Viktor Vislobokov. FAQ dlya Debian Linux
From : Victor Vislobokov 2:5054/69.34@FidoNet 03/Oct/97
Subj : Moj FAQ k Debian special'no dlya Siblug [1/3]
Reply-To: p34@tcsb.perm.su
Debian FAQ. Avtor Viktor Vislobokov (2:5054/8.34@Fidonet.org)
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Vy, veroyatno, smozhete emu napisat' na 2:5054/69.34@FidoNet,
no na tekushchij moment on pochemu-to ne mozhet otvechat' na ne-fidoshnye adresa.
Mozhno tak zhe pisat' Aleksu Korchmaryu na egisup@hotmail.com
dlya peredachi emu. Esli kto-to najdet vremya ego uluchshit' - dumayu,
avtor vozrazhat' ne budet.
Alex Korchmar, alex_korchmar@p2.f28.n5020.z2.fidonet.org
---------------------------------------------------------------
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Avtor ne neset nikakoj otvetstvennosti za ushcherb, kotoryj
mozhet byt' prichinen pri ispol'zovanii dannoj informacii.
Vse zamechaniya, ispravleniya, dopolneniya i pozhelaniya pros'ba
napravlyat' po dannomu vyshe adresu komp'yuternoj seti Fidonet.
Patch level 6, 26 sentyabrya 1997, 23:20.
---------------------------------------------------------------
Perechen' voprosov, na kotorye dany otvety v dannom FAQ
1. CHto takoe Debian?
2. CHem otlichaetsya Debian ot drugih distributivov Linux?
3. Kakim obrazom mozhno ustanovit' Debian?
4. Kakaya versiya Debian na segodnya samaya svezhaya?
5. CHto nuzhno sdelat', chtoby v tekstovom rezhime mozhno bylo
chitat' i pisat' po russki?
6. Kak sdelat' tak, chtoby v moem mc (Midnight Commander)
byli vidny russkie bukvy i chtoby ya mog ih tam nabirat', a to
lezet vsyakaya erunda?
7. A pochemu, kogda ya rabotayu v pod X Window v emulyatore
terminala rxvt moj mc (Midnight Commander) pri nazhatii klavish
Home i End vmesto vypolneniya peremeshcheniya po katalogu vydaet
musor vida 1~ i 4~? Kak sdelat', chtoby vse bylo normal'no?
8. Kak poluchit' vozmozhnost' vvodit' i chitat' russkie bukvy
v X Window?
9. Kak zastavit' pisat' po russki moj lyubimyj redaktor
joe?
10. Kak sozdavat' i udalyat' novyh pol'zovatelej?
11. Kak montirovat' i demontirovat' fajlovye sistemy?
12. U menya na pervom vinte stoit Linux no est' i vtoroj
vint, na kotorom stoit DOS, kak mne dobitsya chtoby LILO gruzil
mne DOS?
13. Pri arhivirovanii komandoj tar poluchaetsya arhiv,
kotoryj ne vlazit na odnu disketu. Kak mne razbit' takoj arhiv
po disketam?
14. Govoryat, chto yakoby mozhno gruzit' Linux napryamuyu iz
DOS'a ne pol'zuyas' LILO. |to dejstvitel'no tak? Esli da, to kak
eto sdelat'.
15. U menya est' vtoroj vint, kotoryj zaceplen na odin
shlejf s pervym. Kakomu ustrojstvu on sootvetstvuet?
16. Pochemu, kogda ya pereklyuchayus' iz tekstovoj konsoli v X
Window i dvigayu svoej PS/2 myshkoj X Window Server padaet s
soobshcheniem: psaux: device resource is busy?
17. Pri dobavlenii novogo pol'zovatelya v sistemu komandoj
adduser voznikla problema - pochemu-to skopirovalas' tol'ko odna
pervaya stroka iz fajlov, kotorye lezhat v /etc/skel, a voobshche-to
fajly dolzhny byli skopirovat'sya polnost'yu! V chem delo?
* * *
A: Debian eto odin iz distributivov Linux (UNIX podobnoj setevoj
operacionnoj sistemy).
Q2: CHem otlichaetsya Debian ot drugih distributivov Linux?
A: Formatom paketov i programmoj kotoraya obsluzhivaet dannye pakety,
proceduroj installyacii. Krome togo est' otlichiya i v strukture
katalogov, i v meste raspolozheniya konfiguracionnyh fajlov. Krome
togo v Debian'e sdelana popytka podognat' vse pod UNIX'ovyj
standart System V.
