}, \.{@y}, \.{@z},
„Ž“‘’ˆŒ›… ’Ž‹œŠŽ ‚ ”€‰‹€• ˆ‡Œ……ˆ‰, „Ž‹†› ŽŸ‚‹Ÿ’œ‘Ÿ ‚ €—€‹… ‘’ŽŠˆ,
Ž‘’€’ŽŠ ’€ŠŽ‰ ‘’ŽŠˆ ˆƒŽˆ“…’‘Ÿ.
แŽ„…†ˆŒŽ… $\langle$‘’€›… ‘’ŽŠˆ$\rangle$ …„‘’€‚‹Ÿ…’ Œ€’…ˆ€‹,
ŠŽ’Ž›‰ ’Ž—Ž ‘ŽŽ’‚…’‘’‚“…’
Ž‘‹…„Ž‚€’…‹œ›Œ ‘’ŽŠ€Œ \\{web\_file}; € $\langle$Ž‚›… ‘’ŽŠˆ$\rangle$
‘Ž„…†ˆ’ “‹œ ˆ‹ˆ Ž‹…… ‘’ŽŠ, ŠŽ’Ž›Œˆ …„Ž‹€ƒ€…’‘Ÿ ‡€Œ…ˆ’œ ‘’€›….
ช€Š ’Ž‹œŠŽ …‚€Ÿ ``‘’€€Ÿ ‘’ŽŠ€'' ŠŽ…Š’ˆ‚› ŽŠ€‡›‚€…’‘Ÿ ‘Ž‚€„€ž™…‰
‘Ž ‘’ŽŠŽ‰ ‚~\\{web\_file}, ‚‘… Ž‘’€‹œ›… ‘’ŽŠˆ ’Ž‰ ŠŽ…Š’ˆ‚› ’€Š†…
„Ž‹†› ‘Ž‚€‘’œ.

\more ฌ…†„“ ŠŽ…Š’ˆ‚€Œˆ, ……„ …‚Ž‰ ŠŽ…Š’ˆ‚Ž‰ ˆ Ž‘‹… Ž‘‹…„…‰
ŠŽ…Š’ˆ‚›
”€‰‹ ˆ‡Œ……ˆ‰ ŒŽ†…’ ‘Ž„…†€’œ ‹žŽ… ŠŽ‹ˆ—…‘’‚Ž ‘’ŽŠ, … €—ˆ€ž™ˆ•‘Ÿ
`\.{@x}', `\.{@y}', ‹ˆŽ~`\.{@z}'. โ€Šˆ… ‘’ŽŠˆ Ž“‘Š€ž’‘Ÿ ˆ …
ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡“ž’‘Ÿ ‚ ‘ŽŽ‘’€‚‹…ˆˆ.

\more โ€Š€Ÿ ‚Ž‡ŒŽ†Ž‘’œ Ž‹…‡€, ŠŽƒ„€ €Ž’€…˜œ ‘ Žˆƒˆ€‹œ›Œ \.{CWEB}-”€‰‹ŽŒ,
Ž‹“—…›Œ Ž’Š“„€-‹ˆŽ (€ˆŒ…, \.{tangle.w} ˆ
\.{weave.w} ‹ˆŽ \.{tex.web}), ŠŽ’Ž›‰ …Ž•Ž„ˆŒŽ ˆ‡Œ…ˆ’œ „‹Ÿ €„€’€–ˆˆ
Žƒ€ŒŒ› Š Ž‘Ž…Ž‘’ŸŒ ‚€˜…‰ ‘ˆ‘’…Œ›. ข› ŒŽ†…’… Ž’‹€†ˆ‚€’œ ‘‚Žˆ
‘ˆ‘’…ŒŽ-‡€‚ˆ‘ˆŒ›… ˆ‡Œ……ˆŸ, … ˆ‘€‚‹ŸŸ Ž‘Ž‚ŽƒŽ ”€‰‹€; ˆ Š€Š
’Ž‹œŠŽ Žˆ ‡€€Ž’€ž’, ˆ• ŒŽ†Ž “„…’ ‹…ƒŠŽ ‚Š‹ž—€’œ ‚ Ž‚›… ‚…‘ˆˆ
Ž‘Ž‚ŽƒŽ ”€‰‹€, ŠŽ’Ž›… “„“’ ŽŸ‚‹Ÿ’œ‘Ÿ ‚…ŒŸ Ž’ ‚…Œ…ˆ.

\@i [\\{web\_file}]
ข ‘‚Žž Ž—……„œ, \\{web\_file} ‘€Œ Ž ‘…… ŒŽ†…’ ›’œ ŠŽŒˆ€–ˆ…‰
…‘ŠŽ‹œŠˆ• ”€‰‹Ž‚.
ชŽƒ„€ \.{CWEAVE} ‹ˆŽ \.{CTANGLE}, ‘—ˆ’›‚€Ÿ ”€‰‹, Ž€“†ˆ‚€ž’
“€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ‰ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹ \.{@i} ‚ €—€‹… ‘’ŽŠˆ, Žˆ …›‚€ž’ —’…ˆ… ˆ
€—ˆ€ž’ Ž€Ž’Š“ ”€‰‹€, ˆŒŸ ŠŽ’ŽŽƒŽ ‘‹…„“…’ ‡€ \.{@i},
Ž„ŽŽ …Ž–…‘‘Ž“ ŠŽŒˆ‹Ÿ’Ž€ \CEE/, Ž€€’›‚€ž™…Œ“ „ˆ…Š’ˆ‚“
\.{\#include}.
ฏŽ‘‹… ‡€‚…˜…ˆŸ —’…ˆŸ ‚Š‹ž—€…ŒŽƒŽ ”€‰‹€ Žƒ€ŒŒ€
……•Ž„ˆ’ Š ‘‹…„“ž™…‰ ‘’ŽŠ… ˆ‘•Ž„ŽƒŽ ”€‰‹€.
จŒŸ ”€‰‹€, ‘‹…„“ž™…… ‡€ \.{@i}, ŒŽ†…’ ŽŠ“†€’œ‘Ÿ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹€Œˆ
\.", Ž ’Ž …ŽŸ‡€’…‹œŽ.
ขŠ‹ž—…ˆ… ŒŽ†…’ ›’œ ‚‹Ž†…›Œ.

\more
ไ€‰‹› ˆ‡Œ……ˆ‰ ŒŽƒ“’ ˆŒ…’œ ‘’ŽŠˆ, €—ˆ€ž™ˆ…‘Ÿ \.{@i}. โ€ŠˆŒ ‘Ž‘ŽŽŒ
‚› ŒŽ†…’… Ž„Œ…Ÿ’œ Ž„ˆ ‚Š‹ž—€…Œ›‰ ”€‰‹ „“ƒˆŒ. ชŽ–…’“€‹œŽ, Žˆ‘€›‰
‚›˜… Œ…•€ˆ‡Œ Ž„‘’€Ž‚Šˆ „…‰‘’‚“…’ …‚›Œ, € ‡€’…Œ ‚ …ƒŽ ‚›‚Ž„…
Ž€€’›‚€ž’‘Ÿ „ˆ…Š’ˆ‚› \.{@i}. ฅ‘‹ˆ \.{@i} \.{foo}
ŽŸ‚ˆ’‘Ÿ Œ…†„“ \.{@y} ˆ \.{@z} ‚ ”€‰‹… ˆ‡Œ……ˆ‰, Ž’„…‹œ›… ‘’ŽŠˆ
”€‰‹€ \.{foo} ˆ ”€‰‹›, ŠŽ’Ž›… Ž ‚Š‹ž—€…’, … ˆ‡Œ…Ÿž’‘Ÿ; ŒŽ„ˆ”ˆŠ€–ˆˆ
ŒŽƒ“’ ›’œ ‚…‘…› ‚ ‘’ŽŠˆ, ŠŽ’›… ‚Š‹ž—€‹ˆ‘œ … ˆ‡Œ……Ž‰ „ˆ…Š’ˆ‚Ž‰
input.

\more ข ‘ˆ‘’…Œ… UNIX (ˆ „“ƒˆ•, Ž„„…†ˆ‚€ž™ˆ• ……Œ…›… ŽŠ“†…ˆŸ),
…‘‹ˆ “‘’€Ž‚‹…€ ……Œ…€Ÿ \.{CWEBINPUTS}, ‹ˆŽ …‘‹ˆ Ž„ŽˆŒ…Ž…
Ž…„…‹…ˆ… ›‹Ž ‡€„€Ž ˆ ŠŽŒˆ‹Ÿ–ˆˆ,
\.{CWEB} “„…’ ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€’œ …… ‡€—…ˆ… ‚ Š€—…‘’‚… ˆŒ…ˆ Š€’€‹Žƒ€, ‚
ŠŽ’ŽŽŒ “„…’ Žˆ‘•Ž„ˆ’œ Žˆ‘Š ‚Š‹ž—€…Œ›• ”€‰‹Ž‚, …‘‹ˆ Žˆ … “„“’
€‰„…› ‚ ’…Š“™…Œ Š€’€‹Žƒ….

\section คŽŽ‹ˆ’…‹œ›… ‚Ž‡ŒŽ†Ž‘’ˆ ˆ …„Ž‘’……†…ˆŸ.

1. ข …ŠŽ’Ž›• …€‹ˆ‡€–ˆŸ• \.{CWEB}, ŠŽ’Ž›…
{\def\\#1#2{`{\tentex\char'#1#2}'}%
„Ž“‘Š€ž’ ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€ˆ… €‘˜ˆ…ŽƒŽ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹œŽƒŽ €Ž€, ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹›
\\13, \\01, \\31, \\32, \\34, \\35,
\\36, \\37, \\04, \\20 ˆ~\\21}
ŒŽƒ“’ ˆŒ…Ÿ’œ‘Ÿ Š€Š ‘ŽŠ€™…ˆŸ „‹Ÿ `\.{++}', `\.{--}', `\.{->}',
`\.{!=}', `\.{<=}', `\.{>=}', `\.{==}', `\.{\v\v}', `\.{\&\&}',
`\.{<<}' ˆ~`\.{>>}' ‘ŽŽ’‚…’‘’‚…Ž.

2. ฅ‘‹ˆ ‚€˜€ ‘ˆ‘’…Œ€ ˆŒ……’ €‘˜ˆ…›‰ €Ž ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹Ž‚, Ž ŒŽ†…’ ›’œ
ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€ ‘ ŒˆˆŒ€‹œ›Œˆ Žƒ€ˆ—…ˆŸŒˆ,
Š€Š ’Ž Žˆ‘€Ž ‚›˜… ˆ Ž‘“†„…ˆˆ \.{@l}.
ญŽ ‚€Œ ‘‹…„“…’ ˆ„…†ˆ‚€’œ‘Ÿ ‘’€„€’›• ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹Ž‚ ASCII, …‘‹ˆ ‚›
•Ž’ˆ’… ˆ‘€’œ Žƒ€ŒŒ›, ŠŽ’Ž›… ŽŠ€†“’‘Ÿ Ž‹…‡›Œˆ ˆ ’…Œ, ŠŽŒ“ ’€ŠŽ…
€‘˜ˆ…ˆ… …„Ž‘’“Ž.

