rs, Leutha! Sweet smiling Pestilence! I see thy blushing light; Thy daughters, many changing, Revolve like sweet perfumes ascending, O Leutha, Silken Queen! 'Where is the youthful Antamon, Prince of the Pearly Dew? O Antamon! why wilt thou leave thy mother Enitharmon? Alone I see thee, crystal form, Floating upon the bosom'd air, With lineaments of gratified desire. My Antamon! the seven churches of Leutha seek thy love. 'I hear the soft Oothoon in Enitharmon's tents; Why wilt thou give up woman's secrecy, my melancholy child? Between two moments Bliss is ripe. O Theotormon! robb'd of joy, I see thy salt tears flow Down the steps of my crystal house. 'Sotha and Thiralatha! secret dwellers of dreamful caves, Arise and please the horrent Fiend with your melodious songs; Still all your thunders, golden-hoof d, and bind your horses black. Ore! smile upon my children, Smile, son of my afflictions! Arise, O Ore, and give our mountains joy of thy red light! She ceas'd; for all were forth at sport beneath the solemn moon Waking the stars of Utizen with their immortal songs; That Nature felt thro' all her pores the enormous revelry, Till Morning oped the eastern gate; Then every one fled to his station, and Enitharmon wept. But terrible Ore, when he beheld the morning in the East, Shot from the heights of Enitharmon, And in the vineyards of red France appear'd the light of his fury. The Sun glow'd fiery red! The furious Terrors flew around On golden chariots, raging with red wheels, dropping with blood! The Lions lash their wrathful tails! The Tigers couch upon the prey and suck the ruddy tide; And Enitharmon groans and cries in anguish and dismay. Then Los arose: his head he rear'd, in snaky thunders clad; And with a cry that shook all Nature to the utmost pole, Call'd all his sons to the strife of blood. PROROCHESTVO Vo glubine zimy Tainstvennoe Ditya spustilos' na Zemlyu Skvoz' Vostochnye vrata Vechnogo dnya. Vojna konchilas', i soldaty, podobno nochnym tenyam, bezhali v ukrytiya. |nitarmon okinula vzorom svoih synovej s docheryami. V dome hrustal'nom oni, kak zhemchuzhnye tuchi, soshlis' dlya besedy. Los, predvoditel' Luny, likovan'ya ne sderzhival mirnoyu noch'yu, Tak vozveshchaya synam, potryasavshim luchistymi kryl'yami yaro: "Snova nastala noch'. Bestrevozhno Urtona vkushaet otdyh; Urizen zhe, osvobodivshis' ot put, Pylaet na dal'nem Severe ognem. Ruki prostrite i kosnites' svoimi perstami stihiej ispolnennyh strun, Gryan'te gromom glubin! Rezkij vetr zasvistal. Syny Urizena s zavist'yu vnemlyut Losu. Pokorim Duhov ZHizni, zastavim ih Otdat' potajnuyu neukrotimuyu radost' nashim plamennosushchim strun_a_m! Da prebudet vostorg Vselennoj - veseliem nashim i chashej Losa, Otnyne iskryashchejsya mirnym vinom, Prezritel'nym smehom pomyanem vojnu, Trud i trevogi, - ved' Radosti nochi i dni vozvernutsya v svoj chas nepremenno. Ork-peshchernik, vosstan'! Prosnis', pervorozhdennyj syn |nitarmon! My uvenchaem hmelem tvoyu glavu. Hochu, moj pervenec, uvidet' tebya: Hochu v chas blazhenstva uvidet' tebya, kak ty est', moj zakovannyj v cepi gordec!" YArostnyj demon vosstal v okruzhenii krasnyh sozvezdij ognya, Mysl'yu i vzorom chertya vkrug Vraga Neizbyvnogo beshenyj krug. |nitarmon opustilas' k nemu i stupila v krovavoe plamya. K chadam svoim obratilas', i Nebom podhvacheny byli prizyvy: "Noch' Svershen'ya prishla! Kogo pozvat' mne, kogo, skazhite, poslat' mne, Kak postupit', chtob ZHenshchine dali vlast'? Rintra, moj syn, vosstan'! Vstan', Palamabron! Ty li povedaesh' miru, chto netu dlya ZHenskoj lyubvi drugogo slova, chem Greh? I zhdet shest'desyat let CHervya, chtob vospryanut' dlya Vechnoj ZHizni, telo? I radost' zemnaya - zapretnoe Zlo? I Deva roditsya zatem tol'ko, chtoby rasstavit' kapkany na tropah blagih? Veki ustalo smykayu, ne zhdu peremen, ne zhelayu takogo blazhenstva. Rintra, pervenec, vstan'! Starshe tebya lish' Ork. L'vom vozrevi iz chashchi, Palamabrona-zhreca s soboj voz'mi I |linitriyu - s lukom serebryanym molchalivuyu korolevu- sestru. Gde nevesta tvoya? Rintra, otvet', gde gnevnaya Okalitron? Vse li v pustyne gor'ko plachet