Samoe moshchnoe otlichie - eto konechno pakety. Teper' v nih
vklyuchaetsya kontrol'naya informaciya zavisimosti odnih paketov ot
drugih, kommentarii k paketu, informaciya o servise, kotoryj
predostavlyaet paket. Krome togo v pakete imeyutsya scenarii, chto
pozvolyayut proizvesti nastrojku paketa srazu posle ustanovki i
krome togo proizvesti obnovlenie staroj versii paketa na novuyu
pri sohranenii konfiguracionnyh fajlov.
Q3: Kakim obrazom mozhno ustanovit' Debian?
A: Heskol'kimi sposobami:
- s disket
- s CD ROM
- s odnogo iz razdelov zhestkogo diska
- po FTP
- po seti
Q4: Kakaya versiya Debian'a na segodnya samaya svezhaya?
A: Vyshla oficial'naya versiya Debian 1.3.1
Q5: CHto sdelat', chtoby v tekstovom rezhime chitat' po russki
Q5: CHto nuzhno sdelat', chtoby v tekstovom rezhime mozhno bylo chitat' i
pisat' po-russki?
A: Dlya etogo vy dolzhny poluchit' prava superpol'zovatelya (root),
libo zaregistrirovavshis' v sisteme kak root, libo vypolniv
komandu su.
Vashemu vnimaniyu predlagaetsya malen'kij scenarij, kotoryj dolzhen
byt' pomeshchen v /etc/init.d pod imenem russian i kotoryj yavlyaetsya
neobhodimoj chast'yu rusifikacii tekstovogo rezhima:
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------
# russian
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Set leds and META for terminals
for t in 1 2 3 4
do
setleds -num /dev/null
done
# Load russian fonts
echo -e " \033[1;34;47m Loading Russian Font
\033[36;40m"
setfont Cyr_a8x16 >/dev/null 2>/dev/null
# Load russian keys
echo -e " \033[1;37;44m Loading Russian Keys
\033[36;40m"
loadkeys ru1.map >/dev/null 2>/dev/null
# Map screen
echo -e " \033[1;33;41m Loading Map Screen
\033[36;40m"
mapscrn koi2alt > /dev/null 2>/dev/null
# Enable mapping on tty
for t in 1 2 3 4
do
echo -e "\033(K" >/dev/tty$t
echo -e " \033[0;30;42m Enable mapping on \033[0;31;42m
/dev/tty$t \033[0;36;40m"
done
#-------------------------------end of file---------------------------------
Teper' vy dolzhny sdelat' ssylki na etot fajl iz katalogov,
soderzhashchih scenarii, vypolnyaemye pri ustanovke urovnya zapuska
(run level) sistemy komandoj init. |to katalogi /etc/rc*.d.
Mnogopol'zovatel'skomu rezhimu raboty sistemy sootvetstvuet
katalog /etc/rc2.d. Kogda vy peremestites' tuda, to uvidite, chto
v nem uzhe est' mnozhestvo ssylok, kazhdaya iz kotoryh imeet imya,
nachinayushcheesya s bukvy ``S'', za kotoroj sleduet cifra. Ssylki
ukazyvayut na ispolnyaemye fajly v kataloge /etc/init.d. Vam nuzhno
sozdat' ssylku na /etc/init.d/russian, pri etom dlya nashego
sluchaya nuzhno vybrat' nomer posle ``S'', kotoryj by byl postarshe.
U menya naprimer eto 88 (fajly vypolnyayutsya po starshinstvu - bolee
malye nomera vypolnyayutsya ran'she). Itak delaem ssylku, nahodyas' v
kataloge /etc/rc2.d:
ln -sf /etc/init.d/russian S88russian
CHtoby etot scenarij vypolnilsya vam nuzhno peregruzit' mashinu,
odnako ne toropites'. Sperva sozdajte u sebya v domashnem kataloge
fajl .inputrc (ya rassmatrivayu sluchaj, kogda v kachestve shell'a
ispol'zuetsya bash - obychno on i ustanavlivaetsya po umolchaniyu pri
installyacii sistemy) kotoryj ya privozhu nizhe:
set meta-flag On
set convert-meta Off
set output-meta On
"\e[1~": beginning-of-line
"\e[3~": delete-char
"\e[4~": end-of-line
"\e[C": forward-char
"\e[D": backward-char
"\e[A": previous-history
"\e[B": next-history
blagodarya etomu fajlu vy smozhete nabirat' v shell'e russkie
bukvy, v protivnom sluchae vmesto nih budet pisk v dinamike.