3. คŽŠ“Œ…’ \TEX/, Žˆ‡‚…„…›‰ \.{CWEAVE}, €‡ˆ‚€…’‘Ÿ € ‘’ŽŠˆ ‘
Œ€Š‘ˆŒ€‹œŽ‰ „‹ˆŽ‰ 80 ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹Ž‚.
ชŽƒ„€ ’…Š‘’ \TEX/ ŠŽˆ“…’‘Ÿ, ‚Ž‘Žˆ‡‚Ž„Ÿ’‘Ÿ ˆ ‘“™…‘’‚“ž™ˆ… €‡›‚› ‘’ŽŠ.
ฅ‘‹ˆ ‚› … „…‹€…’… ˆ—…ƒŽ ‘‹ˆ˜ŠŽŒ •ˆ’ŽƒŽ, \.{CWEAVE} €‘Ž‡€…’, ŠŽƒ„€
ŠŽŒŒ…’€ˆ‰ \TEX/'€ €‡ˆ‚€…’‘Ÿ € …‘ŠŽ‹œŠŽ ‘’ŽŠ, ˆ „Ž€‚ˆ’
`\.\%' ‚ €—€‹Ž Š€†„Ž‰ ’€ŠŽ‰ ‘’ŽŠˆ.

4. \CEE/-’…Š‘’ ’€‘‹ˆ“…’‘Ÿ ``‚Ž‘•Ž„Ÿ™…‰'' (``bottom up'') Ž–…„“Ž‰,
ŠŽ’Ž€Ÿ €‘Ž‡€…’ Š€†„“ž ‹…Š‘…Œ“ Š€Š ``—€‘’œ …—ˆ'' (``part of speech'')
ˆ ŠŽŒˆˆ“…’ ’ˆ —€‘’ˆ ‚Ž ‚‘… \'Ž‹œ˜ˆ… ˆ \'Ž‹œ˜ˆ… ”€‡›, ŽŠ€ ’Ž
‚Ž‡ŒŽ†Ž, ‘Žƒ‹€‘Ž ‘…–ˆ€‹œŽ‰ ƒ€ŒŒ€’ˆŠ…, Žˆ‘€Ž‰ ‚ „ŽŠ“Œ…’€–ˆˆ
Š~\.{CWEAVE}. ซ…ƒŠŽ ŽŸ’œ ‘•…Œ“, ˆŒ…Ÿ…Œ“ž Š Ž‘’›Œ ŠŽ‘’“Š–ˆŸŒ,
’€ŠˆŒ Š€Š Ž’„…‹œ›… ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž› ˆ ŠŽŽ’Šˆ… ‚›€†…ˆŸ, Ž‘’Ž ˆ‡“—ˆ‚
…‘ŠŽ‹œŠŽ ˆŒ…ŽŒ ‚›‚Ž„€ \.{CWEAVE}, Ž Ž™ˆ‰ Œ…•€ˆ‡Œ …‘ŠŽ‹œŠŽ
‘‹Ž†……, Ž‘ŠŽ‹œŠ“ „Ž‹†… Ž€€’›‚€’œ …—’Ž Ž‹œ˜……, —…Œ Ž‘’Ž \CEE/.
ฏŽŒˆŒŽ ’ŽƒŽ, ‚›‚Ž„ ‘Ž„…†ˆ’ ŠŽŒ€„›, ŠŽ’Ž›… ‡€‘’€‚‹Ÿž’ \TEX/ „…‹€’œ
Ž’‘’“› ˆ €‡›‚› ‘’ŽŠ ƒ„… …Ž•Ž„ˆŒŽ,
‘ŽŽ’‚…’‘’‚…Ž ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€›Œ ˜ˆ”’€Œ ˆ €‡Œ…“ ‘’€ˆ–›. ค‹Ÿ „Ž‘’ˆ†…ˆŸ
€ˆ‹“—˜ˆ• …‡“‹œ’€’Ž‚ ‹€ƒŽ€‡“ŒŽ
ˆ‡…ƒ€’œ ‡€Š‹ž—…ˆŸ „‹ˆ›• \CEE/-’…Š‘’Ž‚ ‚ \pb, Ž‘ŠŽ‹œŠ“
Ž’‘’“› ˆ Œ€Š…› ŠŽ–€ ‘’ŽŠˆ ˆƒŽˆ“ž’‘Ÿ, ŠŽƒ„€ ‘Ž„…†ˆŒŽ… \pb\
’€‘‹ˆ“…’‘Ÿ ‘ \CEE/ ‚ \TEX/. แ’…Œˆ’…‘œ Š Ž‘’Ž’… ‚›€†…ˆ‰ ˆ
Ž…€’ŽŽ‚.  ฅ‘‹ˆ „ˆ…Š’ˆ‚€ …Ž–…‘‘Ž€ ‡€Š‹ž—…€ ‚ \pb,
’Ž €—ˆ€ž™ˆ‰ …… \.\#  „Ž‹†… €‘Ž‹€ƒ€’œ‘Ÿ ‚ €—€‹… ‘’ŽŠˆ,
ˆ€—… \.{CWEAVE} … €…—€’€…’ …… €‚ˆ‹œŽ.

5. ชŽŒŒ…’€ˆˆ ‚ \pb-’…Š‘’… …„Ž“‘’ˆŒ›. ฏŽ‘‹… `\.|', “Š€‡›‚€ž™…ƒŽ €
……•Ž„ Ž’ ’…Š‘’€ \TEX/ Š \CEE/, ‘‹…„“ž™ˆ‰ `\.|', ŠŽ’Ž›‰ … Ÿ‚‹Ÿ…’‘Ÿ
—€‘’œž ‘’ŽŠˆ, “€‚‹Ÿž™…ƒŽ ’…Š‘’€ ‹ˆŽ ˆŒ…ˆ ‘…Š–ˆˆ, ‡€‚…˜€…’ \CEE/-’…Š‘’.

6. ชŽŒŒ…’€ˆ‰ „Ž‹†… ˆŒ…’œ €‚ˆ‹œŽ… ‚‹Ž†…ˆ… ”ˆƒ“›• ‘ŠŽŽŠ,
‚ Ž’ˆ‚ŽŒ ‘‹“—€… \.{CWEAVE} ‚›€‡ˆ’ ‘‚Ž… …„Ž‚Ž‹œ‘’‚Ž, Ž ˆ ’ŽŒ
‘„…‹€…’ Ž›’Š“ ‚Ž‘‘’€Ž‚ˆ’œ €‹€‘ ‘ŠŽŽŠ, ’€Š —’Ž
\TEX/'“ … ˆ„…’‘Ÿ ‘‹ˆ˜ŠŽŒ ’“„Ž.

7. ฅ‘‹ˆ ‚Ž ‚…ŒŸ Ž’‹€„Šˆ Žƒ€ŒŒ› ‚Ž‡ˆŠ€…’ …Ž•Ž„ˆŒŽ‘’œ Ž“‘’ˆ’œ
…ŠŽ’Ž“ž —€‘’œ \CEE/-ŠŽ„€, ญฅ ‘‹…„“…’ ›’€’œ‘Ÿ Ž‘’Ž …ƒŽ ``‡€ŠŽŒŒ…’ˆŽ‚€’œ''.
โ€Šˆ… ŠŽŒŒ…’€ˆˆ … ‚ „“•… \.{CWEB}; —ˆ’€’…‹ŸŒ Žˆ ŽŠ€†“’‘Ÿ ŽŸ‘…ˆŸŒˆ
Š Ž‘’€‹œ›Œ ˆ‘’“Š–ˆŸŒ.
ชŽŒ… ’ŽƒŽ, ŠŽŒŒ…’€ˆˆ „Ž‹†› ›’œ ŠŽ…Š’› ‘ ’Ž—Šˆ ‡…ˆŸ \TEX/'€;
‘‹…„Ž‚€’…‹œŽ, \.{CWEAVE} “„…’ ‚ ‡€’“„…ˆˆ, …‘‹ˆ ‚› ‡€Š‹ž—ˆ’…
…„‹Ž†…ˆŸ \CEE/ ‚
\.{/*...*/} ‚Œ…‘’Ž \.{/*|...|*/}.  ฅ‘‹ˆ —€‘’œ \CEE/-ŠŽ„€ „Ž‹†€ ›’œ
``‡€ŠŽŒŒ…’ˆŽ‚€€'', ‚› ŒŽ†…’… Žƒ€ˆ—ˆ’œ …… „ˆ…Š’ˆ‚€Œˆ …Ž–…‘‘Ž€,
Ž„Ž›Œˆ \.{\#if 0==1} ˆ \.{\#endif}.

8. ฏˆ ŽŒŽ™ˆ \.{@f} ‚Ž‡ŒŽ†Ž Ž…„…‹ˆ’œ Ž„ˆ ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž ’€Š, —’Ž› Ž ‚…‹
‘…Ÿ Ž„ŽŽ „“ƒŽŒ“, ˆ  ’ˆ Ž…„…‹…ˆŸ ”ŽŒ€’€ ˆŒ…Ÿž’‘Ÿ Ž‘‹…„Ž‚€’…‹œŽ.
ขŽŽ™… ƒŽ‚ŽŸ, „€›‰ ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž ˆŒ……’ …„ˆ‘’‚…›‰ ”ŽŒ€’ ‚›‚Ž„€ €
Ž’Ÿ†…ˆˆ ‚‘…ƒŽ „ŽŠ“Œ…’€, ˆ ’Ž’ ”ŽŒ€’ ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡“…’‘Ÿ „€†… „Ž ’ŽƒŽ, Š€Š
“„…’ Ž…„…‹… Ž‘…„‘’‚ŽŒ \.{@f}. ํ’Ž ŽฎŸ‘Ÿ…’‘Ÿ ’…Œ, —’Ž \.{CWEAVE}
€Ž’€…’ ‚ „‚€
Ž•Ž„€; € …‚ŽŒ Ž•Ž„… Ž€€’›‚€ž’‘Ÿ „ˆ…Š’ˆ‚› \.{@f} ˆ
……Š…‘’›… ‘‘›‹Šˆ, € € ‚’ŽŽŒ Žˆ‡‚Ž„ˆ’‘Ÿ ‚›‚Ž„.
(โ…Œ … Œ………, ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž›, ‚‚…„…›… \.{typedef}, ŠŽ’Ž›Œ
…Ÿ‚Ž ˆ‘‚€ˆ‚€…’‘Ÿ ”ŽŒ€’ ‚›‚Ž„€ †ˆ›Œ ˜ˆ”’ŽŒ,
… ‘‹…„“ž’ ’ŽŒ“ €‚ˆ‹“: Žˆ ‚›‚Ž„Ÿ’‘Ÿ Ž-€‡ŽŒ“ „Ž ˆ Ž‘‹…
‘ŽŽ’‚…’‘’‚“ž™…ƒŽ \.{typedef}.  ํ’Ž €‡Ž—€Ž‚›‚€…’, Ž —’Ž-‹ˆŽ ˆ‘€‚ˆ’œ
‡€’“„ˆ’…‹œŽ. ข› ŒŽ†…’… ŽŽ‰’ˆ ’Ž Žƒ€ˆ—…ˆ…, ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡“Ÿ \.{@s}, „Ž ‹ˆŽ
Ž‘‹… \.{typedef}.)

