Juliusclodius (= Julius- Cecarcarus, Clodius). Ingischam, Julius Claudius. Tharsis (!), DAVID (!), PRESBYTER IOHANNES (!!). One remark about Jaroslav the Wise. He was known in medieval England as "Malescoldus". According to M.N.Alexeev [12] there were also some other names which were applied to Jaroslav the Wise in Western historical tradition: Juriscloht (from Jurius-Georgius), Juliusclodius (!), (the last form of Jaroslav's name was used by Norman historian of 12th century - Gijom), Julius Claudius, (this form used by Orderic Vitali). Let us present a typical example of old English historical text: "He escaped to the kingdom of Dogs, which we prefer to call RUSSIA. When the king of [this] land - MALESCLODUS - learned about him, he was given a great honor" ([13],[14]). Here is a Latin original text: "Aufugit ad regnum Dogorum, quod nos melius vocamus Russiam. Quem rex terrae Malescoldus nomine, ut cognovit quis esset, honeste retinuit" [13]. Imagine please reading this old text without looking at the modern comments which suggest that Dogs Kingdom means the same as Russia. The text would look like this: "He escaped to the Kingdom of Dogs. When the king of that land learned about him, he was given a great honor." Most probably such text would be understood as a story treating some medieval events in England or Scotland. The word "Dogs" seems to designate a population in some part of England or Scotland and the name "Malescoldus" very much looks like a name of medieval English or Scottish king. Such an interpretation looks rather natural. One knows from Scottish history, for example, that there were several kings with a name "Malcolm", close to "Malescoldus": Malcolm I (943-958), Malcolm II (1004-1034), Malcolm III (1057-1093) etc. But such interpretation of this text would definitely transform some of ancient Russian events into English ones, i.e., into ones which are thought to happen on the land of modern England. This example suggests that even a direct understanding, not to say about an interpretation, of an old historical text could be rather ambiguous. Differences between medieval English writer's opinion and modern way of understanding and interpretation of medieval terms occur for texts written in 9-15th centuries (not so old texts, from the point of view of modern tradition). It means that there exist several possibilities to interpret medieval documents. The way of such interpretation which is in general use now, proves to be not unique. It is only one of possible ways, maybe not the best one. We are going to show here that this standard way is really not enough supported by original documents. The above vocabulary of synonyms (medieval terms-duplicates) is very useful for our analysis of English history. 2.3. An overview of traditional concept of English history 2.3.1. Scotland and England: two parallel "dynastic streams" Fig. 1 shows a rough scheme of the English history as it is considered today. The beginning of English history is placed in the 1st century B.C. (Julius Caesar's conquest of England). Starting at this moment and going up to 400 A.D., English chronicles talk in fact about Roman history. Sometimes they only mention that certain Roman emperor visit England. According to English chronicles there were no independent kings in England before 400 A.D. We will take J.Blair's "Chronological tables" as a source of information about general structure of English chronology. These tables were compiled in the end of 18th c., but the new information which became available after that time, have not changed the whole picture of English history and so this information is not very important for us now. In 5th century A.D. the Roman power in England came to the end and in that time the first English kings appeared. It was a moment when English history divided into: a) history of England and b) history of Scotland. In other words, two dynastic streams began in 5th c.: a) English stream and b) Scottish stream. These two dynastic streams develop in parallel up to 1603 when they transformed into a single dynastic stream of the Great Britain. In 404 A.D. the long dynasty of Scottish kings began with the king Fergus I. It ends in 1603 when a united kingdom of Great Britain appeared with it's first king Jacob I (1603-1625). Scottish dynasty looks "very good organized": it practically does not have simultaneous reigns of different kings, it does not have breaks and epochs of anarchy also. Being represented graphically on a time axis, this dynasty covers a 1200-year time interval from 404 to 1603 A.D. in a very nice, extremely "regular" manner: reigns of Scottish kings cover one by one without intersections all this time interval. It is a fine example of "carefully written history". See dotted line in the Fig.1. The absence of simultaneous reigns suggests that Scotland was a "geographically homogeneous" kingdom: it never was divided into several independent parts. English history shows a strong contrast to Scottish one in it's structure. 