Esli v sisteme uzhe sushchestvuet neskol'ko pol'zovatlej, to ne
zabud'te pomestit' etot fajl v ih domashnie katalogi i sdelat'
ego dostupnym dlya chteniya etim pol'zovatelyam. Krome togo ya ochen'
rekomenduyu pomestit' dannyj fajl v katalog /etc/skel, togda pri
sozdanii novyh pol'zovatelej on budet pomeshchen k nim v domashnie
direktorii avtomaticheski.
Dalee peremestites' v direktoriyu /etc i najdite tam fajl
profile. |to fajl, kotoryj vypolnyaetsya pri registracii lyubogo
pol'zovatelya v sisteme. Zagruzite lyuboj redaktor (mne, naprimer,
ochen' nravitsya joe) i dobavte v etot fajl sleduyushchie stroki:
export LANG=ru_RU
export PAGER=less
export LESSCHARSET=koi8-r
Peremennaya LANG govorit sisteme o regional'nyh ustanovkah (eto
rabotaet poka krivo, no luchshe tak, chem nikak). Peremennaya PAGER
opredelyaet programmu, kotoraya budet pokazyvat' vam tekst pri
vyzove man (po umolchaniyu ustnovleno more).less moshchnaya programma,
pozvolyayushchaya ispol'zovat' dlya peremeshcheniya po tekstu strelki,
klavishi PgUp, PgDn, a takzhe poisk obrazca v tekste i t.d.
Peremennaya LESSCHARSET nuzhna programme less dlya korrektnogo
vyvoda russkih bukv v kodirovke KOI-8.
Teper' vy mozhete peregruzit' mashinu. |to mozhno sdelat' tremya
sposobami:
- nazhat' klavishi Ctrl-Alt-Del (na nekotoryh mashinah ne rabotaet)
- vvesti komandu reboot
- vvesti komandu shutdown -g0 (samyj pravil'nyj sposob)
Posle perezagruzki,do vydachi priglasheniya k registracii v sisteme
(login) vy dolzhny uvidet' izobrazhenie rossijskogo flaga na
kazhdom iz cvetov kotorogo budet zapis' o zagruzke opredelennogo
servisa. Esli etogo ne budet, to posmotrite vnimatel'no vse li
vy sdelali kak bylo ukazano vyshe. Esli izobrazhenie poyavilos', to
posle registracii v sisteme pri nazhatii na pravyj Alt vy smozhete
vvodit' russkie bukvy.
Q6: Kak sdelat' v mc (Midnight Commander) russkie bukvy
Q: Kak sdelat' tak, chtoby v moem mc (Midnight Commander) byli vidny
russkie bukvy i chtoby ya mog ih tam nabirat', a to lezet vsyakaya
erunda?
A: Snachala nuzhno vklyuchit' rabotu s vos'm'yu bitami.Dlya etogo nazhmite
F9 zatem vyberite Option, dalee Display bits i nakonec Full 8
bit. He zabudte potom sohranit' etu konfiguraciyu. Dalee nuzhno
vyjti iz mc i zapustit' ego snova s parametrom -m. Esli ne
rabotaet, to znachit u vas krivo sobrannyj mc. Dalee, chtoby vam
kazhdyj raz ne mayatsya s ukazaniem parametra vvedite:
alias mc="mc -m"
Zamechu odnako, chto dlya prosmotra fajlov s russkim tekstom, ime-
yushchih v kachestve rasshireniya cifry ili ``.man'' etogo malo. Vmesto
russkogo teksta v takih sluchayah vy mozhete uvidet' musor. |to
svyazano s tem, chto takie fajly traktuyutsya mc kak fajly,
soderzhashchie gipertekst, na yazyke groff. Dlya prosmotra takih
fajlov mc vyzyvaet formater teksta s etogo yazyka: nroff, s
parametrom -Tascii. Hasha s vami beda sostoit v tom, chto v etom
ascii russkih bukv net. Huzhno sdelat' sleduyushchee. Peremestit'sya v
katalog /etc/mc i v fajle mc.ext s pomoshch'yu redaktora zamenit'
vse stroki -Tascii na -Tlatin1.
Q: V emulyatore terminala rxvt v MC ne rabotayut Home i End
Q: A pochemu, kogda ya rabotayu v pod X Window v emulyatore terminala
rxvt moj mc (Midnight Commander) pri nazhatii klavish Home i End
vmesto peremeshcheniya po katalogu vydaet musor vida 1~ i 4~? Kak
sdelat', chtoby vse bylo normal'no?