ona? Uvy, tak i est'. Privedi ee, Rintra, syuda, privedi ee, Rintra, ko mne! Vstan', vladyka ognya! Brat'ev svoih privedi, solncelikij vityaz'. Plemya moih synovej zret' ya hochu! Slovno letnie zvezdy, goryat oni! Kazhdyj grivoj svoeyu tryaset zlatoj! Rintra, groznyj korol', ty likuesh' v soznanii moshchi svoej, vziraya na nih". |nitarmon spit Vosemnadcat' vekov: CHelovek - ee greza! Noch' Prirody i rvanye struny arf! Spit posredine pesni svoej nochnoj, Vosemnadcat' vekov zhenstvennym snom spit. Teni lyudej v istonchivshihsya kandalah, v peretlevshih putah vitayut vverhu: Nebo Evropy vkloch'. Angelu Al'biona uzhe ne do gneva: Strashno stuchitsya tucha v britanskij breg, Nyne ne gnetom, a slavoyu, gryadushchej svobodoyu chrevata i - navsegda. Angelov glozhet erah. V Zale Soveta oni, no stuchitsya tucha Strashnym stukom i v Zalu Soveta. Grom Gryanul nad golovami zastupnikov Al'biona; oni pali nazem', vo prah. CHas lezhali oni, Zamurovany v ruhnuvshej Zale. No slovno Zvezdy nad mertvym morem, providya Smert', Bitvy gryadushchie i porazhen'ya, - vosstali v tumane i strahe nad mirom, Molcha posledovav za Vlastelinom Ognya proch' iz pyshnyh razvalin V zmiepodobnyj i Zmiyu vozdvignutyj hram na vershine, s kotoroj On zatmeval nebo Anglii, ten'yu svoeyu mracha belyj ostrov. V tuchah, chrevatyh vojnoyu, stupal ognenosnyj Vladyka po svetu, Angely sledom vdol' Temzy bregov beskonechnyh v sobor pospeshali; Tam, v Verulame, svyashchennye svetochi yarko goreli po stenam; Tam dragocennye kamni - netlenny, kak te, chto na nebe, - struili Svet v dvunadesyat' cvetov, na zemle iz kotoryh izvestno premalo, V tu ravnozvezdnuyu t'mu, pyati organam chuvstv zapovednuyu temen', CHto, kak Potop, zatoplyaet soznan'e zhivushchim i ochi vvergaet V dve postoyannyh orbity, ob®yavshie razom i veshchi, i mysli, - Dubom obshity - po dubu rez'ba - iz massivnogo kamnya kolonny; Byli zdes' zakrepleny zven'ya nizhnie vechno zybuchej spirali, V Nebo Nebes uhodyashchej; i Nozdri Zlatye vorot zatvorilis' I ne vbirali iznankoyu izgolodavsheyusya Beskonechnost'. Mysl' pretvorit' vozmogla Beskonechnost' zhivuyu v kovarnogo Zmiya, V plameni vsepozhirayushchem miru predstavshego, - i cheloveki, Placha, bezhali ot vzora ego v Sokrovennogo Mraka chashchoby, Ibo iz Vechnyh Lesov poluchilis' premnogie smertnye Zemli, V vihre prostranstva vrashchayas', potopleny, kak v okeane, - i tol'ko Ploti vershiny poslednie chut' podnimalis' nad chernoj vodoyu. Zmiepodobnyj vozdvignut' vo slavu Kovarnogo Hram poreshili, - Ten' Beskonechnosti, nyne raz®yatoj na cikly konechnyh vrashchenij, Angelom stal CHelovek, Nebo krugom, Gospod' - vencenosnym tiranom. Nyne prishel drevnij Strazh v etot Hram i vzoshel on na yuzhnuyu papert', Vsyu okruzhennuyu naichernejshih listov chernolistom, v doline, Gluho i skryto obstavshej Naklonnuyu Nochi Kolonnu, zavetnym Purpurnym cvetom porosshuyu - obrazom sladko-kovarnogo YUga, Nekogda k Nebu vznesennuyu gordoj glavoj CHeloveka, a nyne Kryshkoj prikrytuyu, kak volosataya i bezgolovaya SHeya, - Nochi Kolonnu, naklonnuyu v storonu Severa, ibo ottuda, Vodovorot toshnotvornyj, glyadela, zvala i manila Pogibel'. Anglii Angel vstal Nad Kolonnoyu Nochi, Urizena vidya, Urizena s Mednoyu knigoj ego, Kotoruyu koroli i zhrecy perepisali, daby ustrashit' eyu mir, Sever i YUg kaznya. Blednyj ogon' i tuchi tyazhelo katilis' v nochi |nitarmon, Vkrug Al'biona utesov i londonskih sten; |nitarmon spala. Kluby gustye sedogo tumana - Religiya, Vojsko i Carstvo, - Tayali, ibo Urizen reshil knigu raskryt', stradan'em ispolnyas'. Tyazhko proklinala izmuchennye Nebesa britanskaya yunost', Ibo sploshnoj mrak nastupil, podobayushchij Angelu Al'biona. Roditeli ottaskivali ih proch', i Prestarelaya Nevinnost' Propovedovala, polzaya po sklonu Skaly, lishayushchej myslej, - Kosti Prestareloj Nevinnosti skol'zili po sklonu, plot' shipela ognem, Zmiyu vozdvignutyj Hram, v vozduh vzmyv, zatenyal i mrachil belyj Ostrov; Angela Al'biona rydaniya prozvuchali v plameni Orka, Tshchetno trubya o nachale Sudnogo dnya. Plach - i vse gromche i gromche - stoyal i v Vestminstere; vylo abbatstvo; Tajnogo Znan'ya