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---------------------------------------------------------------
 Andrej Bogatyrev (abs@auriga.ru)
---------------------------------------------------------------


Esli vy ne |jnshtejn -
to lish' privychka i trenirovka
pozvolyat vam vrubit'sya
v eto iskusstvo chuzherodnoj rechi.

Active Voice (dejstvitel'nyj zalog: "YA delayu")
Vremya Simple (prostoe) Continuous (dlitel'noe) Perfect (zaversh£nnoe) Perfect Continuous (zaversh£nno-dlitel'noe)
Nastoyashchee (Present)

Konstataciya fakta (chto delaet?).


Dejstvie, povtoryayushcheesya regulyarno, obychnoe.

every day - kazhdyj den'
usually - obychno
often - chasto
always - vsegda
never - nikogda
sometimes - inogda

Krome togo, eto vremya upotreblyaetsya v pridatochnyh predlozheniyah vremeni i usloviya posle soyuzov if, when, as soon as, before, vmesto Future Simple.
As soon as I write the letter, I will post it immediately.

Krome togo, eto vremya upotreblyaetsya vmesto Continuous s glagolami, oboznachayushchimi vospriyatie, umstvennye usiliya, chuvstva: to see, to feel, to hear, to know, to understand, to want, to love, to be, to belong, to consist.
I see her now.
I hear a noise.
I don't understand what he is talking about.

Process (chto delaetsya sejchas?).


Dejstvie v razvitii, nezakonchennoe, proishodyashchee v nastoyashchij moment.

Zaversh£nnost' (chto sdelal/sdelano?).


Dejstvie, sovershivsheesya v nedal£kom proshlom, no imeyushchee neposredstvennuyu svyaz' s dannym momentom. Rech' id£t o nalichestvuyushchem sejchas rezul'tate togo dejstviya.
Bez utochneniya momenta vremeni.

No mogut byt':
already - uzhe,
just - tol'ko chto,
today - segodnya,
this week - na etoj nedele
.

Process uzhe v techenie nekotorogo perioda vremeni.