A: Delo v krivo skompilenoj baze po nastrojkami terminala terminfo.
Iz-za nee mc nepravil'no vosprinimaet v rxvt nazhatye klavishi.
Izvestnyj mne sposob pravki odin:
- sozdaetsya vremennaya direktoriya, naprimer /tmp1
- v shell'e (vyjti iz mc) ustanavlivaetsya peremennaya
okruzheniya:
export TERMINFO=/tmp1
- zatem v etu sozdannuyu direktoriyu kladetsya fajl,
poluchennyj iz dannogo nizhe v UUE arhiva (posle
obrabotki vy dolzhny poluchit' fajl xterm.tic):
#
# Sh941004, 960328
#
xterm|vs100|xterm terminal emulator (X Window System),
am, xenl, km, mir, msgr, xon,
colors#8, cols#80, it#8, lines#25, ncv#3, pairs#64, bel=^G, cr=^M,
csr=^[[%i%p1%d;%p2%dr, tbc=^[[3k, clear=^[[H^[[2J, el=^[[K, ed=^[[J,
cup=^[[%i%p1%d;%p2%dH, cud1=^J, home=^[[H, cub1=^H, cuf1=^[[C,
cuu1=^[[A, dch1=^[[P, dl1=^[[M, bold=^[[1m, smcup=^[7^[[?47h,
smir=^[[4h, rev=^[[7m, smso=^[[7m, smul=^[[4m, sgr0=^[[m,
rmcup=^[[2J^[[?47l^[8, rmir=^[[4l, rmso=^[[m, rmul=^[[m,
is2=^[[r^[[m^[[2J^[[H^[[?7h^[[?1;3;4;6l^[[4l, il1=^[[L, kbs=^H,
kcud1=^[OB,
kich1=^[[2~, kdch1=^[[3~, khome=^[[1~, kend=^[[4~,
knp=^[[6~, kpp=^[[5~, kbs=\177,
kf1=^[[11~, kf2=^[[12~, kf3=^[[13~, kf4=^[[14~,
kf5=^[[15~, kf6=^[[17~, kf7=^[[18~, kf8=^[[19~, kf9=^[[20~,
kf10=^[[21~, kf11=^[[23~, kf12=^[[24~, kf13=^[[25~, kf14=^[[26~,
kf15=^[[28~, kf16=^[[29~, kf17=^[[31~, kf18=^[[32~, kf19=^[[33~,
kf20=^[[34~,
kcub1=^[OD,
kcuf1=^[OC, kcuu1=^[OA, rmkx=^[[?1l^[>, smkx=^[[?1h^[=,
dch=^[[%p1%dP, dl=^[[%p1%dM, cud=^[[%p1%dB, ich=^[[%p1%d@,
il=^[[%p1%dL, cuu=^[[%p1%dA,
rs2=^[[r^[[m^[[2J^[[H^[[?7h^[[?1;3;4;6l^[[4l^[<, rc=^[8, sc=^[7,
ind=^J, ri=^[M, ht=^I,
op=\E[m,
setab=\E[4%p1%dm, setaf=\E[3%p1%dm,
setb=\E[%p1%{40}%+%dm, setf=\E[%p1%{30}%+%dm,
acsc=``aaffggjjkkllmmnnooppqqrrssttuuvvwwxxyyzz{{||}}~~..--++\054\054hhII00,
smacs=^N, rmacs=^O,
---------------- cut here ---------------------------------------------
- posle etogo vy dolzhny zapustit' kompilyator terminfo:
tic xterm.tic
- esli vam vydast soobshchenie o mnogokratnom ispol'zovanii
psevdonima vs100, to vy dolzhny peremestitsya v katalog
/usr/lib/terminfo/v i steret' tam fajl vs100
- esli kompilyaciya zavershilas' uspeshno, to v direktorii
poyavilis' katalogi v i x. V nih lezhat fajly vs100 i
xterm.
- skopirujte poluchennye fajly: xterm v /etc/terminfo/x,
a vs100 v /usr/terminfo/v.
- udalite nashu direktoriyu - ona nam bol'she ne nuzhna.
Esli vse vypolneno pravil'no, to teper' v rxvt vse dolzhno byt'
v poryadke.
Q9: Kak ustanovit' russkie bukvy v X-Windows
Q: Kak poluchit' vozmozhnost' vvodit' i chitat' russkie bukvy v
X Window?