2.3.2. English history. Epoch from 1st to 445 A.D. England as the Roman colony. Time period from 60 B.C. to the beginning of the era A.D. is considered today as an epoch of conquest of England by Roman army under the command of Julius Caesar. Period from 1st century A.D. to 445 A.D. is considered to be an epoch of Roman occupation of England. England was a Roman colony at that epoch, and there were no English kings, because England was ruled formally by Roman emperors themselves. The description of this period in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is in fact a compilation from Roman history of 1st - 5th (middle) centuries A.D. as it appears in Scaliger's version of chronology. It was 409 A.D. when, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Romans were defeated by Goths, leave England and their power was never restored after that date: "In this year the city of Romans was taken by assault by the Goths, eleven hundred and ten years after it was built. Afterwards, beyond that, the kings of the Romans ruled no longer in Britain; in all they had reigned there four hundred and seventy years since Julius Caesar first came to the country" ([2],p.11). 2.3.3. Epoch from 445 to 830. Six kingdoms and their union. From 445 A.D. we see six kingdoms on the English land. Each of these kingdoms has it's own dynastic stream of rulers. Namely they are Brittany = Britain, Saxons = Kent, Sussex = South Saxons, Wessex = West Saxons, Essex = East Saxons, Mercia. These six kingdoms exist up to 828 A.D. when they all are destroyed in a war and instead of them one kingdom is established - the kingdom of England. It is the time of Egbert, who becomes the first king of united England. The time of about 830 A.D. could be called, following [6],[7], as the end of Six Kingdoms. "It was 829 A.D., the time of Wessex king Egbert, when all Anglo-Saxon kingdoms united into one feudal kingdom" [11, p. 172]. See Commentary 2 which speaks about the term "Saxon". 2.3.4. Epoch from 830 to 1040. This epoch is finished by Danish conquest and then by disintegration of Dutch kingdom in England. Beginning from 830 A.D. English chronicles speak about only one dynastic stream of kings (in united kingdom of England). In the period 1016-1040 A.D. there was a crucial point in English history. In 1016 Danish king Cnut Danish the Great occupied England. He become the king of England, Denmark and Norway simultaneously. But his state proved to be not stable and after his death in 1035 it was divided. A representative of old English dynasty Edward "The Confessor" (1042-1066) became a king in England after that division. The year 1040 is represented in the Fig.1 as one of the most important break points in English history. 2.3.5. Epoch from 1040 to 1066. Epoch of the Old Anglo-Saxon dynasty and it's fall The reign of Edward "The Confessor" finished in 1066 A.D., which is a well-known date in English history. In that year Edward died and after that England was occupied by Normans with their leader William I Conqueror the Bastard. In 1066 William the Conqueror defeated English-Saxon king Harold in Hastings battle and as a result became an English king himself. Period of his reign was 1066-1087. This well-known date (1066 A.D.) is also represented in the Fig.1. 2.3.6. Epoch from 1066 to 1327. Norman dynasty and after it - Anjou dynasty. Two Edwards. This epoch starts with the beginning of Norman dynasty which ruled England up to 1153 or 1154 ([7], p. 327). Just after it the next, Anjou dynasty started in England. It existed from 1154 to 1272 ([7], p. 327). In 1263-1267 a civil war broke out in England ([11], p.260). After that, in the end of 13th c.- beginning of 14th c., the new monarchy was established in England. First kings in this new dynasty were Edward I (1272-1307) and Edward II (1307-1327). In the end of the considered time period there was a war between England from one side and Wells, Scotland and Ireland from another side. England tried to occupy these regions but it's attempt was not successful. In 1314 Scots won. 2.3.6. Epoch from 1327 to 1602. This period is started with the reign of Edward III (1327-1377) and is finished with the establishment of Great Britain as a union of England and Scotland. The last period from 1600 to the present time is a well-known history, which we do not doubt and do not analyse here. Resume. We see that English history could be divided into several periods which are separated by well-known "break point" dates. We argue that these division is not occasional one. It reflects the existence of duplicates and chronological shifts in English history. 