hranitel' pokinul svoyu vekovuyu obitel', Plamenem Orka gonim: meh na ryase toporshchilsya, vors i volos'ya Iz parika vstali dybom i s plot'yu i mozgom sroslis' voedino. V dikih muchen'yah on mchalsya po ulicam, yarostnym vetrom gonimyj, k vorotam Parka; soldaty sharahalis'; vopli ego raznosilis' v pustyne. Krik nad Evropoj, rev! Skovannyj Ork stenaniyam vnemlet, likuya, No Palamabron potryasaet svoim Pylayushchim fakelom; Rintra zhe derzhit v podzemnyh glubinah svoi legiony do vernoj pory. |nitarmon smeetsya vo sne (torzhestvo ee zhenskogo znan'ya!), Vidya, chto v tyur'my zhilishcha, i v uznikov lyudi teper' prevratilis'; Prizraki, teni i spektry povsyudu, a okna - v proklyat'yah reshetok; Strashnoe "Bog nakazhet" nachertano na dveryah i "Strashis'!" - v Nebe; V tyazhkih okovah v zastenke lezhit gorozhanin; i zhitel' predmest'ya V tyazhkih okovah bredet; i krest'yanina kosti treshchat i kroshatsya. V tuchah Urizena Orkovo plamya pobedno bushuet, szhiraya Plot' Al'bionova Strazha i nezhnye moshchnye chleny kalecha; Kriki i stony, stenan'ya i plachi, otchayan'ya zhalkie rechi O gibeli Strazha nad Al'bionom povisli. I tshchetno vzyvaet Ognennyj Angel v pozore besslavnom svoem i v bezmernom muchen'e K Sudnomu dnyu: on trubit chto est' sily - truba ostaetsya bezzvuchna! Trizhdy pytaetsya on Strashnyj sud vozvestit', voskreshaya usopshih. Ochnulsya moshchnyj duh Po imeni N'yuton - podnyal trubu i dunul S chudovishchnoj siloj vo ves' Al'bion! Kak list'ya Oseni, zhelty i mertvy, Miriady Angelov pali s Nebes, Ishcha svoi zemnye mogily, treshcha polymi kostyami i zhalko kricha. Togda prosnulas' |nitarmon, ne vedaya bol'she o tom, chto ona spala. Vosemnadcat' vekov Minovali, kak budto ih ne bylo vovse. Synovej s docher'mi ona prizvala Na prazdnestvo pyshnyh polnochnyh zabav V ee hrustal'nyj dom, Takuyu Pesn' zapev: "Docher' |tinta, vstan'! Pust' ugrozhaet CHerv' - On tebya ne pozhret, poka ne projdet Noch', Noch' Svyashchennyh tenej, Kogda odinok chelovek. Docher' |tinta, Carica Vod, kak v nebesah ty siyaesh' prekrasno! Docher' |tinta, skol' schastliva ya zret' tvoi chada vmeste s toboyu! Rezvye rybki v lunnoj dorozhke - malye chada tvoi, |tinta! Docher' moya, ty dushe ugodna, bol' ee ran ty zagovorish' - Docher' moya, dolgozhdannoj laskoj nogi omyla |nitarmon! Manata-Varkion! Svet materinskoj dushi, plameneesh' v dome. S toboj, zlatokrylym, tvoi orly. Plamya nezhnogo zabluzhdeniya, vymolvit' trudno, naskol'ko ty mne zhelanen! Gde moya rajskaya ptica soblazna, Leuta, dvuedinstvo lyubvi s molchan'em? Leuta, radugi mnogocvet'e na kryl'yah! Leuta, mat' cvetov! S nezhnoj ulybkoj CHuma! Vizhu tvoj svet! Dshcheri tvoi, o Dshcher', Peretekayut odna v druguyu, perelivayutsya, kak sladkie zapahi. Vstan' i ty, Antamon! YUnyj korol' serebristoj rosy, ne medli! Pochemu ty pokinul Mater' svoyu? YA vizhu odna, kak gorish' hrustalem, YA vizhu, kak l'esh'sya v efire mirov, Sulya ispolnen'e zhelanij serdcam. Moj Antamon! sem' Hramov sestry tvoej Leuty istovo ishchut tvoej lyubvi! Sladkoj Utuny glas Slyshu otnyne pod krovom |nitarmon. Tajnu zhenshchin zachem ty otkryla vsem? Uvy, moe pechal'noe ditya, naslazhdenie mgnoven'e spustya uvyanet. Teotormon! Moj syn, Schast'ya lishennyj, ya vizhu, ty gor'ko plachesh'! Sota i Tiralata! zhil'cy peshcher, Vosstan'te iz tajnoj t'my i utesh'te moguchego Vraga plenitel'noj pesnej! Ukrotite vashi zlatopodkovannye gromy i sderzhite chernyh konej! Ork, na brat'ev vzglyani! Ork, s ulybkoj vzglyani! Ulybnis', moj iz serdca rozhdennyj syn, svoim krovavym siyaniem gory zalej! S etim umolkla, i chada ee prinyalis' vozle pyshnosti lunnoj Zvezdy budit', plennic Losa, svoi raspevaya bessmertnye gimny, V zhilah prirody vzygralo vino nebyvaloj razgul'noj Pirushki; Utro otkrylo Vrata Vostoka - bezhali Kazhdyj na prezhnee mesto svoe. I |nitarmon vozrydala. I tol'ko strashnyj Ork, Uvidev Voshod, ne pozhelal vozvratit'sya. Nizvergnut s nedavnej vershiny, on pal Na vinogradniki Francii, tut zhe zaplamenevshie krov'yu, gromom, ognem. Solnce v ogne, v krovi! Uzhas stoit krugom! Zolotye kolesnicy pokatilis' na krasnyh kolesah po krasnoj krovi. Gnevnyj Lev