9. จŽƒ„€ †…‹€’…‹œŽ ‚‘’€‚ˆ’œ ‚ Ž’”ŽŒ€’ˆŽ‚€›‰ \CEE/-ŠŽ„ Ž…‹,
Ž’‹ˆ—›‰ Ž’ …„Ž‘’€‚‹Ÿ…ŒŽƒŽ `\.{@,}'. ค‹Ÿ ’ŽƒŽ ŒŽ†Ž ‚Ž‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€’œ‘Ÿ
\.{@t}; €ˆŒ…, `\.{@t\\hskip 1in@>}' „€…’ Ž…‹ „‹ˆŽ‰ 1~„ž‰Œ.
ชŽŒ… ’ŽƒŽ, `\.{@t\\4@>}' ŒŽ†…’ ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€’œ‘Ÿ „‹Ÿ
‚Ž‡‚€’€ € Ž„“ …„ˆˆ–“ Ž’‘’“€, Ž‘ŠŽ‹œŠ“ “€‚‹Ÿž™€Ÿ
Ž‘‹…„Ž‚€’…‹œŽ‘’œ \.{\\4} Ž…„…‹…€ ‚ \.{cwebmac} ’€Š, —’Ž› „…‹€’œ
’€ŠŽ‰ ‚Ž‡‚€’. (ฎ€ ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡“…’‘Ÿ, Š ˆŒ…“, ‚ €—€‹… ‘’ŽŠ, ŠŽ’Ž›…
‘Ž„…†€’ ŽŒ…—…›… Ž…€’Ž›, ’€Š —’Ž Œ…’Š€ “„…’ …ŒŽƒŽ ‘Œ…™…€
‚‹…‚Ž.) ข› ’€Š†… ŒŽ†…’… ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€’œ `\.{@t\}\\3\{-5@>}' „‹Ÿ
ˆ“„ˆ’…‹œŽƒŽ €‡›‚€ ‘’ŽŠˆ Ž‘…„ˆ ‚›€†…ˆŸ.

10. ช€†„›‰ ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž ‚ \.{CWEB} ˆŒ……’ Ž„ˆ ‘’ˆ‹œ ”ŽŒ€’ˆŽ‚€ˆŸ. ฏŽ’ŽŒ“
‚› … „Ž‹†› ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€’œ Ž„Ž ˆ ’Ž †… ˆŒŸ „‹Ÿ Ž„Ž‚…Œ…ŽƒŽ ŽŽ‡€—…ˆŸ,
€ˆŒ…, ˆŒ…ˆ ’ˆ€ ˆ Ž‹Ÿ \.{struct}, …‘ŒŽ’Ÿ € ’Ž, —’Ž \CEE/
Ž‡‚Ž‹Ÿ…’ ’Ž.

\section ง€“‘Š Žƒ€ŒŒ.
ชŽŒ€„€Ÿ ‘’ŽŠ€ \UNIX/ Š€Š „‹Ÿ \.{CTANGLE}, ’€Š ˆ „‹Ÿ \.{CWEAVE} ˆŒ……’ ‚ˆ„
$$\.{ctangle [options] web\_file[.w] [\{change\_file[.ch]|-\} [out\_file]]}$$
ฅ‘‹ˆ ”€‰‹ ˆ‡Œ……ˆ‰ Ž“™… ‹ˆŽ ‡€„€ `\.-', Ž Ž‹€ƒ€…’‘Ÿ “‘’›Œ.
เ€‘˜ˆ…ˆŸ \.{.w} ˆ \.{.ch} „Ž€‚‹Ÿž’‘Ÿ ’Ž‹œŠŽ ‚ ’ŽŒ ‘‹“—€…, …‘‹ˆ
‡€„€›… ˆŒ…€ ”€‰‹Ž‚ … ‘Ž„…†€’ ’Ž—…Š.
ฅ‘‹ˆ ”€‰‹ ‘ ’€ŠˆŒ ˆŒ……Œ … €‰„…, “„…’ ˆ‘ŽŽ‚€Ž €‘˜ˆ…ˆ…
\.{.web}.
ญ€ˆŒ…, `\.{cweave} \.{cob}' Ž›’€…’‘Ÿ Ž—ˆ’€’œ
\.{cob.w}; …‘‹ˆ ’Ž … “„€…’‘Ÿ, “„…’ ˆ‘ŽŽ‚€Ž \.{cob.web} ……„
€‚€ˆ‰›Œ ‡€‚…˜…ˆ…Œ €Ž’›.
ฅ‘‹ˆ ˆŒŸ ‚›•Ž„ŽƒŽ ”€‰‹€ … ‡€„€Ž, ˆŒŸ \CEE/-”€‰‹€, ƒ……ˆ“…ŒŽƒŽ
\.{CTANGLE}, Ž‹“—€…’‘Ÿ „Ž€‚‹…ˆ…Œ €‘˜ˆ…ˆŸ \.{.c};
ˆŒŸ \TEX/-”€‰‹€, Žˆ‡‚…„…ŽƒŽ \.{CWEAVE}, Ž‹“—ˆ’ €‘˜ˆ…ˆ… \.{.tex}.
ข ˆ„…Š‘›• ”€‰‹€•, ŽŽ†„€…Œ›• \.{CWEAVE}, \.{.tex} ‡€Œ…Ÿ…’‘Ÿ \.{.idx} ˆ
\.{.scn}.

ฏˆ‚…†…–› ‹€ŠŽˆ—Ž‘’ˆ ŒŽƒ“’ ’€Š €‘’Žˆ’œ ‘‚Ž‰ ŠŽŒ€„›‰
ˆ’……’€’Ž, —’Ž `\.{wv}' “„…’ Ž‡€—€’œ `\.{cweave -bhp}'; ’Ž
Ž„€‚‹Ÿ…’ ‚…‘œ ‚›‚Ž„ \.{CWEAVE} € ’…Œˆ€‹, ‡€ ˆ‘Š‹ž—…ˆ…Œ ‘ŽŽ™…ˆ‰ Ž
Ž˜ˆŠ€•.

ฏ€€Œ…’›-Ž–ˆˆ €—ˆ€ž’‘Ÿ ‹ˆŽ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹ŽŒ `\.-', ‡€…™€ž™ˆŒ „…‰‘’‚ˆ…
Ž–ˆˆ, ‹ˆŽ `\.+', ŠŽ’Ž›‰ …ƒŽ €‡…˜€…’. ญ€ˆŒ…, `\.{-fb}' ‡€…™€…’
Ž–ˆˆ \.f ˆ \.b; `\.{+s}' €‡…˜€…’ Ž–ˆž \.s. ฎ–ˆˆ ŒŽƒ“’
‡€„€‚€’œ‘Ÿ ……„ ˆŒ…€Œˆ ”€‰‹Ž‚, Ž‘‹… ˆ•, ‹ˆŽ ˆ ’Ž, ˆ „“ƒŽ…. ข
€‘’ŽŸ™ˆ‰ ŒŽŒ…’ Ž„„…†ˆ‚€ž’‘Ÿ ‘‹…„“ž™ˆ… Ž–ˆˆ:

\yskip
\def\option#1 {\textindent{\.#1}\hangindent2\parindent}

\option b ข›‚Ž„ˆ’œ ‘ŽŽ™…ˆ… ˆ ‘’€’…. (เ€‡…˜…Ž Ž “ŒŽ‹—€ˆž.)

\option f ฏˆ“†„€…’ ‡€‚…˜€’œ Š€†„›‰ Ž…€’Ž \CEE/, Ž’”ŽŒ€’ˆŽ‚€›‰
\.{CWEAVE}, Œ€Š…ŽŒ ŠŽ–€ ‘’ŽŠˆ.
(เ€‡…˜…Ž Ž “ŒŽ‹—€ˆž; \.{-f} ŠŽŽŒˆ’ “Œ€ƒ“, Ž ŒŽƒˆ… Ž‹€ƒ€ž’, —’Ž
’€ŠŽ‰ ‘’ˆ‹œ ”ŽŒ€’ˆŽ‚€ˆŸ Žƒ€ŒŒ› ‚›ƒ‹Ÿ„ˆ’ ‚ \CEE/ "……‘’…‘’‚…Ž".)
(ญ… ‚‹ˆŸ…’ € \.{CTANGLE}.)

\option h ข›‚Ž„ ‘ŽŽ™…ˆŸ Ž ŽŒ€‹œŽŒ ‡€‚…˜…ˆˆ Žƒ€ŒŒ›. (เ€‡…˜…
Ž “ŒŽ‹—€ˆž.)

\option p ฎ’Ž€†€’œ ‚Ž ‚…ŒŸ €Ž’› Žƒ€ŒŒ› ‘ŽŽ™…ˆŸ Ž ……
Žƒ…‘‘…. (เ€‡…˜…Ž Ž “ŒŽ‹—€ˆž.)

\option s ข›„€…’ ‘’€’ˆ‘’ˆŠ“ ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€ˆŸ €ŒŸ’ˆ Ž ŽŠŽ—€ˆˆ €Ž’›
Žƒ€ŒŒ›. (ง€…™…Ž Ž “ŒŽ‹—€ˆž.)
ฅ‘‹ˆ ‚€˜ˆ \.{CWEB}-”€‰‹› ‹ˆŽ ‘…Š–ˆˆ ‚…‹ˆŠˆ, ŒŽ†…’ ŽŠ€‡€’œ‘Ÿ Ž‹…‡›Œ “‚ˆ„…’œ,
€‘ŠŽ‹œŠŽ ‚› ‹ˆ‡Šˆ Š ˆ‘—…€ˆž …‘“‘Ž‚ \.{CTANGLE} ˆ/ˆ‹ˆ \.{CWEAVE}.

\option x ขŠ‹ž—€’œ ˆ„…Š‘ ˆ Žƒ‹€‚‹…ˆ… ‚ \TEX/-”€‰‹, ‚›‚Ž„ˆŒ›‰
\.{CWEAVE}. (เ€‡…˜…Ž Ž “ŒŽ‹—€ˆž.) (ญ… ‚‹ˆŸ…’ € \.{CTANGLE}.)