3. PARALLELS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND BYZANTINE-ROMAN HISTORY. GREAT BRITAIN EMPIRE AS THE DIRECT SUCCESSOR OF MEDIEVAL BYZANTINE-ROMAN EMPIRE. 3.1. Rough comparison of dynastic streams of England and Byzantine-Roman Empire. We saw that old English chronicles claim that England was a Roman colony for the first 400 years of it's history. Moreover, when they speak about England at that times, they speak more about Rome and Byzantine empire then about England itself. That is why an idea of comparison of English and Roman-Byzantine dynastic streams seems quite natural. For this purpose we used the Global Chronological Map, which was already made by A.T.Fomenko including dynastic streams of Rome, Byzantine empire and England. Even first glance on this map shows a surprising statistical similarity of general structure for density of reigns in Roman-Byzantine empire and in English dynastic streams. Such specific "density picture" exists only for these two dynastic streams - Roman-Byzantine and English ones. Now we are going to describe this picture. Consider a partition of time interval from 1st to 1700 A.D. by decades. Let us calculate the number of kings in England whose reigns intersect with a certain decade. For example if some decade is covered by a reign of only one king then let us assign number 1 to this decade. If it is covered by two reigns then we assign number 2 to it, and so on. As a result of this procedure we obtain a graph which shows us how many kings ruled inside each decade. We call this graph as "density graph" for a given dynastic stream. Because of absence of kings in England before 400 A.D. the values of density graph in that time interval are zero. Approximately in 440 A.D. there were established 6 dynasties in England (six kingdoms, see above) which existed up to (approximately) 830 A.D. when English kingdoms were united. After that union there was only one English dynasty up to present time [2]. Similar procedure was applied to the dynastic stream of Roman-Byzantine empire from 1st to 1500 A.D. Information about all Roman and Byzantine emperors of 1st-15th centuries was used. From 1st c. to 4th c. all Roman emperors are supposed to stay in Italian Rome (and in it's colonies), and after 330 A.D. another Roman dynasty in New Rome = Constantinople appeared. So, up to 6th c. there were two parallel Roman dynastic streams (sometimes they had intensive intersections). In 6th c. after a known Gothic war western Rome lost it's status as emperor's residence. From that time only one Roman dynasty stream in Constantinople = New Rome was existing constantly up to 1453. In 1453 after siege of Constantinople by Turks this stream was finished. The result of our calculations is shown in the Fig.2. There are two curves in the Fig.2. At the bottom one can see a density graph for Roman-Byzantine empire, and on the top - for England. Note that English chronology is shifted down as the whole block by approximately 275-year shift. Both graphs look very similar. Both of them start with a period of low density and then, at the same moment the density increases very sharply. Periods of such high density have approximately the same length and the same amplitude in both cases. Then the sharp fall of density occurs simultaneously in these graphs. After that both of them are approximately constant. Their value changes mostly in a range of 1-2 reigns per decade for remaining several hundreds years. High density zone in English chronology is located approximately in 445-830 A.D., and for Roman-Byzantine empire this zone constitutes 170-550 A.D. The length is approximately 380 years in both cases. The duration of the historical periods in England and in Roman-Byzantine empire being compared constitutes about one and a half thousand years. We should say once more that such specific density graphs could not be find in other dynastic streams. It is a feature of English and Roman-Byzantine history only. Fig.3 compares density graphs for England and Roman-Byzantine empire in a very rough way: only high density zones are represented from the graphs. Fig.3 clearly shows that the