udaril hvostom po zemle! Tigr vykralsya iz tumana, ishcha dobychu! Mater' zaplakala. I togda groznyj Los V grome i grohote predstal pered vsem mirom I krikom, pronzivshim Prirodu naskvoz', Sozval svoih synovej, vozveshchaya im srazhen'e do poslednej kapli krovi. Perevod V. L. Toporova FROM "MILTON" IZ PO|MY "MILXTON" x x x And did those feet in ancient time Walk upon England's mountains green? And was the holy Lamb of God On England's pleasant pastures seen? And did the Countenance Divine Shine forth upon our clouded hills? And was Jerusalem builded here Among these dark Satanic Mills? Bring me my Bow of burning gold: Bring me my Arrows of desire: Bring me my Spear: O clouds unfold! Bring me my Chariot of fire. I will not cease from Mental Fight, Nor shall my Sword sleep in my hand Till we have built Jerusalem In England's green & pleasant Land. x x x Na etot gornyj sklon krutoj Stupala l' angela noga? I znal li agnec nash svyatoj Zelenoj Anglii luga? Svetil li skvoz' tuman i dym Nam lik gospodnij s vyshiny? I byl li zdes' Erusalim Mezh temnyh fabrik satany? Gde vernyj mech, kop'e i shchit, Gde strely molnij dlya menya? Pust' tucha groznaya primchit Mne kolesnicu iz ognya. Moj duh v bor'be nesokrushim, Nezrimyj mech vsegda so mnoj. My vozvedem Erusalim V zelenoj Anglii rodnoj. x x x Thou hearest the Nightingale begin the Song of Spring. The Lark sitting upon his earthy bed, just as the morn Appears, listens silent; then springing from the waving Cornfield, loud He leads the Choir of Day: trill, trill, trill, trill, Mounting upon the wings of light into the Great Expanse, Reechoing against the lovely blue & shining heavenly Shell, His little throat labours with inspiration; every feather On throat & breast & wings vibrates with the effluence Divine All Nature listens silent to him, & the awful Sun Stands still upon the Mountain looking on this little Bird With eyes of soft humility & wonder, love & awe, Then loud from their green covert all the Birds begin their Song: The Thrush, the Linnet & the Goldfinch, Robin & the Wren Awake the Sun from his sweet reverie upon the Mountain. The Nightingale again assays his song, & thro' the day And thro' the night warbles luxuriant, every Bird of Song Attending his loud harmony with admiration & love. This is a Vision of the lamentation of Beulah over Ololon. x x x Ty slyshish', pervyj solovej zavodit pesn' vesny - Mezh tem kak zhavoronok rannij na zemlyanoj posteli Sidit, prislushivayas' molcha, edva zabrezzhit svet. No skoro, vyporhnuv iz morya volnuyushchejsya rzhi, Vedet on hor veselyj dnya - Trel'-trel', trel'-trel', trel'-trel', - Vzvivayas' vvys' na kryl'yah sveta - v bezmernoe prostranstvo. I zvuki ehom otdayutsya, stokrat otrazheny Nebesnoj rakovinoj sinej. A malen'koe gorlo Rabotaet, ne ustavaya, i kazhdoe pero Na gorle, na grudi, na kryl'yah trepeshchet ot priliva Bozhestvennogo toka. Vsya priroda, Umolknuv, slushaet. I solnce na grebne dal'nih gor Ostanovilos' i glyadit na malen'kuyu ptichku Glazami straha, udivlen'ya, smiren'ya i lyubvi. No vot iz-pod zelenoj krovli svoj golos podayut Vse probudivshiesya pticy dnevnye - chernyj drozd, Malinovka i konoplyanka, shchegol i korolek - I budyat solnce na vershine ot sladostnogo sna. A tam uzh snova solovej zal'etsya shchedroj trel'yu, Zashchelkaet na vse lady s zakata do utra. I vsyudu - v roshchah i polyah - s lyubov'yu, s izumlen'em Pered garmoniej ego umolknet ptichij hor. x x x Thou perceivest the Flowers put forth their precious Odours, And none can tell how from so small a center comes such sweets, Forgetting that within that Center Eternity expands Its ever during doors that Og & Anak fiercely guard. First, e'er the morning breaks, joy opens in the flowery bosoms, Joy even to tears, which the Sun rising dires, first the Wild Thyme And Meadow-sweet, downy & soft waving among the reeds, Light springing on the air, lead the sweet Dance: they wake The Honeysuckle sleeping on the Oak; the flaunting beauty Revels along upon the wind; the White-thorn, lovely May, Opens her many lovely eyes listening; the Rose still sleeps None dare to wake