\section คŽŽ‹ˆ’…‹œ›… ‘‚…„…ˆŸ Ž ”ŽŒ€’ˆŽ‚€ˆˆ.
ข€Œ ŒŽ†…’ … Ž€‚ˆ’œ‘Ÿ, Š€Š \.{CWEAVE} Ž€€’›‚€…’ …ŠŽ’Ž›…
‘ˆ’“€–ˆˆ. ฅ‘‹ˆ “ ‚€‘ …’ „“ƒŽƒŽ ‚›•Ž„€, ‚› ŒŽ†…’… €‘’Žˆ’œ \.{CWEAVE}
ˆ‡Œ…ŸŸ …ƒŽ ƒ€ŒŒ€’ˆŠ“.  ํ’Ž ’…“…’ ŒŽ„ˆ”ˆŠ€–ˆˆ ˆ‘•Ž„›• ’…Š‘’Ž‚,
€Ž’›, ŠŽ’Ž€Ÿ ŒŽ†…’ ŽŠ€‡€’œ‘Ÿ ‡€ˆŒ€’…‹œŽ‰. โ€‹ˆ–€ ƒ€ŒŒ€’ˆ—…‘Šˆ•
€‚ˆ‹ ‘Ž„…†ˆ’‘Ÿ ‚ ˆ‘•Ž„›• ’…Š‘’€• \.{CWEAVE}, ˆ ‚› ŒŽ†…’… ‘„…‹€’œ
Ž’„…‹œ“ž ŠŽˆž ’Ž‰ ’€‹ˆ–›, ‘ŠŽˆŽ‚€‚ ”€‰‹~\.{prod.w}, €‰„…›‰ ‚
ˆ‘•Ž„›• ’…Š‘’€• \.{CWEB} ˆ ‘ŠŽŒ€„Ž‚€‚ `\.{cweave}~\.{-x}~\.{prod}' ˆ
`\.{tex}~\.{prod}'.

ข› ŒŽ†…’… ’Ž—Ž “‡€’œ, Š€Š \.{CWEAVE} €‡ˆ€…’ ‚€˜ \CEE/-ŠŽ„, …‘‹ˆ
ŽŒ…‘’ˆ’… ……„ ˆŒ ‘’ŽŠ“ `\.{@ @c @2}'. (ใ€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ‰ ŠŽ„ `\.{@2}'
€Š’ˆ‚ˆ‡ˆ“…’ ``‘‹…„Ÿ™ˆ‰'' (``peeping'') …†ˆŒ €Ž’›, € `\.{@0}'
Ž’Œ…Ÿ…’ …ƒŽ.) ญ€ˆŒ…, …‘‹ˆ Ž“‘’ˆ’œ —……‡ \.{CWEAVE} ”€‰‹
\medskip
\begingroup
\verbatim
@ @c @2
main (argc,argv)
char **argv;
{ for (;argc>0;argc--) printf("%s\n",argv[argc-1]); }
!endgroup
\endgroup
\medskip\noindent
€ Š€ “„…’ ‚›‚…„…€ ‘‹…„“ž™€Ÿ ’€€€™ˆ€:
\medskip
\begingroup
\verbatim
[...]
4:*exp ( +exp+ )...
11:*exp +exp+ int...
5:*+exp+ int +unorbinop+...
[...]
60: +fn_decl+*+{+ -stmt- +}-
55:*+fn_decl+ -stmt-
52:*+function-
[...]
!endgroup
\endgroup
\medskip
ฏ…‚€Ÿ ‘’ŽŠ€ “Š€‡›‚€…’, —’Ž ›‹Ž ˆŒ……Ž €‚ˆ‹Ž ŽŒ… 4, ˆ  \.{CWEAVE}
‚ €‘’ŽŸ™ˆ‰ ŒŽŒ…’ ‘Ž„…†ˆ’ ‚ ‘‚Ž…‰ €ŒŸ’ˆ Ž‘‹…„Ž‚€’…‹œŽ‘’œ ”€ƒŒ…’Ž‚
(chunk) ’…Š‘’€ ‚ ”ŽŒ€’… \TEX/ (€‡›‚€…Œ›• ``‚›…‡Š€Œˆ'', ``scraps''),
ˆŒ…ž™ˆ• ‘ŽŽ’‚…’‘’‚…Ž ’ˆ \\{exp} („‹Ÿ ‚›€†…ˆ‰), Ž’Š›‚€ž™€Ÿ ‘ŠŽŠ€,
‘Ž‚€ \\{exp}, ‡€Š›‚€ž™€Ÿ ‘ŠŽŠ€, ˆ Ž‘‹…„“ž™ˆ… ‚›…‡Šˆ, ŠŽ’Ž›… … ›‹ˆ
…™… ‘—ˆ’€› ‘ˆ’€Š‘ˆ—…‘ŠˆŒ €€‹ˆ‡€’ŽŽŒ.  (ง€Šˆ \.+ ˆ \.-  “Š€‡›‚€ž’, —’Ž
\TEX/ „Ž‹†… ‚Ž‰’ˆ ‚ Œ€’…Œ€’ˆ—…‘Š“ž ŒŽ„“ ‹ˆŽ ‚›‰’ˆ ˆ‡ …… € ƒ€ˆ–… ‚›…‡Šˆ.
แˆŒ‚Ž‹ \.* Ž’Œ…—€…’ ’…Š“™“ž Ž‡ˆ–ˆž €€‹ˆ‡€’Ž€.)
ค€‹…… ˆŒ…Ÿ…’‘Ÿ €‚ˆ‹Ž 11, ˆ Ž‘‹…„Ž‚€’…‹œŽ‘’œ $(\,exp\,)$
‘‚…’›‚€…’‘Ÿ „Ž \\{exp} ˆ ’€Š „€‹…….  ข ŠŽ–… ŠŽ–Ž‚
‚…‘œ \CEE/-’…Š‘’ ŽŠ€‡›‚€…’‘Ÿ Ž„Ž‰ Ž‹œ˜Ž‰ ‚›…‡ŠŽ‰ ’ˆ€ \\{function}.

จŽƒ„€ ‚‘… ˆ„…’ … ’€Š ƒ‹€„ŠŽ, ˆ ‚› Ž‹“—€…’… ƒ““ ‘’ŽŠ, ‘‚€‹…›• ‚
Ž„“ Š“—“.  ํ’Ž ‡€—ˆ’, —’Ž \.{CWEAVE} … ‘ŒŽƒ ……‚€ˆ’œ
—’Ž-’Ž ‚ ‚€˜…Œ \CEE/-ŠŽ„….  ญ€ˆŒ…, “‘’œ
`\.{@<Argument definitions@>}' ‡€‰Œ…’ Œ…‘’Ž `\.{char **argv;}' ‚
Žƒ€ŒŒ…, “ŽŒŸ“’Ž‰ ‚›˜…. ข ’ŽŒ ‘‹“—€… \.{CWEAVE} “„…’ ‘‹…ƒŠ€
Ž‡€„€—…, Ž‘ŠŽ‹œŠ“ ‘—ˆ’€…’, —’Ž ˆŒ…€ ‘…Š–ˆ‰ ‚‘…ƒŽ ‹ˆ˜œ
’Ž‹œŠŽ  \\{exp}.  ฏŽ’ŽŒ“ \TEX/'“ “„…’ …„ˆ‘€Ž ‚›‚…‘’ˆ
`\X2:Argument declarations\X' ‚ ’Ž‰ †… ‘€ŒŽ‰ ‘’ŽŠ…, —’Ž ˆ
`$\\{main}(\\{argc},\39\\{argv}{}$)'.
ข ’ŽŒ ‘‹“—€… ŒŽ†Ž ŽŒŽ—œ \.{CWEAVE}, ŽŒ…™€Ÿ `\.{@/}' Ž‘‹…
`\.{main(argc,argv)}'.

\.{CWEAVE} €‚’ŽŒ€’ˆ—…‘Šˆ ‚‘’€‚‹Ÿ…’ …Ž‹œ˜Ž‰ ŽŒ…†“’ŽŠ Œ…†„“
Žˆ‘€ˆŸŒˆ ˆ …‚›Œ Ž…€’ŽŽŒ ‹ŽŠ€. ขŽ’ Ž„ˆ ‘Ž‘Ž ‹ŽŠ€‹œŽ …ƒŽ
Ž’Œ…ˆ’œ:
$$\vbox{\halign{#\hfil\cr
\.{int x;@+@t\}\\6\{@>}\cr
\.{@<Other locals@>@;@\#}\cr}}$$
`\.{@\#}' ŽŒ…‘’ˆ’ „ŽŽ‹ˆ’…‹œ›‰ Ž…‹ Ž‘‹… `$\langle\,$Other locals$\,\rangle$'.

\section ฏˆ‹Ž†…ˆŸ.

ช€Š ˆŒ… …€‹œŽ‰ Žƒ€ŒŒ›, €ˆ‘€Ž‰ ‚ \.{CWEB}, ฏˆ‹Ž†…ˆ…~A
‘Ž„…†ˆ’ ”€ƒŒ…’› Žƒ€ŒŒ, ‚•Ž„Ÿ™ˆ• ‚ ‘Ž‘’€‚ ‘€ŒŽ‰ ‘ˆ‘’…Œ› \.{CWEB}.
โ… ˆ‡ —ˆ’€’…‹…‰, Š’Ž ’™€’…‹œŽ ˆ‡“—€’ ‹ˆ‘’ˆƒˆ ‚ ’ŽŒ ˆ‹Ž†…ˆˆ,
‘ŒŽƒ“’ ƒ‹“ŽŠŽ Ž—“‚‘’‚Ž‚€’œ Ž‘Ž‚›… ˆ„…ˆ \.{CWEB}.

ฏˆ‹Ž†…ˆ…~B  --- ’Ž ”€‰‹ Ž…„…‹…ˆ‰, ŠŽ’Ž›… €‘’€ˆ‚€ž’ \TEX/ €
€Ž’“ ‘ ‚›‚Ž„ŽŒ \.{CWEAVE}, € ‚ ฏˆ‹Ž†…ˆˆ~C Ž‘“†„€…’‘Ÿ, Š€Š
ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€’œ …ŠŽ’Ž›… ˆ‡ ’ˆ• Œ€ŠŽ‘Ž‚ „‹Ÿ ˆ‡Œ……ˆŸ ”ŽŒ€’€ ‚›‚Ž„€.

``ฏŽ‹€Ÿ'' ‚…‘ˆŸ ’ŽƒŽ “ŠŽ‚Ž„‘’‚€, ŠŽ’Ž€Ÿ ŒŽ†…’ ›’œ ‘ƒ……ˆŽ‚€€ ˆ‡
ˆ‘•Ž„›• ’…Š‘’Ž‚ \.{CWEB} ŠŽŒ€„Ž‰ \UNIX/ \.{make} \.{fullmanual},
‘Ž„…†ˆ’ ’€Š†… ˆ‹Ž†…ˆŸ D, E, ˆ~F, …„‘’€‚‹Ÿž™ˆ… ‘ŽŽ‰ Ž‹›…
ˆ‘•Ž„›… ’…Š‘’› \.{CTANGLE} ˆ \.{CWEAVE}.

\vfil\eject\titletrue

\def\runninghead{ฏˆ‹Ž†…ˆ… A --- ”ŽŒ€’ ˆ‘•Ž„ŽƒŽ ”€‰‹€ {\tentt CWEB}}
\section ฏˆ‹Ž†…ˆ…~A: ไ€ƒŒ…’› Žƒ€ŒŒ \.{CWEB}.