A: Pervo napervo, kogda budete pol'zovat'sya programmoj XF86Setup,
gde vam predlozhat ustanovit' russkuyu klaviaturu,ne obol'shchajtes',
eto rasschitano na optimistov. Konechno, est' specialisty, kotorye
doveli do uma i etot variant, no oni ispol'zovali samodel'nye
prilady i tablicy, kotoryh v standartnom distributive prosto
net. To chto tam est', uvy ne rabotaet. Po etomu ya predlagayu vam
staryj dobryj variant proverennyj na X Window versij 3.1, 3.2 i
3.3. Estestvenno rusifikaciej nuzhno zanimat'sya posle togo kak vy
nastroite zapusk X Window i nuzhnye videorezhimy, a takzhe posle
ustanovki russkih shriftov (paket fntcyr) i ustanovki i nastrojki
kakogo-nibud' menedzhera okon (naprimer fvwm). Itak pravim fajl
/etc/X11/XF86Config (vy budete smeyatsya, no ya obnaruzhil, chto v
Debian'e 1.2.7 ot Mo'Linux etot fajl ni chto inoe kak .bak fajl
nuzhnogo nam XF86Config, kotoryj nahodilsya v /usr/X11R6/lib/X11).
Ubedites', chto odin iz FontPath ukazyvaet na katalog s russkimi
shriftami (obychno eto /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic). Dalee v
sekcii Keyboard zakomentar'te vse stroki, gde parametry
nachinanayutsya s ``Xkb''. Posle vseh etih strok napishite:
XkbDisable
Zatem v kataloge /etc/X11 popravte fajl Xmodmap. On pustoj, no
vy dolzhny napolnit' ego sleduyushchimi strokami:
keycode 0x71 = Mode_switch
keysym 0x71 = Alt_R
keycode 78 = Scroll_Lock
add mod3 = Mode_switch
add mod3 = Scroll_Lock
keycode 22 = BackSpace
keycode 107 = Delete
keysym 4 = 4 dollar 4 quotedbl
keysym 5 = 5 percent 5 colon
keysym 6 = 6 asciicircum 6 comma
keysym 7 = 7 ampersand 7 period
keysym q = q Q 0xCA 0xEA
keysym w = w W 0xC3 0xE3
keysym e = e E 0xD5 0xF5
keysym r = r R 0xCB 0xEB
keysym t = t T 0xC5 0xE5
keysym y = y Y 0xCE 0xEE
keysym u = u U 0xC7 0xE7
keysym i = i I 0xDB 0xFB
keysym o = o O 0xDD 0xFD
keysym p = p P 0xDA 0xFA
keysym bracketleft = bracketleft braceleft 0xC8 0xE8
keysym bracketright = bracketright braceright 0xDF 0xFF
keysym a = a A 0xC6 0xE6
keysym s = s S 0xD9 0xF9
keysym d = d D 0xD7 0xF7
keysym f = f F 0xC1 0xE1
keysym g = g G 0xD0 0xF0
keysym h = h H 0xD2 0xF2
keysym j = j J 0xCF 0xEF
keysym k = k K 0xCC 0xEC
keysym l = l L 0xC4 0xE4
keysym semicolon = semicolon colon 0xD6 0xF6
keysym apostrophe = apostrophe quotedbl 0xDC 0xFC
keysym grave = grave asciitilde 0xA3 0xB3
keysym z = z Z 0xD1 0xF1
keysym x = x X 0xDE 0xFE
keysym c = c C 0xD3 0xF3
keysym v = v V 0xCD 0xED
keysym b = b B 0xC9 0xE9
keysym n = n N 0xD4 0xF4
keysym m = m M 0xD8 0xF8
keysym comma = comma less 0xC2 0xE2
keysym period = period greater 0xC0 0xE0
Teper' dlya pravil'nogo ponimaniya v X Window klavishi Del popravte
fajl Xresources v etom zhe kataloge. Zakomentar'te tam vse. Hu a
teper' mozhno zapuskat' X Window vashim lyubimym sposobom. CHtoby
proverit', chto poluchilos' zapustite Xterm ili Rxvt s parametrom
-fn (V polnom imeni ne dolzhno byt'
nikakih ``*'', vse dolzhno byt' zadano. Sm. fajl font.dir v
kataloge /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic). Posle togo kak okno
poyavitsya vvedite dlya proby neskol'ko anglijskih bukv, a zatem
nazhmite Scroll Lock (dolzhna zagoretsya lampochka) i vvodite
russkie bukvy. Esli nichego ne vvoditsya znachit vy ploho vypolnili
instrukcii po XkbDisable. Esli vmesto russkih bukv vyvodyatsya
grecheskie znachit vy zadali nepravil'nyj shrift dlya terminala v
parametre -fn.