Dejstvie, nachavsheesya do nastoyashchego momenta, dlivsheesya nekotoroe vremya, i prodolzhayushcheesya v moment rechi ili zakonchivsheesya neposredstvenno pered momentom rechi. "Uzhe v techenie..."
Pishet (kazhdyj den').
Pishet stihi.
Pishet krasivo.
Pishet sejchas (ya govoryu - a on pishet). Napisal (uzhe) pis'mo (to est': u menya imeetsya napisannoe pis'mo). Pishet uzhe (v techenie chasa) chas.
Pishet s dvuh chasov.
I,you,we,they V,
he,she,it V-s
to be V-ing to have/has V3 to have/has been V-ing
I write a letter.
I write book stories.
I am writing this letter.
{You,we,they} are writing this letter.
{He,she,it} is writing this letter.
I have written this letter.
He has already written this letter.
I have been writing this letter for two days.
Proshedshee (Past) Dejstvie, sovershavsheesya ili svershivsheesya v proshlom i nikak ne svyazannoe s nastoyashchim momentom rechi.
Dejstvie v razvitii, nezakonchennoe, proishodyashchee v opredelennyj moment v proshlom.
CHasto ukazan moment proshlogo. Nikogda ne ispol'zuyutsya glagoly v Past Continuous so slovami for, since, recently.
Dejstvie, zaversh£nnoe k kakomu-to opredel£nnomu momentu v proshlom. Dejstvie, kotoroe nachalos' ranee ukazannogo momenta v proshlom i prodolzhalos' vplot' do etogo momenta, isklyuchaya ili vklyuchaya ego.
Nikogda ne ispol'zuyutsya glagoly v Past Perfect Continuous so slovami at, when, while.
(Na)pisal vchera.
(Na)pisal na proshloj nedele.
(Na)pisal god nazad.
(Na)pisal v 1980 godu.
Pisal vchera v tri chasa.
Pisal, kogda ya vosh£l.
Pisal, poka ya rabotal.
Napisal pis'mo vchera/segodnya k semi chasam.
Napisal do togo, kak ya prish£l.
Pisal vchera uzhe dva chasa (uzhe v techenie dvuh chasov), kogda ya nakonec prish£l.
V-ed, V2 was/were V-ing had V3 had been V-ing
He wrote this letter yesterday. He was writing this letter yesterday when I came.
They were writing this letter at seven o'clock last night.
He was writing the letter while you were reading.
He had written this letter by seven o'clock last night.
He had written this letter before I came.
He had been writing this letter for two hours yesterday when I came.
He had been writing the letter since two o'clock when you came.
Budushchee (Future) Dejstvie ili ryad posledovatel'nyh dejstvij, kotorye sluchatsya v budushchem. Dejstvie v razvitii, nezakonchennoe, proishodyashchee v opredelennyj moment v budushchem.
CHasto ukazan moment budushchego.
Dejstvie, kotoroe budet zaversheno do kakogo-to momenta ili drugogo sobytiya v budushchem. Dejstvie, kotoroe nachn£tsya do opredel£nnogo momenta v budushchem i budet prodolzhat'sya vplot' do etogo momenta.
Napishet zavtra.
Napishet zavtra k semi chasam.
Napishet cherez nedelyu.
Napishet v budushchem godu.
Budet pisat' zavtra v sem' chasov.
Budet pisat', kogda nekto prid£t.
Budet pisat', kogda ty budesh' chitat'.
Napishet zavtra k semi chasam.
Napishet do togo, kak on prid£t.
Budet pisat' uzhe chas, kogda on prid£t.
will V will be V-ing will have V3 will have been V-ing
I will write the letter tomorrow.
I will write the letter tomorrow by 7 o'clock.
I will be writing a letter when he comes.
(obratite vnimanie na nastoyashchee vremya glagola come -- esli glavnoe predlozhenie v budushchem vremeni, to uslovie - v nastoyashchem!).
I will be writing a letter at 7 o'clock tomorrow.
I will be writing a letter while you'll be reading.
I will have written the letter before he comes. I will have been writing a letter for an hour when he comes.
Passive Voice (stradatel'nyj zalog: "YA podvergayus' chuzhomu dejstviyu")
Vremya Simple (prostoe) Continuous (dlitel'noe) Perfect (zaversh£nnoe)
Nastoyashchee
(Present)
Menya chasto (obychno, vsegda) sprashivayut.
Menya sprashivayut pryamo sejchas. Menya uzhe sprosili k etomu momentu.
to be (am, are, is) V-ed, V3 to be (am, are, is) being V-ed, V3 to have/has been V-ed, V3
I am often asked by the people about ... I am being asked by my chief... I have been asked at that moment.
Proshedshee
(Past)
Menya sprosili kogda-to.
Menya sprashivali v tot moment. Menya uzhe sprosili k tomu momentu.
was/were V-ed, V3 was/were being V-ed, V3 had been V-ed, V3
I was asked by the policeman ...
They were asked by the policeman...
I was being asked. I had been asked.
Budushchee
(Future)
Menya sprosyat (zavtra).
Takoj formy net Menya uzhe sprosyat k tomu momentu.
will be V-ed, V3 |ta forma otsutstvuet, ispol'zuetsya Future Simple:
will be being V-ed, V3
will have been V-ed, V3
I will be asked by the students ... Takoj formy net I will have been asked.
Dolzhenstvovanie "YA dolzhen sdelat'", "mne nuzhno sdelat'" vyrazhaetsya formami
I have (he has) to do; I ought to do.