chronological shift between English and Roman-Byzantine history is equal to approximately 275 years. Of course, above method of comparison for two different histories is very rough and could not be considered as a basis for any statements. But such similarity for density graphs is probably a reflection of the same origin of these two dynastic streams (on a long time period). It is also possible that one of them is a reflection of another one. Moreover, some well-known facts from old English history could support this possibility. For example, it is well-known that the old name of England and English people was not "England" but "Anglia", "Angles" (from "Angel"), maybe "Angeln" ([2], p.12-13,289). Term "Angels" as a name of population appears in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle at a date 443 A.D. After that this term is used constantly. The first king which was called as "king of Anglia (England)" was Athelstan (925-940) ([7],p.340). Note that "Angels" was also a famous noble feudal family in Byzantine which includes Byzantine emperor dynasty of Angels (1185-1204) ([15], p.166). The natural question arises: may be the name "England" - "Angels" - "Anglia" is the reflection of the name of Byzantine dynasty Angels of 11-12th cc.? It was only some preliminary remarks. They could only to suggest that some connection between English and Byzantine ancient history seem to exist. More careful analysis says that these histories on a long time period are the same. Remark. When we speak about a "dynasty stream" we mean simply a sequence of kings in a certain kingdom which is ordered in time. We do not care about family relations between these kings (which is usually included in term "dynasty"). 3.2. Dynasty parallelism between ancient and medieval England from one side and medieval Byzantine Empire from another side. General concept of correspondence between English and Byzantine histories. We have discovered that there exists a strong parallelism between durations of reigns for English history of 640-1327 A.D. from one side and Byzantine history of 378-830 A.D. continued by Byzantine history of 1143-1453 A.D. from another side. This parallelism is represented in a visual form at the bottom of Fig.1. More precisely, we discovered that: 1) Dynastic stream of English kings from 640 to 1040 A.D. (400-year period) is a duplicate (reflection) of Byzantine dynastic stream from 378 to 830 A.D. (452-year period). These two dynastic streams coincide after 210-year chronological shift. It means that there exists a subsequence ("dynastic stream") of English kings whose reigns cover time interval 640-1040 and a subsequence of Byzantine emperors whose reigns cover time interval 378-830, such that they duplicate each other. Note that not all kings or emperors from these epochs are included in those dynastic streams. It is possible because often there were several corulers (i.e., kings or emperors which ruled simultaneously). 2) The next period of English kingdom history: from 1040 to 1327 (287-year period) duplicates Byzantine dynasty history from 1143 to 1453 A.D. (310-year period). These two dynastic streams coincide after 120-year chronological shift. 3) Dynastic stream of Byzantine emperors from 830 to 1143 also duplicates the same English dynastic history of 1040-1327. It is quite natural because Byzantine history has it's own duplicates inside it. In particular, Byzantine history of 830-1143 duplicates Byzantine history of 1143-1453. For details see [1],[24]. 4) The ends of time intervals from English history duplicating Byzantine history coincide with the break points in English history which we pointed out earlier. 5) The ends of time intervals from Byzantine history duplicating English history also prove to be certain natural break points in Byzantine history. They generate a partition of the whole Byzantine history into 4 parts which we will denote by Byzantine empire-0, Byzantine empire-1, Byzantine empire-2 and Byzantine empire-3. 