her; soon she bursts her crimson curtain'd bed And comes forth in the majesty of beauty; every Flower, The Pink, the Jessamine, the Wall-flower, the Carnation, The Jonquil, the mild Lilly, opes her heavens; every Tree And Flower & Herb soon fill the air with an innumerable Dance, Yet all in order sweet & lovely. Men are sick with Love, Such is a Vision of the lamentation of Beulah over Ololon. x x x Ty zamechaesh', chto cvety l'yut zapah dragocennyj. No neponyatno, kak iz centra stol' malogo kruzhka Ishodit stol'ko aromata. Dolzhno byt', my zabyli, CHto v etom centre - beskonechnost', ch'i tajnye vrata Hranit nevidimaya strazha bessmenno den' i noch'. Edva rassvet zabrezzhit, radost' vsyu dushu raspahnet Blagouhayushchuyu. Radost' do slez. Potom ih solnce Do kapli vysushit. Sperva tim'yan i kashka Pushistaya kachnutsya i, vsporhnuv Na vozduh, nachinayut tanec dnya I budyat zhimolost', chto spit, ob®emlya dub. Vsya krasota zemli, razviv po vetru flagi, Likuet. I, glaza besschetnye raskryv, Boyaryshnik drozhit, prislushivayas' k plyaske, A roza spit eshche. Ee budit' ne smeet Nikto do toj pory, poka ona sama, Rastorgnuv pred soboj purpurnyj polog, Ne vyjdet v carstvennom velich'e krasoty. Togda uzh vse cvety - gvozdika, i zhasmin, I liliya v tishi - svoe raskroyut nebo. Lyuboe derevo, lyuboj cvetok, trava Napolnyat vozduh ves' raznoobraznoj plyaskoj. No vse zhe v lad, v poryadke strogom. Lyudi Bol'ny lyubov'yu... Perevod S. YA. Marshaka KOMMENTARII {*} {* Nastoyashchie kommentarii opirayutsya na sleduyushchie issledovaniya: Damon S. F. The Blake Dictionary: The Ideas and Symbols of William Blake, Providence, 1965; Beer, John. Blake's Visionary Universe, Manchester, 1969; Erdman D. V. Blake: Prophet Against Empire, N. Y., 1977. Ispol'zovany takzhe primechaniya A. Ostrajker v izdanii The Complete Poems of William Blake, Ed. by Alicia Ostriker, Penguin Books, 1977.} Pervye posmertnye izdaniya Blejka otnosyatsya k seredine XIX veka. V osnovnom, oni byli osushchestvleny uchastnikami "Prerafaelitskogo bratstva". Osobenno veliki zaslugi brat'ev Rossetti i Aleksandra Gilkrista (em. predislovie, s. 6-7). Nauchnoe izdanie Blejka bylo vpervye podgotovleno v 1925 g. serom Dzh. Kinsom, posvyativshim izucheniyu ego tvorchestva v celom okolo shestidesyati let. Uchenyj osushchestvil i faksimil'nye perepechatki vseh doshedshih do nas nagravirovannyh samim Blejkom proizvedenij. Itogom raboty Dzh. Kinsa nad tvorchestvom Blejka yavilis' ego izdaniya 60-h godov: Geoffrey Keynes (Ed.). The Complete Writing of William Blake, Oxford, 1966; Geoffrey Keynes (Ed.). The Letters of William Blake, Hart-Davis, 1968. Iz drugih sovremennyh izdanij ukazhem odnotomniki pod redakciej U. B. Jetsa {The Poems of William Blake, Ed. by W. B. Yeats, Lnd. 1905), A. Kejzina {The Portable Blake, Ed. by A. Kazin, N. Y., 1946) i novejshee izdanie A. Ostrajker. V Rossii pervoe upominanie o Blejke poyavilos' v 1834 g., kogda v zhurnale "Teleskop" byla perepechatana iz kakogo-to anglijskogo zhurnala zametka, harakterizovavshaya poeta v duhe togdashnih predstavlenij kak "bezumca". Pervye stihotvornye perevody iz Blejka byli sdelany v 1900 g. K. Bal'montom (voshli v ego knigu "Iz mirovoj poezii", Berlin, 1921). S 10-h godov Blejka nachal perevodit' S. Marshak, periodicheski vozvrashchavshijsya k nemu na protyazhenii desyatiletij i sdelavshij ego tvorchestvo dostoyaniem shirokogo kruga russkih chitatelej. V 1965 g. vyshel ego itogovyj sbornik "Vil'yam Blejk v perevodah S. Marshaka". Mnogie perevody S. Marshaka bez izmenenij perepechatyvalis' v posleduyushchih izdaniyah: "Poeziya anglijskogo romantizma" ("Biblioteka vsemirnoj literatury", M., 1975) i odnotomnik, podgotovlennyj k 150-letiyu so dnya smerti Blejka (Vil'yam Blejk. Stihi, M., 1978). |ti dva izdaniya otrazili i rabotu drugih poetov-perevodchikov, obrativshihsya k Blejku v poslednie gody (daty pervyh publikacij perevodov nami v dal'nejshem ne otmechayutsya; special'no otmecheny tol'ko perevody, publikuemye v dannom izdanii vpervye). Teksty originalov v nastoyashchem izdanii dany po knige The Poetical Works of William Blake, Ed. with an