ํ’Ž ˆ‹Ž†…ˆ… ‘Ž„…†ˆ’ —…’›… ‹ˆ‘’ˆƒ€.
ฏ…‚›‰ ‘Ž„…†ˆ’ ‚•Ž„›… „€›… „‹Ÿ \.{CWEB}, Ž ŠŽ’Ž›Œ ƒ……ˆ“ž’‘Ÿ
‘…Š–ˆˆ~12--15 ”€‰‹€~\.{common.w}, ŠŽ’Ž›‰ ‘Ž„…†ˆ’ Ž„Žƒ€ŒŒ›, Ž™ˆ…
„‹Ÿ \.{CWEAVE} ˆ~\.{CTANGLE}. ฎ’Œ…’ˆŒ, —’Ž …ŠŽ’Ž›… ‘’ŽŠˆ ‘Ž„…†€’
Ž’‘’“›, Ž„—…Šˆ‚€ž™ˆ… ‘’“Š’““ Žƒ€ŒŒ›; Ž’‘’“› ’ˆ ˆƒŽˆ“ž’‘Ÿ
Š€Š  \.{CWEAVE}, ’€Š ˆ \.{CTANGLE}, Ž Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€’…‹ˆ €•Ž„Ÿ’, —’Ž ”€‰‹›
\.{CWEB} ƒŽ€‡„Ž ‹…ƒ—… ‚Ž‘ˆˆŒ€ž’‘Ÿ, …‘‹ˆ ‚ ˆ• ˆŒ…ž’‘Ÿ ’€Šˆ… Ž’‘’“›.


ข’ŽŽ‰ ˆ ’…’ˆ‰ ‹ˆ‘’ˆƒˆ ‘Ž„…†€’ ‘ŽŽ’‚…’‘’‚“ž™ˆ… ”€ƒŒ…’›
\CEE/-ŠŽ„€, ‘ƒ……ˆŽ‚€ŽƒŽ \.{CTANGLE} ˆ ’…Š‘’€ ‚ ”ŽŒ€’… \TEX/,
Ž‹“—…ŽƒŽ \.{CWEAVE} ˆ Ž€Ž’Š… \.{common.w}.
็…’‚…’›‰ ‹ˆ‘’ˆƒ „…ŒŽ‘’ˆ“…’, Š€Š “„…’ ‚›ƒ‹Ÿ„…’œ ’Ž’ ‚›•Ž„Ž‰ ”€‰‹
€ “Œ€ƒ….

\vskip 6pt
\begingroup \def\tt{\eighttt} \baselineskip9pt
\verbatim
@ Procedure |prime_the_change_buffer|
sets |change_buffer| in preparation for the next matching operation.
Since blank lines in the change file are not used for matching, we have
|(change_limit==change_buffer && !!changing)| if and only if
the change file is exhausted. This procedure is called only when
|changing| is 1; hence error messages will be reported correctly.

@c
void
prime_the_change_buffer()
{
  change_limit=change_buffer; /* this value is used if the change file ends */
  @<Skip over comment lines in the change file; |return| if end of file@>;
  @<Skip to the next nonblank line; |return| if end of file@>;
  @<Move |buffer| and |limit| to |change_buffer| and |change_limit|@>;
}

@ While looking for a line that begins with \.{@@x} in the change file, we
allow lines that begin with \.{@@}, as long as they don't begin with \.{@@y},
\.{@@z} or \.{@@i} (which would probably mean that the change file is fouled up).

@<Skip over comment lines in the change file...@>=
while(1) {
  change_line++;
  if (!!input_ln(change_file)) return;
  if (limit<buffer+2) continue;
  if (buffer[0]!!='@@') continue;
  if (xisupper(buffer[1])) buffer[1]=tolower(buffer[1]);
  if (buffer[1]=='x') break;
  if (buffer[1]=='y' || buffer[1]=='z' || buffer[1]=='i') {
    loc=buffer+2;
    err_print("!! Missing @@x in change file");
@.Missing @@x...@>
  }
}

@ Here we are looking at lines following the \.{@@x}.

@<Skip to the next nonblank line...@>=
do {
  change_line++;
  if (!!input_ln(change_file)) {
    err_print("!! Change file ended after @@x");
@.Change file ended...@>
    return;
  }
} while (limit==buffer);

@ @<Move |buffer| and |limit| to |change_buffer| and |change_limit|@>=
{
  change_limit=change_buffer-buffer+limit;
  strncpy(change_buffer,buffer,limit-buffer+1);
}

!endgroup
\endgroup
\vfill\eject

\def\runninghead{ฏˆ‹Ž†…ˆ… A  --- ‚›‚Ž„ {\tentt CTANGLE}}

ง„…‘œ ˆ‚…„…€ Ž–ˆŸ \CEE/-ŠŽ„€, ‘ƒ……ˆŽ‚€ŽƒŽ \.{CTANGLE}, ŠŽ’Ž›‰
‘ŽŽ’‚…’‘’‚“…’ ˆ‘•Ž„ŽŒ“ ’…Š‘’“ € …„›„“™…‰ ‘’€ˆ–….  ฎ€’ˆ’… ‚ˆŒ€ˆ…,
—’Ž ‘…Š–ˆˆ~13, 14 ˆ~15 ›‹ˆ "‚‹…’…›" ‚ ‘…Š–ˆž~12.

\vskip6pt
\begingroup \def\tt{\eighttt} \baselineskip9pt
\verbatim
/*:9*//*12:*/
#line 247 "common.w"

void
prime_the_change_buffer()
{
change_limit= change_buffer;
/*13:*/
#line 261 "common.w"

while(1){
change_line++;
if(!!input_ln(change_file))return;
if(limit<buffer+2)continue;
if(buffer[0]!!='@')continue;
if(xisupper(buffer[1]))buffer[1]= tolower(buffer[1]);
if(buffer[1]=='x')break;
if(buffer[1]=='y'||buffer[1]=='z'||buffer[1]=='i'){
loc= buffer+2;
err_print("!! Missing @x in change file");

}
}

/*:13*/
#line 252 "common.w"
;
/*14:*/
#line 278 "common.w"

do{
change_line++;
if(!!input_ln(change_file)){
err_print("!! Change file ended after @x");

return;
}
}while(limit==buffer);

/*:14*/
#line 253 "common.w"
;
/*15:*/
#line 288 "common.w"

{
change_limit= change_buffer-buffer+limit;
strncpy(change_buffer,buffer,limit-buffer+1);
}

/*:15*/
#line 254 "common.w"
;
}

/*:12*//*16:*/
!endgroup
\endgroup
\vfill\eject

\def\runninghead{ฏˆ‹Ž†…ˆ… A --- ‚›‚Ž„ {\tentt CWEAVE}}

แŽŽ’‚…’‘’‚“ž™ˆ‰ Ž’›‚ŽŠ \.{common.tex} ‚›ƒ‹Ÿ„ˆ’ ’€Š:

\vskip6pt
\begingroup \def\tt{\eighttt} \baselineskip9pt
\verbatim
\M{12}Procedure \PB{\\{prime\_the\_change\_buffer}}
sets \PB{\\{change\_buffer}} in preparation for the next matching operation.
Since blank lines in the change file are not used for matching, we have
\PB{$(\\{change\_limit}\E\\{change\_buffer}\W\R\\{changing})$} if and only if
the change file is exhausted. This procedure is called only when
\PB{\\{changing}} is 1; hence error messages will be reported correctly.
!vskip-.5!baselineskip
\Y\B\&{void} \\{prime\_the\_change\_buffer}(\,)\1\1\2\2\6
${}\{{}$\1\6
${}\\{change\_limit}\K\\{change\_buffer}{}$;\C{ this value is used if the
change file ends }\6
\X13:Skip over comment lines in the change file; \PB{\&{return}} if end of file%
\X;\6
\X14:Skip to the next nonblank line; \PB{\&{return}} if end of file\X;\6
\X15:Move \PB{\\{buffer}} and \PB{\\{limit}} to \PB{\\{change\_buffer}} and %
\PB{\\{change\_limit}}\X;\6
\4${}\}{}$\2\par
\fi
!vskip-.5!baselineskip
\M{13}While looking for a line that begins with \.{@x} in the change file, we
allow lines that begin with \.{@}, as long as they don't begin with \.{@y},
\.{@z} or \.{@i} (which would probably mean that the change file is fouled up).
!vskip-.5!baselineskip
\Y\B\4\X13:Skip over comment lines in the change file; \PB{\&{return}} if end
of file\X${}\E{}$\6
\&{while} (\T{1})\5
${}\{{}$\1\6
${}\\{change\_line}\PP;{}$\6
\&{if} ${}(\R\\{input\_ln}(\\{change\_file})){}$\1\5
\&{return};\2\6
\&{if} ${}(\\{limit}<\\{buffer}+\T{2}){}$\1\5
\&{continue};\2\6
\&{if} ${}(\\{buffer}[\T{0}]\I\.{'@'}){}$\1\5
\&{continue};\2\6
\&{if} (\\{xisupper}(\\{buffer}[\T{1}]))\1\5
${}\\{buffer}[\T{1}]\K\\{tolower}(\\{buffer}[\T{1}]);{}$\2\6
\&{if} ${}(\\{buffer}[\T{1}]\E\.{'x'}){}$\1\5
\&{break};\2\6
\&{if} ${}(\\{buffer}[\T{1}]\E\.{'y'}\V\\{buffer}[\T{1}]\E\.{'z'}\V\\{buffer}[%
\T{1}]\E\.{'i'}){}$\5
${}\{{}$\1\6
${}\\{loc}\K\\{buffer}+\T{2};{}$\6
\\{err\_print}(\.{"!!\ Missing\ @x\ in\ cha}\)\.{nge\ file"});\6
\4${}\}{}$\2\6
\4${}\}{}$\2\par
\U12.\fi
!vskip-.5!baselineskip
\M{14}Here we are looking at lines following the \.{@x}.
!vskip-.5!baselineskip
\Y\B\4\X14:Skip to the next nonblank line; \PB{\&{return}} if end of file\X${}%
\E{}$\6
\&{do}\5
${}\{{}$\1\6
${}\\{change\_line}\PP;{}$\6
\&{if} ${}(\R\\{input\_ln}(\\{change\_file})){}$\5
${}\{{}$\1\6
\\{err\_print}(\.{"!!\ Change\ file\ ended}\)\.{\ after\ @x"});\6
\&{return};\6
\4${}\}{}$\2\6
\4${}\}{}$\2\5
\&{while} ${}(\\{limit}\E\\{buffer}){}$;\par
\U12.\fi
!vskip-.5!baselineskip
\M{15}\B\X15:Move \PB{\\{buffer}} and \PB{\\{limit}} to \PB{\\{change\_buffer}}
and \PB{\\{change\_limit}}\X${}\E{}$\6
${}\{{}$\1\6
${}\\{change\_limit}\K\\{change\_buffer}-\\{buffer}+\\{limit};{}$\6
${}\\{strncpy}(\\{change\_buffer},\39\\{buffer},\39\\{limit}-\\{buffer}+%
\T{1});{}$\6
\4${}\}{}$\2\par
\Us12\ET16.\fi
!endgroup
\endgroup
\vfil\eject

\def\runninghead{ฏˆ‹Ž†…ˆ… A --- ŽŠŽ—€’…‹œ›‰ „ŽŠ“Œ…’}

  ‚Ž’ ’€Š ’Ž’ †… ‘€Œ›‰ ”€ƒŒ…’ ‚›ƒ‹Ÿ„ˆ’ ˆ …—€’ˆ.