3.3. Some details of dynastic parallelism ("parallelism table") 3.3.1. English history of 640-830 A.D. and Byzantine history of 378-553 A.D. 275-year shift. We used J.Blair's Tables [2] as the first main source of chronological information and Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as the second one. Below we use an abbreviation ASC for Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Note that sometimes different chronological tables contain a slightly different data, but these differences do not influence the parallelism which we are going to present here. _________________________________________________________________ English history Byzantine history _________________________________________________________________ English history of 640-830. Byzantine history of 378-553. Wessex kings - one of the six Byzantine emperors dynasty kingdoms in England of 400-830. starting from the foundation of This dynastic stream is a part New Rome = Constantinople. of the dense sequence of kings This dynastic stream is a part whose reigns cover the time of the dense sequence of kings axis with high multiplicity. whose reigns cover the time See Figs.2,3. axis with high multiplicity. This period of Byzantine history is denoted as Byzantine-0 on Fig.1. See Figs.2,3. __________________________________________________________________ Commentary. Durations of reigns are shown in brackets (rounded off to whole years). In the left column the whole list of English kings is presented. In the right column almost all Byzantine emperors appear. Only absent are names of some emperors with very short reign and co-emperors of those ones who are presented here. Note that all English kings (with only few exceptions of very short reigns) are included in this parallelism. __________________________________________________________________ 1. Cenwalch 643-672 king of 1. Theodosius I The Great Wessex and 643-647 as the king 378 or 379 - 395 (16) of Sussex. He ruled 29 or 25 years, if we consider only his rule in Wessex (after 647 A.D.) ------------------------------------------------------------------ Queen Seaxburh 672-674 (2), ? wife of K.Cenwel. Short rule ------------------------------------------------------------------ 2. Cens 674-686 (12) according 2. Arcadius 395-408 (13) to Blair. In Anglo-Saxon Chronicle we see here two kings: Escwine + Centwine (9 years in total) ------------------------------------------------------------------ Caedwalla 686-688 (2). ? Short rule ------------------------------------------------------------------ 3. Ine 686-727 (39) according 3. Theodosius II 408-450 (42) to Blair and (37) according to Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (= ASC) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 4. Aethelheard 727-740 (13), 4. Leo I 457-474 (17) and (14) according to ASC ------------------------------------------------------------------ 5. Cuthread 740-754 (14) accor- 5. Zeno 474-491 (17) ding to Blair and (17) in ASC (he ruled two times) ------------------------------------------------------------------ Sigeberht 754 (1). Short rule ? ------------------------------------------------------------------ 6. Cynewulf 754-784 (30) accor- 6. Anastasius ding to Blair and (31) in ASC 491-518 (27) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 7. Beorhtric 784-800 (16) 7. Justin I 518-527 (9) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 8. Egbert 800-838 (38). In 828 8. Justinian I The Great. In A.D.(i.e., at the 28th year of 553 A.D.(i.e. at the 26th year his rule) he consolidated all of his rule) he defeated the six kingdoms into one - Anglia. Goths (this is well-known Gothic The last 10 years he ruled as war) and became unique emperor the king of Anglia. He is consi- in Roman-Byzantine empire. He dered as distinguished king in ruled during his last 12 years English history without any corulers. Well-known emperor in Byzantine history ________________________________________________________________ 3.3.2. English history of 830-1040 and Byzantine history of 553-830. Rigid 275-year shift. __________________________________________________________________ English epoch of 830-1040. Byzantine epoch of 553-830. Anglia after consolidation into Is denoted as "Byzantine one kingdom (see Blair [6]). empire-1" in the Fig.1. __________________________________________________________________ 9. Aethelberht 860-866 (6) 9. Justin II 565-578 (13) ----------------------------------------------------------------- 10. Aethelbald 10. Tiberius Constantinus 857-860 (3) 578-582 (4) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 11. Aethelwulf 838-857 (19) 11. Maurice 582-602 (20) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 12. Aethelred 866-872 (6) 12. Phocas 602-610 (8) ------------------------------------------------------------------ Here the old English chroniclers transposed two kings, namely - the kings Aethelwulf (see No.11) and Aethelberht (see No.9) were placed in another order (their Byzantine originals are Justin II and Maurice). This confusion has a simple explanation: all four English kings of this period have very similar names beginning from "Aethel". ------------------------------------------------------------------ 13. Alfred The Great 872-900 (28) 13. Heraclius according to Blair and 871-901 610-641 (31) (30) according to Bemont and Monod ([7],p.340) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 14. Edward the Elder 14. Constans II 900-925 (25) Pogonatus 641-668 (26) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 15. Athelstan 925-941 (16). 