Soglasovanie vrem£n v kosvennoj rechi

Pryamaya rech' Kosvennaya rech'
You are pretty.
You are so intelligent.
You dance so well.
You've got [have got] lovely hair.
I'll never forget this day.
He said I was pretty.
He said I was so intelligent.
He said I danced so well.
He said I had got lovely hair.
He said he would never forget that day.
Do you like ballet?
Have you ever been to Boston?
He asked me if/whether I liked ballet.
He asked me if/whether I had ever been to Boston.
Where do you study?
What are you reading?
When will we meet again?
Why don't you stay longer?
He asked me where I studied.
He asked me what I was reading.
He asked me when I should meet him again.
He asked me why I didn't stay longer.
Give me your telephone number, please.
Ring me up tomorrow.
Help me to translate an article from English!
He asked me to give him my telephone number.
He asked me to ring him up the next morning.
He asked me to help him to translate an article from English.
Soglasovanie vrem£n (Active Voice)
Glavnoe predlozhenie Pridatochnoe predlozhenie v kosvennoj rechi
On skazal, chto...
He said, that...
Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous
Nastoyashchee (Present)...
pishet (voobshche) pishet (sejchas) napisal (uzhe) pishet (uzhe v techenie chasa)
write is writing has written has been writing
...perehodit v formy proshedshego vremeni (Past)
wrote was writing had written had been writing
Proshedshee (Past)...
napisal (vchera) pisal (vchera v 7 chasov) napisal (vchera k 7i chasam) pisal (vchera uzhe 3 chasa, kogda vdrug nechto sluchilos')
wrote was writing had written had been writing
...perehodit v formy proshedshego zhe vremeni (Past)
had written (Perfect) was writing (Continuous - ne menyaetsya) ili
had been writing (Perfect Continuous)
eta forma osta£tsya bez izmeneniya eta forma osta£tsya bez izmeneniya
Budushchee (Future)...
napishet (zavtra) budet pisat' (zavtra v 7 chasov) napishet (zavtra k 7i chasam) budet pisat' (zavtra uzhe 3 chasa, kogda vdrug nechto sluchitsya)
will write will be writing will have written will have been writing
...perehodit v formy Budushchego-v-proshedshem (Future-in-the-past)
would write would be writing would have written would have been writing
Krome izmeneniya formy glagola v pridatochnom predlozhenii pri obrashchenii pryamoj rechi v kosvennuyu proishodit sleduyushchaya zamena narechij mesta, vremeni i ukazatel'nyh mestoimenij:
Pryamaya rech' Kosvennaya rech'
now - sejchas
here - zdes'
this, these - eto, etot, eti
today - segodnya
tomorrow - zavtra
yesterday - vchera
next week - na sleduyushchej nedele
next year - na budushchij god
last week - na proshloj nedele
last year - v proshlom godu
then - togda
there - tam
that, those - to, tot, te
that day - v tot den'
(the) next day, the following day - na sleduyushchij den'
the day before, the previous day - nakanune
the next week, the following week - na sleduyushchej nedele
the next year, the following year - v sleduyushchem godu
the previous week - za nedelyu do
the year before - za god do
Kogda v glavnom predlozhenii ukazyvaetsya adresat soobshcheniya:
On skazal Borisu, chto...
He said to Boris that...,
glagol say s predlogom to mozhno zamenyat' glagolom tell bez predloga:
He told Boris that...
Soglasovanie vrem£n (Passive Voice)
Glavnoe predlozhenie Pridatochnoe dopolnitel'noe predlozhenie
On skazal, chto eti ambary
He said, that...
Simple Continuous Perfect
Nastoyashchee (Present)...
stroyat (voobshche) stroyat (sejchas) vystroili (uzhe)
...perehodit v formy proshedshego vremeni (Past)
were built were being built had been built
Proshedshee (Past)...
vystroili, stroili (v proshlom godu) stroili v ... vystroili (k 1 yanvarya)
...perehodit v te zhe formy proshedshego zhe vremeni (Past)
Budushchee (Future)...
postroyat (v budushchem godu) postroyat (k 1 yanvarya)
...perehodit v formy Budushchego-v-proshedshem (Future-in-the-past)
would be built would have been built

Last-modified: Tue, 17 Aug 1999 14:50:54 GMT
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