: " , . , 25 31 .., , 28 (.. 532 | 28 19 = 532). 15 --- --- 31 24 ,... 27 !" [195], .243. VI . , , 563 .. 14- (= ) 24 . , 563 31 .. 563 , , ! 30-40 , . , 563 (14- ) 24 , 25 , .. , . 563 " ", , : -, 563 , -, 563 ( ; . ). , VI 563 . , , , , VIII IX . , ( ) X .. ( " " X ..). . ( ), " " , (7 80- ), , " " 18 . , (.. XIV ) 12 . 18 VI . , , VI ! -, "" , ( ). , , - XIII-XIV . , , , . , " ", 31 , " " . XIV , XV ( 1431 ) . (-, XVII ) VI . " " ( = Exiguus, .) --- , , [-1], XVII ( = ), . 2.6. " " --- 25 1095 .. XIII-XIV , . 25 1095 .. "" (.. " ", " ") --- , (25 ). --- . . , " " , , . , . , 25 1095 , XIII-XIV , --- ( ). , , , , . XIII-XIV , XI , --- XI . . , , 31 , . ( , . , , --- . , , , --- , . XVIII-XIX , , , , " " --- .., --- . , , --- . , , . , , .) , --- , 31 , --- , , , XI ..! --- 1054 16 1086 ( ). . [29], . : -76 , +14 ; : -14 , +22 ; : +47 , +45 . 12 52 16 1086 . .. --- . , , XI , . , 1680 , IX (1049-1054) : ", , ( IX) " [179], 287. , --- [179], . .., VII ( 1085 ). , VII ( ) . [-1] , 1 ".." 1054 .. (.. " 1053 "). , 1054 ( 1053) . --- XI .. , 1054 --- , 1086 , . , . --- 9 . , --- " ", --- 1096 [140]. , (" ", " "), , , , , , , , . , , 30- I .. . , XI , --- , . 1095 , , --- , . 2.7. " " 2 () -. . , " " 24 . 24 , , ( ) , , 23, 24 25 . , . , , .. , --- (, , ) 24 , " ". , "" ? , 1095 ..? , . . , (, " " 23 10) 532 . , . , . , " " 24 23 25 ( ), . , . , , ( , ) , 2 . , . 2.8. " " - , . . , () " ", , . , " ". , , . , . " " . [3]. - , () , . , , (, , ), - , , --- . , , (), --- , , , , ( ). " ", . 2.9. ""? , , - " ". , , , ( , ). , . . - . --- " " , , -, " ". . , , " " (.: - , 1990), , "". (, , ..) . , --- . " ": 4 . : " , XVI . , , 3-4 " ( 179). : 1) , XVI "" (.. ) , . 2) , () . 3) " " ( --- ) , ( ). , ( ) XVI . : 4) XVI 3--4, 1--3 . 19- (" ") : ______________________________________________________________ - .. "- - - " - - ""-"" _______________________""__________""________________________ 1580 1 2 31 2 1581 2 22 21 1 1582 3 10 7 3 1583 4 30 28 2 1584 5 18 17 32=30+2 =2(mod 30) 1585 6 7 4 3 1586 7 27 24 3 1587 8 15 13 2 1588 9 4 2 2 1589 10 24 22 2 1590 11 12 9 3 1591 12 1 30 2 1592 13 21 18 3 1593 14 9 7 2 1594 15 29 26 3 1595 16 17 15 33=30+3 =3(mod 30) 1596 17 5 3 2 1597 18 25 24 1 1598 19 13 11 2 ______________________________________________________________ ( ) , ( ), XVI 3-4, 10 . -, . , , "" . , , .. " " (.:, 1975) . 213 , --- "" --- : 6233-6251. " ", .. 725-743. .. (VIII !). , . 244, .. : " (491-578) " " (Ol. 193.3), 752- " "; 42- ...". "" : 6000 " ", .. 492. .. (. .. " " 37 " "). .. " "? --- , , , . --- " ". 3. " " 3.1. 1 2 , ( ) --- 1- , --- . , , , ( ). " ", , , "" --- , , -, XIII ( ) XVII ( ). - XVI . , . , "", XVI ( ), . , . , , . , . , --- , - . , --- , . ( ) : --- " , ". , (.. ) . , . (, - , " " ..). , 1- . XVI , , , . ? , "" ? , --- 1- , --- ( ), XVI . ( ). , XVI , 24 ( , 25 , , , 24 ). , , 24 . , 24 100 .., . , 100 .. " " 100 , ! (, 31 .. , --- --- ). , 24 , --- 25 : ... 209 .., 31 .., 126 .., 221 .., 316 .. ... 209 .. --- 25 . 31 .. --- ! ..5.2. 1- , , 21 ( , 22 --- --- . 1). 21 III .., 22 . , XVI , III .. --- IV , !. . .5.3. , . 5. " " 1- IV .., III ( ) 22 ( , ). ( ) "" , I .., II .. ( ) 24 , " ". . . .5.2 .5.3. . , --- ( --- ). -, XVI-XVII ( ). ( , --- , --- ). , , . 3.2. , " " --- ( XIV ), 1 300 . , 1 128 ( ). , 1333 , : 18 12 ( , XIV 12 ). ! , --- . --- ( ). . "4156 ( = 1351 ..) --- 27 , ; 4456 ( = 1051 ..) --- 26 ; 4756 ( = 751 ..) --- 25 ; 5056 ( = 451 ..) --- 24 ; 5356 ( = 151 ..) --- 23 ( , - 24 ); 5656 ( = 148 ..) --- 22 ( --- 21 ); 5956 ( = 48 ..) --- 21 ( --- 19 ); 6256 ( = 748 ..) --- 20 ( --- 17 ); 6556 ( = 1048 ..) --- 19 ( --- 14 ); 6856 ( = 1348 ..) --- 18 ( --- 12 ). , --- , --- 25 , --- 24 , , --- 25 . , 21 . 18 ." [360], , 7; 11. , : 1) = , ; , " " 747 .. [195]. , , , VII ... 2) ( ); .., , --- IV .. 3) (). 4) ( --- 1- , ). 5) --- XIV ..(1333 ). , , --- ( " ",.. 1 300 ) 1-5 , : 1) ( 25 ): 900 .. 600 .. 2) ( 24 ): 600 . 300 .. 3) ( 23 ): 300 .. 0 .. (.. ..). 4) 1- , ( 21 ): 300 .. 600 .. 5) ( 18 ): 1200 .. 1500 .. : ( ) ( ) , , , --- 30 .., 1 .. , , , , ! ( , , : 1 300 128 ). : --- : 5539 , .. 31 ..; --- --- 743 .. (. 1, .5); --- : 6441 , .. 1333 .. 1 .., 600 .. - . , . , XIV , . , , . , ( XV ). , . , , . , , , . .. : " , , ., ( ..), XIV . , -, . , , IX , 13- - (877-1408) (.. --- .) , - , ". [195], .250. , , . .5.4 : ) ( --- ), ) , ) --- , ) --- , 6 . . () : " " " " VI .., .. , "" . : - ? , ( = , ) "" (. .5.4 ). , "" , , , , . . "" XVII ( , [179]). , , , "" . "": ( = ) ( --- . 2- .5.4), - VI .. ( " ", . 3- .5.4). , " " --- () IV-V .. (!), 1- , ( IX ..). " " . , . , , , . "" "" , , , - -. 4. (*) , ( ). "" "+" (.. 25 ). ""-"" ( ) (""). (. 29,5 ). "" ( ) 30 - , (.. , ). 19- ""-"" . "" ( - 3,1=59/19, - , 5 16 ""). 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