15. Constantine IV It is supposed today that he was 668-685 (17) the first who took the name king of Anglia ([7],p.340) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 16. Confusion: the war with 16. Well-known confusion in Northumbria. The Anglo-Saxon Byzantine history in the end of Chronicle mentions about 7th century - beginning of 8th three main kings of this period: century. Here there are several Edmund I 941-948 (7), emperors with a short rules: Eadred 948-955 (7), Leontius II 695-698 Eadwig 955-959 (4). All these or 694-697, Tiberius III 697-704 kings ruled relatively short or 698-705, Justinian II 705-711, period Philippicus Bardanes 711-713, Anastasius II 713-715 or 716, Theodosius III 715 or 716-717 ------------------------------------------------------------------ Thus, both confusion epochs (English and Byzantine) are matched under the rigid chronological shift. We did not discuss here the details because of mess structure of the chronicles of this time period ------------------------------------------------------------------ 17. Edgar 959-975 (16)+ Edward 17. Leo III Isaurian or "The Martyr" 975-978 (3), and the Syrian 717-741 (24) totally (after summation) they give 19 years. Their names are similar and consequently their union is natural ------------------------------------------------------------------ 18. Aethelred II "The Unready" 18. Constantine V Copronimus 978-1013 (35) 741-775 (34) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 19. Cnut The Great Danish 19. Constantine VI Porphyrogenitus 1017-1036 (19). His death 780-797 (17). Let us note that indicates the disintegration now we are in the end of historical of Danish empire. Thus, this epoch which was marked out in epoch is finished by the well- [1] and [24] as Byzantine empire-1 known event in the history of (527-840). Thus, in this column Anglia. Let us note that this of our table we came to some fragment of English history is important turning-point in matched with Byzantine epoch Byzantine history under 210 (or 275)-year shift (approximately) _________________________________________________________________ The old English chronicles placed in the end of this epoch (in history of Anglia) two "short" kings: Harold I Danish (1036-1039, ruled 3 years) and Harthacnut (1039-1041, ruled 2 years). We did not find the Byzantine duplicate-original for Harthacnut, but the original-duplicate for Harold I will be demonstrated below __________________________________________________________________ We continue the motion along English history in the left column of the table. The parallel with Byzantine history will continue (in the right column). But this parallel becomes more clear and evident if we take the next epoch "Byzantine empire-3" (1143-1453) instead of the epoch "Byzantine empire-2" (Fig.1). As we explained before, these two epochs of Byzantine history are parallel, i.e. they are duplicates (of course, not identical). Consequently, we will list in the right column of the table the emperors from "Byzantine empire-3" and also will indicate here their duplicates from "Byzantine empire-2". And we will see that the parallelism between English and Byzantine history will continue until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. __________________________________________________________________ 3.3.3. English history of 1040-1327 and Byzantine history of 1143-1453. Rigid 120-year shift. __________________________________________________________________ English epoch of 1040-1327 Byzantine epoch of 1143-1453. Is marked as "Byzantine empire-3" in the Fig.1. It is the original for "Byzantine empire-2" __________________________________________________________________ 20. Edward "The Confessor" 20. Manuel I Comnenus 1041-1066 (25) 1143-1180 (37) ------------------------------------------------------------------ The death of Edward "The Confes- After the death of Manuel I the sor" indicates the beginning of hard time for Byzantine empire Norman invasion. It is possible, began and the turning-point is that English chronicles mean the well-known crusade and the here in reality "Roman invasion" conquest of Constantinople in because there is the parallel 1204. It is supposed