Q9: Kak zastavit' pisat' po russki redaktor joe?
A: V direktoriyu /etc/joe polozhit' fajly iz arhiva privedennogo nizhe
v UUE (imejte vvidu, chto vse eto delalos' dlya joe versii 2.8):
begin 644 joe28rus.tgz
M'XL(`-CK]#,``]1;^U<;1Y;.KZV_XB9G/-@>";`=.VN2<8)Y!((-!'"<&*9G
M&ZE!'5K=2C^,F3F[?YOEH#@R#V$0D7%V?(XG<6:]=H('Q\<[.?OZ[JUNJ06"
M9&>/?UB=$UQ==>OVK7N_^ZBNRJ>NZ65?>[6_4]W=Y]Y\DUXC_G7O^Y?>/'/N
MU#FB.GOJW-ES;YXA.M5]^LR9UZC[%'D#"]''[AF*L53R';=
M!5\8!'G+5^PLIR>EG:(,=7[*,$QII]'^U=#8Y8&NN.<,>KI"W^NRW:QA=]G6
M;)<:2=%4@T_6<,`K:X73<;#SS<8C2VC8ODNS)OE%,VO-629>ZZK71F*0;3EF)U$O$W+_
MZ-C'8Z-INC0\.C"9IKZQ2UV]\_//H^\:2+O5?Z4RTO2KZ#5V8Z
MURW/=0JF$]!UP[.,62CG!*]O/`S(-++Y:#HMN2$M&B#SS>`PG604K39I!KX0
MJ&<,Q"-]MFEX+6,8+%@Y3>L+/1\(@-T\,PMQ3`\2+N9-A_RL!^N(;7QR,.C[
MAK=M_!>`X_$0JE^T@CQEI,N=
MFSO!K`S?\B%$WO",+-[MTZG3_P!\G3Y[EOR\NP@3^1G+9TK@-&MJVB#_`PTX
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`
end
V etom arhive dan rusificirovannyj fajl resursov i baza termcap,
kotoruyu joe ispol'zuet pri rabote s terminalom. Baza byla
nastroena na dva tipa terminalov: linux - dlya korrektnoj raboty
v tekstovom rezhime i xterm - dlya korrektnoj raboty cherez rxvt
(emulyator terminala v X Window).
V fajl resursov dobavleny takie ustnovki fukcional'nyh klavish
kak:
F1 - Pomoshch'
F2 - Zapisat'
F3 - Otkryt'
F7 - Iskat'
F6 - Iskat' sleduyushchij
F10 - Vyhod s zapis'yu
Format direktiv tam prostoj, poetomu esli chego eshche sami zahotite
sdelat' - razberetes'.
Q10: Kak sozdavat' i udalyat' novyh pol'zovatelej?
A: Dobavlyat' komandoj adduser. CHitajte man adduser dlya podrobnoj
informacii. Udalyayutsya pol'zovateli komandoj deluser ili pri
udalenii informacii iz /etc/passwd rukami v redaktore. Zametim,
chto takzhe imeetsya komanda addgroup dlya sozdaniya grupp. Vsya
sluzhebnaya informaciya po pol'zovatelyam i gruppam hranitsya v
fajlah /etc/passwd i /etc/group (ne rassmatrivaetsya sluchaj
nalichiya shadow).
Q11: Kak montirovat' i demontirovat' fajlovye sistemy?
A: Komandami mount i umount. CHitajte man mount i man umount dlya
podrobnoj informacii. Sluzhebnaya informaciya po avtomaticheskomu
montrovaniyu nahoditsya v fajle /etc/fstab chitajte man fstab.
Format kazhdoj zapisi, zanimayushchej odnu stroku v fajle sleduyushchij:
- ustrojstvo (Device)
- katalog dlya montirovaniya (Mount point)
- tip fajlovoj sistemy (Type FS)
- opcii montirovaniya
- kolichestvo popytok montirovaniya
- damp
Krome togo pri ustanovke paketa fdutils mozhno pol'zovat'sya
komandami fdmount i fdumount dlya floppy diskov, chto polezno dlya
obychnyh pol'zovatelej, chtoby ne davat' im prav na pol'zovanie
komandami mount i umount.
Kak mne dobitsya chtoby LILO gruzil mne DOS?
Q: U menya na pervom vinte stoit Linux no est' i vtoroj vint, na
kotorom stoit DOS, kak mne dobitsya chtoby LILO gruzil mne DOS?