\M{12}Procedure \PB{\\{prime\_the\_change\_buffer}}
sets \PB{\\{change\_buffer}} in preparation for the next matching operation.
Since blank lines in the change file are not used for matching, we have
\PB{$(\\{change\_limit}\E\\{change\_buffer}\W\R\\{changing})$} if and only if
the change file is exhausted. This procedure is called only when
\PB{\\{changing}} is 1; hence error messages will be reported correctly.

\Y\B\&{void} \\{prime\_the\_change\_buffer}(\,)\1\1\2\2\6
${}\{{}$\1\6
${}\\{change\_limit}\K\\{change\_buffer}{}$;\C{ this value is used if the
change file ends }\6
\X13:Skip over comment lines in the change file; \PB{\&{return}} if end of file%
\X;\6
\X14:Skip to the next nonblank line; \PB{\&{return}} if end of file\X;\6
\X15:Move \PB{\\{buffer}} and \PB{\\{limit}} to \PB{\\{change\_buffer}} and %
\PB{\\{change\_limit}}\X;\6
\4${}\}{}$\2\par
\fi

\M{13}While looking for a line that begins with \.{@x} in the change file, we
allow lines that begin with \.{@}, as long as they don't begin with \.{@y},
\.{@z} or \.{@i} (which would probably mean that the change file is fouled up).

\Y\B\4\X13:Skip over comment lines in the change file; \PB{\&{return}} if end
of file\X${}\E{}$\6
\&{while} (\T{1})\5
${}\{{}$\1\6
${}\\{change\_line}\PP;{}$\6
\&{if} ${}(\R\\{input\_ln}(\\{change\_file})){}$\1\5
\&{return};\2\6
\&{if} ${}(\\{limit}<\\{buffer}+\T{2}){}$\1\5
\&{continue};\2\6
\&{if} ${}(\\{buffer}[\T{0}]\I\.{'@'}){}$\1\5
\&{continue};\2\6
\&{if} (\\{xisupper}(\\{buffer}[\T{1}]))\1\5
${}\\{buffer}[\T{1}]\K\\{tolower}(\\{buffer}[\T{1}]);{}$\2\6
\&{if} ${}(\\{buffer}[\T{1}]\E\.{'x'}){}$\1\5
\&{break};\2\6
\&{if} ${}(\\{buffer}[\T{1}]\E\.{'y'}\V\\{buffer}[\T{1}]\E\.{'z'}\V\\{buffer}[%
\T{1}]\E\.{'i'}){}$\5
${}\{{}$\1\6
${}\\{loc}\K\\{buffer}+\T{2};{}$\6
\\{err\_print}(\.{"!\ Missing\ @x\ in\ cha}\)\.{nge\ file"});\6
\4${}\}{}$\2\6
\4${}\}{}$\2\par
\U12.\fi

\M{14}Here we are looking at lines following the \.{@x}.

\Y\B\4\X14:Skip to the next nonblank line; \PB{\&{return}} if end of file\X${}%
\E{}$\6
\&{do}\5
${}\{{}$\1\6
${}\\{change\_line}\PP;{}$\6
\&{if} ${}(\R\\{input\_ln}(\\{change\_file})){}$\5
${}\{{}$\1\6
\\{err\_print}(\.{"!\ Change\ file\ ended}\)\.{\ after\ @x"});\6
\&{return};\6
\4${}\}{}$\2\6
\4${}\}{}$\2\5
\&{while} ${}(\\{limit}\E\\{buffer}){}$;\par
\U12.\fi

\M{15}\B\X15:Move \PB{\\{buffer}} and \PB{\\{limit}} to \PB{\\{change\_buffer}}
and \PB{\\{change\_limit}}\X${}\E{}$\6
${}\{{}$\1\6
${}\\{change\_limit}\K\\{change\_buffer}-\\{buffer}+\\{limit};{}$\6
${}\\{strncpy}(\\{change\_buffer},\39\\{buffer},\39\\{limit}-\\{buffer}+%
\T{1});{}$\6
\4${}\}{}$\2\par
\Us12\ET16.\fi

\vfil\eject\titletrue
\rightskip=0pt % get out of C mode (cf. \B)
\sfcode`;=1500 \pretolerance 200 \hyphenpenalty 50 \exhyphenpenalty 50

\def\runninghead{ฏˆ‹Ž†…ˆ… B --- ”ŽŒ€’ˆ“ž™ˆ… Œ€ŠŽ‘›}
\section ฏˆ‹Ž†…ˆ…~B: ”€‰‹ \.{cwebmac.tex}.
ํ’Ž’ ”€‰‹ €‘˜ˆŸ…’ ”ŽŒ€’ ``plain \TEX/'' Ž…„…‹…ˆŸŒˆ, …Ž•Ž„ˆŒ›Œˆ
„‹Ÿ Ž€Ž’Šˆ ‚›‚Ž„€ \.{CWEAVE}.

\vskip6pt
\begingroup \def\tt{\eighttt} \baselineskip9pt
\def\printmacs{\input cwebmac}
\verbatim
!printmacs
!endgroup
\endgroup
\vfill\eject

\def\runninghead{ฏˆ‹Ž†…ˆ… C --- ‡€Œ…—€ˆŸ Ž ”ŽŒ€’ˆŽ‚€ˆž}
\section ฏˆ‹Ž†…ˆ…~C: ช€Š Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€’œ‘Ÿ Œ€ŠŽ‘€Œˆ \.{CWEB}.
ฌ€ŠŽŽ…„…‹…ˆŸ, ‘Ž„…†€™ˆ…‘Ÿ ‚ \.{cwebmac}, Ž…‘…—ˆ‚€ž’ Ž‹“—…ˆ…
‚›‚Ž„€ ‚ €‡‹ˆ—ŽŒ ”ŽŒ€’… …‡ ŠŽ…Š’ˆŽ‚Šˆ …‡“‹œ’€’€ €Ž’›
\.{CWEAVE}, ˆ –…‹œ ’ŽƒŽ ˆ‹Ž†…ˆŸ --- €‡ฎŸ‘ˆ’œ …ŠŽ’Ž›… ˆ‡
‚Ž‡ŒŽ†Ž‘’…‰.

\def\point#1.{\yskip\indent#1.\quad\ignorespaces}

\point 1. ข „ŽŽ‹…ˆ… Š ‘’€„€’›Œ ˜ˆ”’€Œ ”ŽŒ€’€ \.{PLAIN} ‚‚Ž„Ÿ’‘Ÿ
—…’›… Ž‚›•: ŒŽ†Ž ‚‚…‘’ˆ `\.{\{\\mc UNIX\}}' ˆ Ž‹“—ˆ’œ {\mc UNIX},
‚›‚…„…Ž… Žˆ‘›Œˆ “Š‚€Œˆ ‘…„…ƒŽ €‡Œ…€ (medium-size caps);
’€Š†… ŒŽ†Ž ‡€„€’œ `\.{\{\\sc STUFF\}}' „‹Ÿ
€Ž€ {\sc STUFF} ˜ˆ”’ŽŒ "Œ€‹›… Žˆ‘›…" (small caps);
ŽŒˆŒŽ ’ŽƒŽ ŒŽ†Ž ‚›€’œ ˜ˆ”’› “‚…‹ˆ—…ŽƒŽ €‡Œ…€
\.{\\titlefont} ˆ \.{\\ttitlefont} „‹Ÿ ‡€ƒŽ‹Ž‚ŠŽ‚ „ŽŠ“Œ…’€, ƒ„…
\.{\\ttitlefont} Ž…„…‹Ÿ…’ ˜ˆ”’ ’ˆ€ "ˆ˜“™€Ÿ Œ€˜ˆŠ€".
ฌ€ŠŽŽ…„…‹…ˆŸ \.{\\UNIX/} ˆ \.{\\CEE/} ŽŽ‡€—€ž’ \UNIX/ ˆ \CEE/,
€€›…  ‘…„ˆŒˆ Žˆ‘›Œˆ “Š‚€Œˆ.

\point 2. ชŽƒ„€ ‚ ’…Š‘’… \TEX/ “ŽŒˆ€…’‘Ÿ ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž,  Ž›—Ž ’Ž
‚›ƒ‹Ÿ„ˆ’ Š€Š `\.{|identifier|}'. ญŽ ’€Š†… ‚Ž‡ŒŽ†€ ŠŽ‘’“Š–ˆŸ
`\.{\\\\\{identifier\}}'. เ…‡“‹œ’€’ “„…’ ‚›ƒ‹Ÿ„…’œ Ž„ˆ€ŠŽ‚Ž,
Ž ‚’ŽŽ‰ ‚€ˆ€’ … ŽŒ…™€…’ \\{identifier} ‚ ˆ„…Š‘, Ž‘ŠŽ‹œŠ“ …
“„…’ Ž€€’›‚€’œ‘Ÿ \.{CWEAVE} Š€Š ŠŽ‘’“Š–ˆŸ \CEE/. ชŽŒ… ’ŽƒŽ, ‚Ž
‚’ŽŽŒ ‘‹“—€… ˆ„…’‘Ÿ ŽŒ…‘’ˆ’œ `\.{\\}' ……„ Š€†„›Œ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹ŽŒ
Ž„—…Šˆ‚€ˆŸ, ‚•Ž„Ÿ™ˆŒ ‚ ˆ„…’ˆ”ˆŠ€’Ž.

\point 3. ค‹Ÿ Ž‹“—…ˆŸ ‘’ˆ‹Ÿ "ˆ˜“™€Ÿ Œ€˜ˆŠ€", ‚Ž„… `\.{CWEB}', ŒŽ†Ž
‚Ž‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€’œ‘Ÿ Œ€ŠŽ‘ŽŒ `\.{\\.}' (€ˆŒ…, `\.{\\.\{CWEB\}}').
ง€„€‚€Ÿ €ƒ“Œ…’ ’ŽƒŽ Œ€ŠŽ‘€, ‘‹…„“…’ ‚‘’€‚ˆ’œ `\.{\\}' ……„
‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹€Œˆ, ŠŽ’Ž›… ……—ˆ‘‹…› ‚ “Š’… `special string characters'
ˆ„…Š‘€ \.{CWEAVE}, ’.…., ……„ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹ŽŒ `\.{\\}', ‡€ŠŽŒ „Ž‹‹€€
ˆ . ฏŽŸ‚‹…ˆ… ‚ ’…Š‘’… `\.{\\\ }' ˆ‚…„…’ Š ‚‘’€‚Š… ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹€
"‚ˆ„ˆŒŽƒŽ Ž…‹€"; —’Ž› Ž‹“—ˆ’œ Ž›ŠŽ‚…›‰ Ž…‹ Ž‘‹… ŠŽŒ€„Ž‰
Ž‘‹…„Ž‚€’…‹œŽ‘’ˆ, ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡“‰’… `\.{\{\ \}}'. ฅ‘‹ˆ ‘’ŽŠ€ ‘‹ˆ˜ŠŽŒ
„‹ˆ€Ÿ, Ž€ ŒŽ†…’ ›’œ €‡ˆ’€ € —€‘’ˆ ‘ ŽŒŽ™œž `\.{\\)}'\,; …‘‹ˆ
\TEX/ “„…’ ‚›“†„… ………‘’ˆ ‘’ŽŠ“, Ž …… €‡„…‹ˆ’ € ’ŽŒ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹…,
ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡“Ÿ `\.{\\}' Š€Š ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹ ……Ž‘€.