Introduction and Textual Notes by John Sampson, Lnd., Oxford University Press, 1934. V izdanii Dzh. Sempsona orfografiya i punktuaciya, kak pravilo, privedeny v sootvetstvie s sovremennoj normoj, hotya sohraneny narusheniya grammaticheskih norm, naibolee harakternye dlya Blejka, a takzhe sushchestvennye dlya ego metriki i ritmiki. Poeticheskij yazyk Blejka v celom sootvetstvuet normam anglijskoj literaturnoj rechi konca XVIII - nachala XIX veka. Arhaichnost' skazyvaetsya v shirokom upotreblenii ustarevshih glagol'nyh i mestoimennyh form (art, doth, hast, wilt, canst, seeketh i t. p.; thou, thee, thy, thyself), v osobennostyah napisaniya nekotoryh slov (desart, thro, giv'n, watry, eyne i dr.), poroyu vyzvannyh trebovaniyami tak naz. "vizual'noj rifmy" (eye-rhyme), a takzhe v ottenkah semantiki, ne vsegda sootvetstvuyushchej' sovremennym znacheniyam slov. Pomimo sluchaev naibolee trudnyh i vazhnyh dlya ponimaniya teksta, podobnye otstupleniya ot utverdivshejsya v sovremennom yazyke normy ne ogovarivayutsya, kak i primery tipichnoj dlya poeticheskogo yazyka sintaksicheskoj inversii ("And builds a Hell in Heavens despite" i t. p.). Osnovnye trudnosti dlya chitatelya sozdaet obilie neobychnyh imen iz oblasti blejkovskoj mifologii, a takzhe ne vsegda ulovimye specificheskie znacheniya ryada ponyatij filosofii Blejka. Ocherk vazhnejshih ponyatij takogo roda daetsya vo vstupitel'noj stat'e. Sredi mnogochislennyh obrazov blejkovskoj mifologii vazhnejshee znachenie imeyut: Urizen (Urizen) - simvol mehanicheskogo Razuma, nepriemlemogo dlya Blejka, voploshchenie tiranicheskogo nachala, nasiliya i nesvobody; Los (Los, anagramma latinskogo sol - "solnce") - "Vechnyj prorok", olicetvoryayushchij Tvorcheskij Genij; Ork (Ore, anagramma latinskogo cor - "serdce") - simvol vol'nosti i revolyucii. |ti i drugie personazhi obladayut v mire Blejka svoimi |manaciyami (sm. komment. k stihotvoreniyu "Spektr i |manaciya"). Filosofskie motivy i funkcii, vypolnyaemye v blejkovskoj mifologii otdel'nymi ee personazhami i ih emanaciyami, dalee raz®yasnyayutsya tol'ko v neobhodimyh sluchayah primenitel'no k tekstu kommentiruemogo stihotvoreniya. Raskryty takzhe naibolee sushchestvennye mifologicheskie, biblejskie i literaturnye (osobenno shekspirovskie i mil'tonovskie) reminiscencii, kotorymi izobiluet poeziya Blejka. POETICAL SKETCHES PO|TICHESKIE NABROSKI Sbornik otpechatan v 1783 g. na sredstva, predostavlennye Dzh. Flaksmenom (John Flaxman) i svyashchennikom |. Met'yu (A. S. Mathew), bez vedoma Blejka redaktirovavshim nekotorye stihotvoreniya. Sushchestvuet versiya, soglasno kotoroj Blejk, nedovol'nyj vmeshatel'stvom Met'yu, zabral iz tipografii ves' tirazh, namerevayas' ego unichtozhit', i sohranilis' lish' 22 ekzemplyara iz chisla podarennyh avtorom svoim znakomym. Odnako najdeny i ekzemplyary s darstvennymi nadpisyami Dzh. Flaksmena i ego zheny; eto zastavlyaet predpolozhit', chto tirazh polnost'yu postupil v rasporyazhenie Flaksmena i Met'yu, oplativshih rashody po izdaniyu. Novejshimi issledovaniyami ustanovleno, chto kniga byla otpechatana v tipografii izvestnogo izdatelya Dzhona Nikolsa, specializirovavshegosya na perepechatkah raritetov i pervym predprinyavshego izdanie srednevekovyh rukopisej i hronik. 1. SONG 1. PESNYA Odno iz pervyh stihotvorenij Blejka, napisannyh, kogda emu bylo okolo 14 let. the Prince of Love - |ros, ili Kupidon my golden wing - veroyatno, imeetsya v vidu Psiheya, neredko izobrazhavshayasya v vide babochki ili molodoj zhenshchiny s kryl'yami babochki Privodim perevod A. Parina: Nesli bezzabotnye kryl'ya moi Menya po lugam, po dolinam, Poka ya ne vstretila knyazya lyubvi I stal on moim vlastelinom. I on pletenicej uvil mne chelo I v volosy vplel mne lilei, I v sad, gde vse zolotom bujnym cvelo, Voshla ya, ot schast'ya hmeleya. I majskie rosy kropili kryla, I pela ya pesni, likuya, - SHelkovaya set' mne kryla oplela, Popala ya v klet' zolotuyu. I lyubo s ulybkoj u kletki sidet' I slushat' menya charodeyu, Na kryl'ya moi zolotye glyadet', Glumyas' nad nevolej moeyu. 