A: Esli vy hotite gruzit' operacionnuyu sistemu s vinta otlichnogo ot
Master na pervom IDE portu, to vam neobhodimo opredelit' tak
nazyvaemyj chain zagruzchik dlya etogo vinta. Vot primer fajla
/etc/lilo.conf, v kotorom propisana zagruzka Linux s Master
vinta, a DOS so Slave.
# ustrojstvo otkuda beretsya LILO
boot=/dev/hda
# razdel, gde nahoditsya glavnaya(kornevaya) fajlovaj sistema
root=/dev/hda1
# specifikaciya compact rabotaet ne vezde
compact
# opredelyaet normal'nyj tekstovyj rezhim 80x25
# mozhno zadat' slovo ask, chtoby pri zagruzke sprashivalo
# nomer videorezhima. Mozhno prosto podstavit' cifru
# videorezhima
vga=normal
# pri prompt vydaetsya priglashenie boot: i ozhidaetsya
# vvod metki dlya vybora operacionnoj sistemy na
# zagruzku ili Enter dlya zagruzki pervoj po poryadku.
# Mozhno opredelit' delay , gde n desyatye
# sekundy, kotorye LILO budet zhdat', posle chego proizvedet
# zagruzku pervoj po poryadku operacionnoj sistemy.
# Vo vremya ozhidaniya mozhno nazhat' Ctrl i perejti v rezhim
# prompt
prompt
# ------------- sekciya zagruzki Linux -------------
# obraz yadra Linux
image=/vmlinuz
# metka, vvodimaya na priglashenie boot:
label=Linux
read-only
# -------------- sekciya zagruzki DOS --------------
# DOS razdel
other=/dev/hdb1
# chain zagruzchik
loader=/boot/any_d.b
# metka, vvodimaya na priglashenie boot:
label=dos
# tablica razdelov, kotoraya budet otdana DOS
table=/dev/hda
Q12: Kak sdelat' mnogodisketnyj tar arhiv?
Q: Pri arhivirovanii komandoj tar poluchaetsya arhiv, kotoryj ne
vlazit na odnu disketu. Kak mne razbit' takoj arhiv po disketam?
A: tar podderzhivaet vozmozhnost' razbit' arhiv na neskol'ko disket.
Dlya etogo k obychnoj kombinacii bukv, kotoruyu vy ispol'zuete dlya
sozdaniya ili razvorachivaniya arhiva dobavlyaetsya bukva 'M'
(bol'shaya). Primer:
tar cMzvf /dev/fd0 /usr/local
sozdast szhatyj arhiv (bukva 'z') na diskete. Esli mesta na
diskete ne hvatit, to poyavitsya nadpis':
prepare volume #2 for /dev/fd0 and hit return:
posle chego vy mozhete prodolzhit' sozdanie arhiva, vstaviv
sleduyushchuyu disketu i nazhav Enter.
Razvorachivanie mnogotomnogo arhiva proizvoditsya kak zhe kak i
obychnogo, tol'ko nuzhno dobavit' bukvu 'M'. Primer:
tar xMzvf /dev/fd0
Q13: Kak zagruzit' Linux napryamuyu iz DOS'a
Q: Govoryat, chto yakoby mozhno gruzit' Linux napryamuyu iz DOS'a ne
pol'zuyas' LILO. |to dejstvitel'no tak? Esli da, to kak eto
sdelat'?
A: Dejstvitel'no vpolne mozhno zagruzhat' Linux iz DOS'a, hotya takoj
metod i ne pol'zuetsya populyarnost'yu, tak kak iz-za nenadezhnosti
fajlovoj sistemy FAT u DOS'a i podverzhennosti ee vliyaniyu virusov
vy mozhete isportit' fajly, neobhodimye dlya zagruzki.
Dlya zagruzki iz DOS'a vam ponadobyatsya tol'ko dva fajla:
- programma loadlin.exe iz distributiva.
- yadro sobrannoe dlya vashej mashiny (podojdet i iz distributiva,
esli v yadre est' podderzhka apparatury, kotoraya predstavlena
na vashej mashine).
Polozhite fajl vmlinuz vmeste s loadlin.exe kuda-nibud' na
disk DOS, naprimer w c:\loadlin. Dlya zagruzki vypolnite
komandu:
c:\loadlin\loadlin.exe c:\loadlin\vmlinuz root=/dev/hda1 ro
Flag "ro" ustanovit flag pervonachal'nogo montirovaniya fajlovoj sistemy
kak read-only, chto neobhodimo programme fsck dlya proverki
fajlovoj sistemy, zatem mozhno (no ne obyazatel'no)
root=/dev/hda1 - zadaet razdel v kotorom lezhit Linux particiya
Q15: U menya est' vtoroj vint, kakomu ustrojstvu on sootvetstvuet?