today that between some periods of Roman Italian Rome organized the history and Norman history invasion in Byzantine empire (see [1],[24]) ------------------------------------------------------------------ The commentary to the dynastic stream of English history. After the death of Edward "The Confessor" a new king Harold II "Godwinson" took the throne. He ruled only 1 year and was killed in 1066 in the battle near Hastings. From the other hand it is known ([7],p.343) that in reality he got a great political power in 1054 when Edward was alive. But the English chronicles placed just before the rule of Edward "The Confessor" one more "short" (i.e. with a short rule) Harold, namely Harold I "Harefoot" (1036-1039) who ruled only 3 years. It is possible that this Harold I is simply the reflection of Harold II ------------------------------------------------------------------ 21. "Doubled Harold", i.e. 21. Isaac II Angelus 1185-1195, Harold I Danish (1036-1039) and then he lost the power and then Harold II (1066 year). appeared on Byzantine throne Harold II ruled only 9 months. again in 1203 (second time). He It is clear that this "doubled ruled no more than 1 year and Harold" is the reflection of finally lost the power in 1204, Byzantine"doubled Isaac Angelus", after the conquest of Constanti- who ruled two times. His second nople by crusaders. Thus, his rule was short: less than 1 year second rule was no more than 1 year ------------------------------------------------------------------ Norman conquest of Anglia. The The conquest of Byzantine empire famous battle near Hastings in by crusaders. Famous fourth 1066 crusade 1199-1204 ------------------------------------------------------------------ We will speak later and more detailed about the parallel between these events ------------------------------------------------------------------ 22. William I of Normandy 22. Theodore I Lascaris (Bastard) The Conqueror 1066- 1204-1222 (18). In 1204 a new -1087 (21). His rule starts the Nicaean empire starts on the new Norman dynasty in Anglia territory of Byzantine empire. The reflection of Theodore in Byzantine empire-2 is Basil I the Macedonian 867-887 (19) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 23. William II "Rufus" 1087-1101 23. Possibly, there is some mess (14). Thus, here we have 14 in the chronicles when they describe years and in the right column the Norman dynasty and Nicaean we have 11 or 12 years. We see empire. The first conjecture: here some confusion in the the original preimage for William II chronicles because in the right is lost. Second conjecture: this is column Isaac II Angelus ruled again Isaac II Angelus. But in this twice case the chronicle took the whole his rule: 1185-1195 and then 1203- -1204, i.e. totally 11 or 12 years. ------------------------------------------------------------------ 24. Henry I 1101-1135 24. John III Vatatzes (34 or 35 years) 1222-1254 or 1256 (32). His reflection in Byzantine empire-2 is Leo VI "The Philosopher" 886-912 (26) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 25. Stephen of Blois 1135-1154 25. Michael VIII 1259 or 1260 (19). King Stephen finishes the until 1282 or 1283 (23). His Norman dynasty in Anglia ([7],p. reflection in Byzantine empire-2 357). The next king Henry II is Romanus I 919-945 (26). starts a new Anjou dynasty in Michael VIII starts a new Anglia Palaeologus dynasty which lasts from 1261 until 1453 ------------------------------------------------------------------ Thus the rigid chronological shift matches English Norman dynasty with Byzantine dynasty of Angelus and then matches the next Anjou dynasty with Byzantine dynasty of Palaeologus ------------------------------------------------------------------ 26. Henry II Plantagenet 26. Andronicus II Palaeologus 1154-1189 (35). Note that both 1282 or 1283 - 1328 (46). If terms Plantagenet and calculated from 1283 to 1320 - Porphyrogenetus have the same the moment when his co-ruler meaning: "one who was born in Andronicus III began to reign a shirt". This term has well- then duration of Andronicus II known meaning - see commentary reign is 37 years. He was below reflected as Constantine VII 910 or 912 - 959 (47),(49) in Byzantine empire-2. --------------------------------------------------------------- Commentary. Term (name) "Porphyrogenetus" = "Porphyro" + "Genitus" could be interpreted as "one, who was born in porphyr". It says about birth in a "royal attributes", maybe "royal clothes", "royal shirt". It suggests a rare case from medical practice when a baby is born "in a shirt", i.e. still in placenta (placenta sounds similar to "planta" - part of "Plantagenet"). In old times such cases were considered as a sign of outstanding future for the baby (good or bad one). We see in English version (left column) a name Plantagenet, i.e. Planta + Genet. It means exactly "birth in a planta, in a cover" - the same as "birth in a shirt" ------------------------------------------------------------------ 27. Henry II established a known 27. Michael VIII. He was just dynasty of Plantagenets (House before Andronicus II. He of Plantagenet) in English established a known dynasty of history. This dynasty was Palaeologus in the history of finished in 1329 with Richard Byzantine. This dynasty covers II. So, this dynasty covers time time interval 1261-1453 (up to interval 1154-1399 ([27], p.346). the siege of Constantinople) ([27], p.636). ------------------------------------------------------------------ So, the chronological shift which we discovered puts together two dynasties: Palaeologus' and Plantagenets. Dynasty of Palaeologus' is finished in 1453 and reflecting them Plantagenets continue up to 1399. ------------------------------------------------------------------ 28. Richard I Coeur de Lion 28. Andronicus III Palaeologus 1189-1199 (10). Duration of 1320-1328-1341. Formally his his reign is 10 years which reign lasts 21 years (1320-1341), is close to 13 years - duration but his reign as unique emperor of reign of his analog (without corulers) was only for (original) in Byzantine 13 years (1328-1341). In 1328 empire finished the reign of his coruler - emperor Andronicus II. ------------------------------------------------------------------ 29.John Santer 1199-1216 (17) 29. John VI Cantacuzenus 1341 or 1347 - 1355 (15) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 30. Henry III 1216-1272 (56). 30. John V Palaeologus 1341-1391 Henry III was the last king in (50). His has a reflection in Anjou dynasty in England. Byzantine empire-2: Basil II Dynasty of Palaeologus in Bulgaroktonos (975 or 976 - Byzantine empire (right column) 1025). Basil II Bulgaroktonos' is not finished at this point reign was for 49 or 50 years. but it is near to the end ------------------------------------------------------------------ 31. Edward I 1272-1307 (35) 31. Manuel II Palaeologus 1391-1425 (33 or 34). ------------------------------------------------------------------ 32. Edward II Caervarven 32. John VIII Palaeologus 1307-1327 (20) 1424-1448 (23 or 24). ------------------------------------------------------------------ End of parallelism. In 1453 Constantinople was seized by Turks and Byzantine Empire changed to Turkey. ___________________________________________________________________ Fig.4 illustrates this parallelism. It is important that durations of reign fit each other so well in the case when the same chronological shift was applied to all reigns. All dynasty was shifted as a whole, it's internal time was unchanged. Fig.5 shows the same parallelism in a different form which is designed for visual comparison of durations of reign in both dynasties. For quantitative comparison we used numerical characteristic of a distance between two arbitrary dynasties, which was introduced in [1],[24]. It appears that this "distance" drops into a range of values which are normal only for strongly dependent dynasties (details about this numerical characteristic one can find in [1],[24]). Recall that two dynasties are called as dependent ones if they both reflect the same real dynasty. Dependence of these two dynasties (we mean statistical dependence of reign durations) is the main result of this paper. It is in fact a formal result and we might finish on it. But many not formal questions follow after this result is claimed. Main of them is: what real events lay under both of these two dynasties? What was the real history? 4. CORRECT ENGLISH HISTORY IS MORE SHORT IN TIME BUT MUCH MORE DENSE IN EVENTS THAN IT IS SUGGESTED BY TEXTBOOKS 4.1. Our new concept of English history The answer follows definitely from the above parallelism and from the Fig.1. Naturally, the more new dynasty (one which was later in time) is to be supposed as original one. This is a Byzantine dynasty 1143-1453 A.D. It was denoted above as Byzantine empire-3. In [1],[24] it was discovered that Byzantine empire-3 is a source of information for it's reflections Byzantine empire-0, Byzantine empire-1 and Byzantine empire-2. Roughly speaking the whole Byzantine history is constructed from several blocks - duplicates of the same epoch: 1143-1453 A.D. As we discovered, English history being stringed