2. TO SPRING 2. K VESNE Pervoe stihotvorenie iz tak naz. "Stihov o vremenah goda", gde u Blejka vpervye vyrazhena ideya ciklichnosti chelovecheskoj: zhizni i princip chetyrehstupenchatogo postroeniya, vazhnyj dlya ego kosmogonii (sm. komment. k "Stranstviyu" i "Brakosochetaniyu Raya i Ada"). ...languish'd head - citata iz Mil'tona (John Milton, 16081674): "Komus" (Comus, 1634, 1. 744); "Samson Borec" {Samson Agonistes, 1671, 1. 119) 5. TO WINTER 5. K ZIME mount Hecla - Gekla, vulkan v Islandii 6. MAD SONG 6. BEZUMNAYA PESNYA Naveyano chteniem "Korolya Lira", prezhde vsego monologami |dgara. V sbornike Tomasa Persi (Thomas Percy, 1729-1811) "Relikty drevneanglijskoj poezii" (Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, 1765), s kotorym Blejk, po vsej vidimosti, byl horosho znakom, est' cikl iz shesti stihotvorenij pod obshchim zaglaviem "Bezumnye pesni". Schitaetsya odnim iz pervyh proizvedenij Blejka, v kotoryh vyrazilos' nepriyatie uzkoracionalisticheskogo materializma XVIII v. ...the night is a-cold - sr. v "Korole Lire" (akt III, sc. 4): "Poor Tom's a-cold" Like a fiend in a cloud - u Blejka oblako - simvol tela, yavlyayushchegosya temnicej dushi (sm. v "Pesnyah Nevedeniya" "Vstuplenie" i "CHernyj mal'chik", a takzhe v "Pesnyah Poznaniya" - "Ditya-gore") 7. TO THE MUSES 7. K MUZAM Ida - Ida, gora na o. Krit, mesto rozhdeniya Zevsa; po drugim mifam, eta gora nahodilas' v okrestnostyah Troi i na nej proishodil sud Parisa Fair Nine - Devyat' muz antichnoj mifologii 8. BLIND MAN'S BUFF 8. IGRA V ZHMURKI Ritmika stihotvoreniya i obraznost' pervyh strok navodyat na predpolozhenie, chto pered nami podrazhanie komedii SHekspira "Naprasnye usiliya lyubvi" {Love's Labour's Lost, Act V, Sc. 2): "When icicles hang by the wall / And Dick the shepherd blows his nail." 9. GWIN, KING OF NORWAY 9. KOROLX GVIN Syuzhet ballady pozaimstvovan u Tomasa CHattertona (Thomas Chatterton, 1752-1770), ch'i proizvedeniya predstavlyayut soboj imitacii srednevekovoj fol'klornoj poezii. V sbornike CHattertona "Vsyakaya vsyachina" (Miscellanies in Prose and Verse, 1778 est' ballada "Gordred Koven" (Gordred Covan), povestvuyushchaya o norvezhskom tirane, pokorivshem Ostrov cheloveka. D. |rdman polagaet, chto v etom stihotvorenii Blejk otkliknulsya na sobytiya amerikanskoj revolyucii 1776 g. Kak i nekotorye drugie kommentatory, on schitaet Gordreda proobrazom Orka iz "prorocheskih knig" (sm. komment. k "Amerike"). Like blazing comets - vozmozhno, zaimstvovanie iz pervoj chasti "Genriha IV" (akt I, sc. 1), gde armii shodyatsya "like the meteors of a troubled heaven" 10. FROM "KING EDWARD THE THIRD" 10. PESNYA MENESTRELYA Otryvok (sc. VI) iz nezavershennoj dramy "|duard III", naveyannoj shekspirovskimi hronikami, glavnym obrazom, "Genrihom V". Osnovnym istochnikom dlya Blejka posluzhila, vidimo, kniga Tomasa Kuka (Thomas Cooke. Life of King Edward III of England, Lnd., 1734), izobrazhavshaya |duarda III "proslavlennym obhoditel'nym ubijcej" ("a gallant and illustrious Murderer"), hotya obraz, sozdannyj Blejkom, protivostoit takoj traktovke istoricheskogo personazha. V drame vpervye poyavlyayutsya simvoly, razvitye v "prorocheskih knigah": Orel - voploshchenie Geniya, Al'bion - simvol chelovechestva, poraboshchennogo mehanicheskim razumom (sm. takzhe komment. k "Amerike"). Trojan Brutus - imeetsya v vidu Brut, kotoryj, soglasno mifu, bezhal iz Troi i, pobediv gigantov, naselyavshih Britanskie ostrova, polozhil nachalo nacii brittov prevented - zd. prefigured, anticipated 11. FROM "AN ISLAND IN THE MOON" 11. STIHI IZ "OSTROVA NA LUNE" Neokonchennaya rukopis' Blejka v proze i stihah, svoego roda satiricheskoe obozrenie v tradiciyah literatury XVIII v., byla sozdana primerno k 1784 g. Po zamyslu dolzhna byla izobrazhat' zhitelej Luny kak obshchestvo, "imeyushchee nekotoroe shodstvo s Angliej". V personazhah proizvedeniya parodijno zapechatleny nekotorye druz'ya Blejka i on sam. Publikuyutsya pesni iz 9-j i 11-j glav etoj rukopisi: oni ispolnyayutsya filosofom Kvidom po prozvishchu Cinik (imeetsya v vidu Blejk) i miss Dzhittipin (veroyatno, imeetsya v vidu zhena Dzhona Flaksmena, sm. komment. k "Poeticheskim nabroskam"). Sir Isaac Newton - na N'yutona Blejk bezosnovatel'no vozlagal vinu za vocarenie mehanisticheskogo razuma kak normy myshleniya i povedeniya Doctor South / Or Sherlock upon Death - Podrazumevayutsya avtory religioznyh traktatov Robert Saut (1634-1716) i Uil'yam SHerlok (1641-1707); poslednemu, v chastnosti, prinadlezhit sochinenie A Practical Discourse concerning Death, 1689. Sutton - Tomas Satton (1532-1611), filantrop, osnovavshij na nachalah blagotvoritel'nosti muzhskuyu shkolu i priyut dlya prestarelyh "CHarterhaus". SONGS OF INNOCENCE AND OF EXPERIENCE Shewing the Two Contrary States of the Human Soul PESNI NEVEDENIYA I POZNANIYA, izobrazhayushchie dva protivopolozhnyh sostoyaniya chelovecheskoj dushi "Pesni Nevedeniya" sozdavalis' priblizitel'no mezhdu 1784-1790 gg., vpervye nagravirovany v 1789 g. (31 list, sohranilsya 21 ekzemplyar). Stihotvoreniya "Nyanyushkina pesnya", "Zabludivshijsya mal'chik", "Svyatoj chetverg" pervonachal'no vhodili v rukopis' "Ostrova na Lune". "Pesni Poznaniya" sozdavalis' v osnovnom mezhdu 17901792 gg., vpervye nagravirovany sovmestno s "Pesnyami Nevedeniya" v 1794 g. (54 lista, sohranilos' 27 ekzemplyarov). V dal'nejshem gravirovalis' tol'ko vmeste s pervym ciklom. Pri okonchatel'nom redaktirovanii iz "Pesen Nevedeniya" v "Pesni Poznaniya" byli pereneseny 4 stihotvoreniya: "Zabludshaya doch'", "Obretennaya doch'", "SHkol'nik", "Golos drevnego barda". Stihotvorenie "K Tirze" dobavleno ne ranee 1803 g. Ideya ob®edineniya "Pesen" v edinoe celoe mogla byt' podskazana Blejku ego lyubimym poetom Mil'tonom, izdavshim v 1645 g. v vide diptiha svoi yunosheskie poemy L'Allegro i L Penseroso, gde odin i tot zhe geroj izobrazhen na dvuh stadiyah svoego duhovnogo razvitiya. Shodnyj princip kompozicii primenen Ajzekom Uottsom (Isaac Watts, 1674-1748) v ego "Bozhestvennyh pesnyah dlya detej na prostom yazyke" {Divine Songs Attempted in Easy Language for the Use of Children, 1715). Po svoemu soderzhaniyu, odnako, stihi Blejka libo ochen' daleki ot poezii Uottsa, libo polemichny po otnosheniyu k nej. V izdanii Dzh. Sempsona stihi raspolozheny soglasno blejkovskomu izdaniyu 1794 g. V dal'nejshem poryadok raspolozheniya menyalsya, okonchatel'nyj variant ustanovlen serom Dzh. Kinsom i prinyat vo vseh novejshih izdaniyah, vklyuchaya i nastoyashchee. SONGS OF INNOCENCE PESNI NEVEDENIYA 13. INTRODUCTION 13. VSTUPLENIE Stihotvorenie soderzhit osnovnuyu mysl' vsego cikla: ot bezmyatezhnosti Nevedeniya cherez gorech' Poznaniya k vysshemu zhiznepriyatiyu. Privodim perevod V. Toporova: S dudkoj ya brodil v lesah, Dul v zelenoe zherlo. Vizhu: s tuchki v nebesah Svesilos' ditya malo. - Pro yagnenka mne sygraj! - YA sygral, kak mne velyat. - Ah! i snova nachinaj! - Vizhu: bozhij mal'chik rad. - Esli v pesne est' slova, Ih, schastlivec, ne tai! - Spel ya, chto igral sperva. Hvalit on slova moi. - V knizhku pesnyu pomesti, CHtoby vse prochest' mogli! - I uzh oblachko v puti... Vzyal ya prigorshnyu zemli, Eyu vodu zamutil I trostinku polomal: Bez pera i bez chernil Detyam knigu napisal. 15. THE ECHOING GREEN 15. ZELENOE AU Privodim perevod S. Marshaka: Smeyushcheesya eho Solnce vzoshlo, I v mire svetlo. CHist nebosvod. Zvon s vyshiny Slavit prihod Novoj vesny. V chashche lesnoj Radostnyj gam Vtorit vesnoj Kolokolam. A my, detvora, CHut' svet na nogah, Igraem s utra Na veshnih lugah, I vtorit nam eho Raskatami smeha. Vot dedushka Dzhon. Smeetsya i on. Sidit on pod dubom So starym narodom, Takim zhe bezzubym I sedoborodym. Nateshivshis' nashej Veseloj igroj. Sedye papashi Bormochut poroj: - Kazhis', ne vchera li Na etom lugu My tozhe igrali, Smeyas' na begu, I vzryvami smeha Nam vtorilo eho! A posle zakata Pora po domam. Tesnyatsya rebyata Vokrug svoih mam. Tak v sumerkah veshnih Skvorchata v skvoreshnyah, Gotovyas' ko snu, Hranyat tishinu. Ni krika, ni smeha Vpot'mah na lugu. Ustalo i eho. Molchit, ni gugu. 16. THE LAMB 16. YAGNENOK V stihotvorenii soderzhitsya evangel'skaya reminiscenciya: "Na drugoj den' vidit Ioann idushchego k nemu Iisusa i govorit: Vot Agnec Bozhij, Kotoryj beret na Sebya greh mira" (Ot Ioanna, I, 29). Sr. takzhe zaklyuchitel'nye strok