\point 4. โˆ ŠŽŒ€„›• ‘‹Ž‚€: \.{\\pagewidth}, \.{\\pageheight},
ˆ \.{\\fullpageheight} ŒŽƒ“’ ›’œ ……Ž…„…‹…› ‚ ‘…Š–ˆˆ-…€Œ“‹…,
€—ˆ€ž™…‰ \.{CWEB}-”€‰‹, „‹Ÿ ‡€„€ˆŸ “†›• €‡Œ…Ž‚ ‘’€ˆ–›.
ง€—…ˆŸ Ž “ŒŽ‹—€ˆž
$$\lpile{\.{\\pagewidth=6.5in}\cr
  \.{\\pageheight=8.7in}\cr
  \.{\\fullpageheight=9in}\cr}$$
ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€› ˆ Ž„ƒŽ’Ž‚Š… ’ŽƒŽ “ŠŽ‚Ž„‘’‚€; \.{\\fullpageheight}
Ž‹“—€…’‘Ÿ ‘‹Ž†…ˆ…Œ \.{\\pageheight} ‘ €‡Œ…ŽŒ „ŽŽ‹ˆ’…‹œŽƒŽ ‡€ƒŽ‹Ž‚Š€
ˆ ŽŒ…€ €‚…•“ Š€†„Ž‰ ‘’€ˆ–›. ฏŽ‘‹… ˆ‡Œ……ˆŸ •Ž’Ÿ › Ž„ŽƒŽ ˆ‡ ’ˆ•
€€Œ…’Ž‚ ‘‹…„“…’ …Œ…„‹…Ž ‚›‡‚€’œ \.{\\setpage}.

\point 5. ฌ€ŠŽ‘ \.{\\pageshift} Ž…„…‹Ÿ…’ ‚…‹ˆ—ˆ“, € ŠŽ’Ž“ž
€‚Ž‘’ŽŽˆ… ‘’€ˆ–› (’.…., ‘ …—…’›Œˆ ŽŒ…€Œˆ) “„“’ ‘„‚ˆ“’› Ž
Ž’Ž˜…ˆž Š ‹…‚Ž‘’ŽŽˆŒ (—…’›… ŽŒ…€). จ‡Œ…ŸŸ ’“ ‚…‹ˆ—ˆ“, ŒŽ†Ž
Ž‹“—ˆ’œ „‚“‘’ŽŽˆ‰ ‚›‚Ž„, ‚ ŠŽ’ŽŽŒ ŽŒ…€ ‘’€ˆ– “„“’ €‘Ž‹€ƒ€’œ‘Ÿ €
Ž’ˆ‚ŽŽ‹Ž†›• ‘’ŽŽ€• ‹ˆ‘’€.

\point 6. แŽ„…†ˆŒŽ… \.{\\title} …—€’€…’‘Ÿ ‚‚…•“ Š€†„Ž‰ ‘’€ˆ–›
Œ€‹›Œˆ Žˆ‘›Œˆ “Š‚€Œˆ; Ž “ŒŽ‹—€ˆž ’Ž \.{\\jobname}.

\point 7. ฎ›—Ž …‚Ž‰ ‘’€ˆ–… ˆ‘‚€ˆ‚€…’‘Ÿ ŽŒ… 1. ็’Ž› €—€’œ ‘Ž
‘’€ˆ–› 16, ŽŒ…‘’ˆ‚ Žƒ‹€‚‹…ˆ… € ‘’€ˆ–… 15, ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡“‰’…
`\.{\\def\\contentspagenumber\{15\}}
\.{\\pageno=\\contentspagenumber} \.{\\advance\\pageno by 1}'.

\point 8. ชŽŒ€„Ž… ‘‹Ž‚Ž \.{\\iftitle} “„…’ Ž„€‚‹Ÿ’œ ‚›‚Ž„
ŠŽ‹Ž’ˆ’“‹€, …‘‹ˆ ‡€„€Ž `\.{\\titletrue}'. ฎ›—Ž… ‡€—…ˆ… ---
\.{\\titlefalse}, ‡€ ˆ‘Š‹ž—…ˆ…Œ Žƒ‹€‚‹…ˆŸ, ’€Š —’Ž ‘’€ˆ–› Žƒ‹€‚‹…ˆŸ
Š€Š €‚ˆ‹Ž … “Œ…“ž’‘Ÿ.

ค‹Ÿ ˆ„€ˆŸ ƒˆŠŽ‘’ˆ Ž–…‘‘“ ƒ……€–ˆˆ Žƒ‹€‚‹…ˆŸ ‘‹“†€’ ‘‹…„“ž™ˆ…
Œ€ŠŽ‘›: \.{\\topofcontents} ‚›‡›‚€…’‘Ÿ …Ž‘…„‘’‚…Ž ……„
‘—ˆ’›‚€ˆ…Œ ˆ”ŽŒ€–ˆˆ Žƒ‹€‚‹…ˆŸ, ˆ \.{\\botofcontents} --- Ž‘‹… ’ŽƒŽ.
โˆˆ—Ž… Ž…„…‹…ˆ…:
$$\lpile{\.{\\def\\topofcontents\{\\null\\vfill}\cr
  \.{ { }\\titlefalse \% include headline on the contents page}\cr
  \.{ { }\\def\\rheader\{\\mainfont The \{\\tt CWEAVE\}{ }processor\\hfil\}}\cr
  \.{ { }\\centerline\{\\titlefont The \{\\ttitlefont CWEAVE\}{ }processor\}}\cr
  \.{ { }\\vskip 15pt \\centerline\{(Version 3.0)\}{ }\\vfill\}}\cr}$$
ฏ……Ž…„…‹ˆ’œ \.{\\rheader}, Ÿ‚‹Ÿž™……‘Ÿ ŠŽ‹Ž’ˆ’“‹ŽŒ €‚Ž‘’ŽŽˆ• ‘’€ˆ–,
“„…’ ‚ ’ŽŒ ‘‹“—€… „Ž‘’€’Ž—Ž, —’Ž› €‡Œ…‘’ˆ’œ “†“ž ˆ”ŽŒ€–ˆž ‚ ‚…•…‰
—€‘’ˆ ‘’€ˆ–› Žƒ‹€‚‹…ˆŸ.

\point 9. ค€›… Žƒ‹€‚‹…ˆŸ ‚›‚Ž„Ÿ’‘Ÿ ‚ ”€‰‹, ŠŽ’Ž›‰ ‘—ˆ’›‚€…’‘Ÿ Ž‘‹…
Ž€Ž’Šˆ ˆ„…Š‘€; Š€†„Ž‰ ‡€ƒ‹€‚Ž‰ ‘…Š–ˆˆ ‘ŽŽ’‚…’‘’‚“…’ Ž„€ ‘’ŽŠ€.
ไ€‰‹ \.{common.toc} ŒŽ†…’ ‚›ƒ‹Ÿ„…’œ ’€Š:
$$\lpile{\.{\\ZZ \{Introduction\}\{0\}\{1\}\{23\}}\cr
  \.{\\ZZ \{The character set\}\{2\}\{5\}\{24\}}\cr}$$
ˆ ’.„. ฌ€ŠŽ‘ \.{\\topofcontents} ŒŽ†…’ ……Ž…„…‹ˆ’œ
\.{\\ZZ}, ’€Š —’Ž ˆ”ŽŒ€–ˆŸ ŒŽ†…’ ›’œ ‚›‚…„…€ ‚ ‹žŽŒ “†ŽŒ ”ŽŒ€’….

\point 10. จŽƒ„€ ›‚€…’ †…‹€’…‹œŽ ‹ˆŽ …Ž•Ž„ˆŒŽ €‡„…‹ˆ’œ ‚›‚Ž„
\.{CWEAVE} € Ž„”€‰‹›, ŠŽ’Ž›… ŒŽƒ“’ Ž€€’›‚€’œ‘Ÿ €‡„…‹œŽ.
ญ€ˆŒ…, ‹ˆ‘’ˆƒ \TEX/'€ …‚›˜€…’ 500 ‘’€ˆ–, —…ƒŽ ‚Ž‹… „Ž‘’€’Ž—Ž
„‹Ÿ ˆ‘—…€ˆŸ ‚Ž‡ŒŽ†Ž‘’…‰ ŒŽƒˆ• …—€’€ž™ˆ• “‘’Ž‰‘’‚ ˆ/ˆ‹ˆ Žƒ€ŒŒ.
ชŽƒ„€ Ž—…œ Ž‹œ˜Ž‰ „ŽŠ“Œ…’ … €‡„…‹… € Ž‹…… Œ…‹Šˆ… —€‘’ˆ,
Ž›’Š€ Ž€Ž’€’œ …ƒŽ –…‹ˆŠŽŒ ŒŽ†…’ ›’œ ‘‚…„…€ € …’ …„ˆ‘’‚…Ž‰
Ž˜ˆŠŽ‰, Ž‘‹… ŠŽ’ŽŽ‰ ˆ„…’‘Ÿ €—€’œ ‚‘… ‘€—€‹€.

ญˆ†… Žˆ‘€ …‡Ž€‘›‰ ‘Ž‘Ž €‡„…‹ˆ’œ ‚›•Ž„Ž‰ ”€‰‹ \.{CWEAVE} € ’ˆ —€‘’ˆ:
ฏ“‘’œ —€‘’ˆ €‡›‚€ž’‘Ÿ $\alpha$, $\beta$, ˆ $\gamma$, ƒ„… Š€†„€Ÿ —€‘’œ
€—ˆ€…’‘Ÿ ‡€ƒ‹€‚Ž‰ ‘…Š–ˆ…‰.
ข‘… Œ€ŠŽ‘› „Ž‹†› Ž…„…‹Ÿ’œ‘Ÿ ‚ …€Œ“‹… $\alpha$, € ŠŽˆˆ ’ˆ•
…„ˆ‘€ˆ‰ \TEX/'“ „Ž‹†› ›’œ ŽŒ…™…› ‚ €—€‹Ž $\beta$ ˆ $\gamma$.
็’Ž› Ž€€’›‚€’œ —€‘’ˆ €‡„…‹œŽ, Œ› „Ž‹†› Ž‡€Ž’ˆ’œ‘Ÿ Ž „‚“• ‚…™€•:
ŽŒ…€ €—€‹œ›• ‘’€ˆ– $\beta$ ˆ $\gamma$ „Ž‹†› ›’œ ‘ŠŽ…Š’ˆŽ‚€›,
ˆ „€›… Žƒ‹€‚‹…ˆŸ ‚‘…• ’…• —€‘’…‰ „Ž‹†› ›’œ Žฎ…„ˆ…›.