Q15: U menya est' vtoroj vint,kotoryj zaceplen na odin shlejf s pervym.
Kakomu ustrojstvu on sootvetstvuet?
A: V Linux ochen' prostaya numeraciya HDD. Vot bukvennye oboznacheniya:
Master na pervom IDE portu hda
Slave na perom IDE portu hdb
Master na vtorom IDE portu hdc
Slave na vtorom IDE portu hdd
Kogda govoryat o razdelah (particiyah) na kakom-libo zhestkom
diske, to k etim bukvennym oboznachenim dobavlyaetsya cifra,
sootvetstvuyushchaya nomeru razdela. Zametim, chto dannye nomera
opredelyayut s pomoshch'yu fdisk dlya Linux, inache mozhno dopustit'
oshibku.
Posle vyhoda v tekstovuyu modu ps/2 mouse padaet
Q: Pochemu, kogda ya pereklyuchayus' iz tekstovoj konsoli v X Window i
dvigayu svoej PS/2 myshkoj X Window Server padaet s soobshcheniem:
psaux: device resource is busy?
A: Havernyaka pri etom zapushchen General Purpose Mouse server (gpm) -
nesmotrya na pravki predydushchih versij on prodolzhaet konfliktovat'
s serverom X Window, esli rabotaem s myshkoj PS/2, s serial
myshkoj vrode by vse normal'no (versiya gpm 1.10). CHtoby izbezhat'
padeniya servera X Window vy dolzhny pered zapuskom X Window
vygruzit' gpm. CHtoby vam ne prishlos' delat' etogo kazhdyj raz
rukami predlagayu dobavit' sootvetstvuyushchie stroki v fajl startx,
kotoryj nahoditsya v kataloge /usr/X11R6/bin. Dobav'te v nachale
fajla strochku
/etc/init.d/gpm stop
i v konce fajla strochku
/etc/init.d/gpm start
He sporyu, chto eto ne samyj luchshij sposob, tak kak v moment
raboty X Window v tekstovoj konsoli myshka ne budet dostupna. YA
obnaruzhil, chto pri pereklyuchenii X Window server ne padaet, esli
vyderzhat' pauzu v 2-3 sekundy. Odnako ya somnevayus', chto vam eto
prigoditsya.
Q17. Pri dobavlenii novogo pol'zovatelya /etc/skel ne skopirovalsya
Q: Pri dobavlenii novogo pol'zovatelya v sistemu komandoj adduser
voznikla problema - pochemu-to skopirovalas' tol'ko odna pervaya
stroka iz fajlov, kotorye lezhat v /etc/skel, a voobshche-to fajly
dolzhny byli skopirovat'sya polnost'yu! V chem delo?
A: He znayu kak v ostal'nyh versiyah, a v versii Debian 1.3.1 adduser
soderzhit oshibku, kotoraya i privodit k nepravil'noj rabote. CHtoby
vse stalo normal'no sdelajte sleduyushchee:
- polozhite dannuyu nizhe zaplatu, kotoruyu mne lyubezno dal
Konstantin Kudrin (2:5054/69@Fidonet.org) v fajl
adduser.diff v katalog /usr/sbin
-------------- fajl nachinaetsya so sleduyushchej strochki ----------------
+++ adduser Wed Sep 3 10:34:55 1997
@@ -456,9 +456,11 @@
elsif (-f "$fromdir/$file") {
open (FILE, "$fromdir/$file") || die "open: $!";
open (NEWFILE, ">$todir/$file") || die "open: $!";
-
- print NEWFILE || (! -s "$fromdir/$file")
+ while( )
+ {
+ print NEWFILE $_ || (! -s "$fromdir/$file")
|| die "print $todir/$file: $!";
+ }
close FILE;
close(NEWFILE) || die "close $todir/$file ";
---------------fajl zakonchilsya v predydushchej stochke------------------
- perejdite v etot katalog i vvedite komandu
patch < adduser.diff
* * *
ZHdu vashih voprosov dlya vklyucheniya v FAQ
--- FEddi 0.9pl7 via ifcico
* Origin: Molilas' li ty na noch', Dezdemona? (2:5054/69.34)
Last-modified: Thu, 16 Oct 1997 07:45:25 GMT