ไ€‰‹ \.{cwebmac} ‘Ž„…†ˆ’ „‚€ ŠŽŒ€„›• ‘‹Ž‚€: \.{\\contentsfile} ˆ
\.{\\readcontents}, ŠŽ’Ž›… Ž‹…ƒ—€ž’ ‚›Ž‹…ˆ… …Ž•Ž„ˆŒ›• „…‰‘’‚ˆ‰.  ญ€Œ
’…“…’‘Ÿ ‚Š‹ž—ˆ’œ `\.{\\def\\contentsfile\{cont1\}}' ‚ …€Œ“‹“ $\alpha$,
€ `\.{\\def\\contentsfile\{cont2\}}' --- ‚ …€Œ“‹“ $\beta$;
’Ž ‡€‘’€‚ˆ’ \TEX/ ‚›‚…‘’ˆ „€›… Žƒ‹€‚‹…ˆ‰ $\alpha$ ˆ $\beta$ ‚
”€‰‹› \.{cont1.tex} ˆ \.{cont2.tex}. โ……œ ‚ $\gamma$ Œ› “Š€‡›‚€…Œ
$$\.{\\def\\readcontents\{\\input cont1 \\input cont2
  \\input \\contentsfile\}}\,,$$
‘Žˆ€Ÿ ‚‘… „€›… ‚Œ…‘’… ‚ “†ŽŒ ŽŸ„Š….

โ…Œ … Œ………, Ž-…†…Œ“ ‘‚Ž…ƒŽ …˜…ˆŸ ’…“…’ Ž‹…Œ€ “Œ…€–ˆˆ
‘’€ˆ–. ฎ„ˆŒ ˆ‡ …… “’…‰ …… …˜…ˆŸ “„…’ ‚Š‹ž—ˆ’œ ‚ …€Œ“‹“ $\beta$
‘‹…„“ž™……:
$$\lpile{\.{\\message\{Please type the last page number of part 1: \}}\cr
  \.{\\read -1 to \\temp \\pageno=\\temp \\advance\\pageno by 1}\cr}$$
ค€‹…… …Ž•Ž„ˆŒ€Ÿ ˆ”ŽŒ€–ˆŸ Ž‘’Ž ‚‚Ž„ˆ’‘Ÿ Ž ‡€Ž‘“ \TEX/'€;
€€‹Žƒˆ—€Ÿ ŠŽ‘’“Š–ˆŸ ŽŒ…™€…’‘Ÿ ‚ €—€‹… $\gamma$.

ํ’Ž’ Œ…’Ž„, …‡“‘‹Ž‚Ž, ŒŽ†…’ ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€’œ‘Ÿ „‹Ÿ €‡ˆ…ˆŸ ‚›•Ž„ŽƒŽ
”€‰‹€ € Žˆ‡‚Ž‹œŽ… —ˆ‘‹Ž ”€ƒŒ…’Ž‚.

\point 11. ข…Œ…€Œˆ  “†Ž ‚Š‹ž—€’œ ‚ ˆ„…Š‘ ‹…Œ…’›, Ž”ŽŒ‹…›…
Ž‘Ž›Œ Ž€‡ŽŒ. ญ€ˆŒ…, €Œ ŒŽ†…’ Ž€„Žˆ’œ‘Ÿ ˆŒ…’œ ‹…Œ…’
ˆ„…Š‘€ „‹Ÿ `\TeX'. \.{CWEAVE} …„Ž‘’€‚‹Ÿ…’ „‚€ Ž‘’›• ‘Ž‘Ž€ ‡€„€’œ
Ÿ‚Ž ‹…Œ…’ ˆ„…Š‘€ (ŽŒˆŒŽ ˆŒ… ˆ Š‹ž—…‚›• ‘‹Ž‚):
`\.{@\^}' „€…’ ŽŒ€‘Šˆ‰ ‘’ˆ‹œ, € `\.{@.}' --- ‘’ˆ‹œ "ˆ˜“™€Ÿ Œ€˜ˆŠ€".
ญŽ …‘‹ˆ Œ› Ž›’€…Œ‘Ÿ ‚›‚…‘’ˆ `\TeX' ‚ ŽŒ€‘ŠŽŒ ‘’ˆ‹…,
‡€„€‚ `\.{@\^\\TeX@>}', €Œ ŽŒ…˜€…’ ‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹ `\.{\\}',
ˆ ’Ž’ ‹…Œ…’ ˆ„…Š‘€ … ŽŸ‚ˆ’‘Ÿ ‚Œ…‘’… ‘ „“ƒˆŒˆ, €—ˆ€ž™ˆŒˆ‘Ÿ
€ T.

เ…˜…ˆ…Œ “„…’ ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€’œ ŠŽ‘’“Š–ˆž `\.{@:}', Ž…„…‹ˆ‚ Œ€ŠŽ‘,
ŠŽ’Ž›‰ Ž‘’Ž “„€‹Ÿ…’ Š‹ž—:
$$\.{\\def\\9\#1\{\}}$$
ข› ŒŽ†…’… ‡€„€’œ, Š ˆŒ…“, `\.{@:TeX\}\{\\TeX@>}' ‚ ‘‚Ž…Œ \.{CWEB}-”€‰‹…;
\.{CWEAVE} ŽŒ…‘’ˆ’ ’Ž ‚ ˆ„…Š‘ ‚ €‹”€‚ˆ’ŽŒ ŽŸ„Š…, ‘ŽŽ’‚…’‘’‚…Ž
Š‹ž—“, ˆ ‘ƒ……ˆ“…’ Œ€ŠŽ‚›‡Ž‚ `\.{\\9\{TeX\}\{\\TeX\}}', ŠŽ’Ž›‰
ƒ€€’ˆ“…’, —’Ž Š‹ž— … “„…’ €…—€’€.

 €‹Žƒˆ—Ž ‚ ˆŒ…€ ‘…Š–ˆ‰ ŒŽ†…’ ŽŒ…™€’œ‘Ÿ ‘Š›’›‰ Œ€’…ˆ€‹, ’€Š —’Ž Žˆ
ŒŽƒ“’ ›’œ ‘Ž’ˆŽ‚€› ‚ ‹žŽŒ …Ž•Ž„ˆŒŽŒ ŽŸ„Š….
ญ…ŠŽ’Ž›… ‹ž„ˆ €‡›‚€ž’ Ž„Ž›… ’žŠˆ ``special refinements''; „“ƒˆ…
‡Ž‚“’ ˆ• ``kludges''.

\point 12. ชŽŒ€„ŽŒ“ ‘‹Ž‚“ \.{\\secno} ˆ‘‚€ˆ‚€…’‘Ÿ ŽŒ…
’…Š“™…‰ Ž€€’›‚€…ŒŽ‰ ‘…Š–ˆˆ.

\point 13. ฅ‘‹ˆ ‚› •Ž’ˆ’… ‚›‚…‘’ˆ € …—€’œ ’Ž‹œŠŽ ‘…Š–ˆˆ, ŠŽ’Ž›… ›‹ˆ
ˆ‡Œ……› (‘ ŽŒŽ™œž ”€‰‹€ ŠŽ…Š’ˆ‚) ˆ Žƒ‹€‚‹…ˆ…,
ŽŒ…‘’ˆ’… ŠŽŒ€„“ `\.{\\let\\maybe=\\iffalse}'
‚ …€Œ“‹“, ……„ …‚Ž‰ ‘…Š–ˆ…‰ ”€‰‹€ \.{CWEB}. ฎ™…ˆŸ’Ž‰ €Š’ˆŠŽ‰
Ÿ‚‹Ÿ…’‘Ÿ ‘„…‹€’œ …… …‚Ž‰ ŠŽ…Š’ˆ‚Ž‰.

\point 14. ค‹Ÿ …—€’ˆ € „“ƒˆ• Ÿ‡›Š€• (… Ž-€ƒ‹ˆ‰‘Šˆ), ……Ž…„…‹ˆ’…
Œ€ŠŽ‘› \.{\\A}, \.{\\ET}, \.{\\Q}, \.{\\U},
\.{\\ch}, \.{\\fin}, \.{\\con}, \.{\\today}, \.{\\datethis}, ˆ
\.{\\datecontentspage}. แŽ‘’‚…Ž \.{CWEAVE} ˆ‡Œ…Ÿ’œ … ’…“…’‘Ÿ.

\point 15. ข›‚Ž„ Ž’„…‹œ›• —€‘’…‰ „ŽŠ“Œ…’€ ŒŽ†…’ ›’œ ˆ‡ˆ€’…‹œŽ
‡€…™… ‘ ŽŒŽ™œž \.{\\noatl}, \.{\\noinx}, \.{\\nosecs}, \.{\\nocon}.

\point 16. ข‘… „ˆ€Šˆ’ˆ—…‘Šˆ… ‡€Šˆ ˆ „“ƒˆ… ‘…–ˆ€‹œ›… ’…Š‘’Ž‚›…
‘ˆŒ‚Ž‹›  ”ŽŒ€’€ plain \TEX/ “„“’ €Ž’€’œ ‚ „ŽŠ“Œ…’€• \.{CWEB} ‚
’Ž—Ž‘’ˆ ’€Š, Š€Š ’Ž Žˆ‘€Ž ‚ ƒ‹€‚…~9 {\sl The \TEX/book}, ‘ Ž„ˆŒ
ˆ‘Š‹ž—…ˆ…Œ.  Š–…’ "’Ž—Š€" (Ž›—Ž \.{\\.}) „Ž‹†… ‚‚Ž„ˆ’œ‘Ÿ Š€Š \.{\\:}.

\point 17. "ง€ŠŽŒŒ…’ˆŽ‚€›…" ‘’ŽŠˆ \.{cwebmac.tex} …„‹€ƒ€ž’
…ŠŽ’Ž›… „ŽŽ‹ˆ’…‹œ›… ‚Ž‡ŒŽ†Ž‘’ˆ, ŠŽ’Ž›… ŒŽƒ“’ ˆƒŽ„ˆ’œ‘Ÿ
Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€’…‹ŸŒ. ญ€ˆŒ…, Ž„€ ˆ‡ ˆ• ‚‘’€‚‹Ÿ…’ “‘’“ž
‘’€ˆ–“, …‘‹ˆ “ ‚€‘ „“‹…Š‘›‰ ˆ’…. ฏˆ‹Ž†…ˆŸ D, E, ˆ F ‚ Ž‹Ž‰
‚…‘ˆˆ ’ŽƒŽ “ŠŽ‚Ž„‘’‚€ €…—€’€› ‘ ˆ‘Ž‹œ‡Ž‚€ˆ…Œ ‡€ŠŽŒŒ…’ˆŽ‚€Ž‰
Ž–ˆˆ, ŠŽ’Ž€Ÿ ‡€Œ…Ÿ…’ `$\gets$' € `$=$' ‚ ‹ˆ‘’ˆƒ€• Žƒ€ŒŒ. ข›
ŒŽ†…’… Ž‘ŒŽ’…’œ ’ˆ ˆ‹Ž†…ˆŸ, —’Ž› …˜ˆ’œ, Š€ŠŽ‰ ”ŽŒ€’ ‚€Œ Ž‹œ˜…
€‚ˆ’‘Ÿ.

\vfill\end