FAQ FIDO.RU.Linux
---------------------------------------------------------------
25.10.2002.
http://www.sensi.org/~ak/linuxfaq/ http://www.sensi.org/~ak/linuxfaq/
---------------------------------------------------------------
RU.LINUX Frequently Asked Questions
Alexander Kanavin, ak@sensi.org
25.10.2002.
( ), Linux.
c <http://www.sensi.org/~ak/linux-faq/>
1.
H *
1.1. FAQ?
, FAQ
copy-and-paste. (Alex Kanavin)
1.2. ?
FAQ - ak@sensi.org
1.3. FAQ?
: FAQ.
SSL (openssl). VPN. Kerberos.
,
, -
.
, ""
.
1.4. FAQ?
FAQ list URL:
http://www.sensi.org/~ak/linuxfaq/
1.5. Fidonet FAQ
?
FAQ Fidonet FREQ :
2:450/176.15 freq alias: LINUXFAQ (work time: 21:30-6:30).
2:5013/14 linuxfaq ( )
2:5020/1255 NEWFAQ (c 21:00 ZMH, CM )
2:5030/902 LINUXFAQ ( )
2:5045/71 freq alias: LINUXFAQ worktime: CM
2:5061/108 LINUXFAQ ( 00:00 06:00)
2:5069/11 CM LINUXFAQ
2:5077/7, Alias: LINUXFAQ (Work time: 23:30-06:00 [MSK+2])
FAQ :
to: faqrobot 2:5036/26 subj: rulinux.faq
FAQ. ,
.
1.6. FAQ, .
RU.LINUX ( ).
(c) - , FidoNet 2:5030/532.
(s) - , mbravo@kronverk.spb.su,
1999
(s) - A , ak@sensi.org
FAQ ftp/www/etc
. , .
. (
:-)
1.7. , ?
-
( , ),
faq's ( /usr/doc/faq), HOWTOs ..
<http://groups.google.com/>. ,
- ,
, .
,
, . ,
,
- , ,
, (
, ), .
, ru.linux, ,
ru.unix - , Unix-
ru.gnu - , GNU.
ru.unix.prog - Unix,
ru.unix.multimedia - ru.unix.ftn -
Unix. ru.linux.chainik,
,
ru.linux ru.unix.
ru.unix.linux, ,
ru.linux,
.
1.8. * ,
?
:
How To Ask Questions The Smart Way
<http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html>
:
<http://ln.com.ua/~openxs/articles/smart-questions-ru.html>
How to Report Bugs Effectively
<http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/bugs.html>
2. Linux
2.1. Linux...
:
? ,
:
Linux-
Windows. , ,
" Word" "
Excel".
.
, .
, (
).
.
2.2. Linux,
?
<http://www.lug.ru> Linux
. ,
. -
. LUG
( ), , - .
LUG , "
- (CD-R) ?"
Fido,
Unix/Linux (: SPB.LINUX,
SPB.FILES). :
, c ,
, ,
.
2.3. , ?
, ,
, : <http://linux.iplabs.ru>,
<http://linux.vinchi.ru>, <http://www.linux-ink.ru>,
<http://www.mistral.ru>, <http://www.bolero.ru>,
<http://www.books.ru>, <http://www.linux-online.ru>.
<http://www.ebuy.dp.ua>. - -
<http://www.shopsys.spb.ru>.
- ,
" / ". H
.
(- -
walnut creek, cheapbytes infomagic
. , , ,
.
, "" .)
,
. , ,
ftp (
) - GPL.
, cd-r ,
(,
).
,
, , , ,
,
.
2.4. (, - )
?
: mbravo@kronverk.spb.su,
(2:5030/902, idv@aanet.ru,
), ( 68, 110-1303),
(312-5208, <http://linuxcenter.ru>).
: H p. H p
p, p - CompuLink, , p .
ALT Linux: <http://www.altlinux.ru/index.php?module=buy>)
Vinchi Group ( <http://www.vinchi.ru>)
Bolero (. , 14, , 3, .319.
124-6455).
--: p p "Proga" -
. 188, 320. .53-41-22.
-: TOO e.com (480091, . 103, 3 , .
505-777, 505-778)
: (553-5547, )
. (0692)553148 <http://www.sevcom.net>
: ASPLinux <http://www.spez.com.ua>
: ?
2.5. XXX/url
? , ,
, ?
<[22mhttp://www.freshmeat.net>. .
<http://www.opennet.ru>
( <http://www.opennet.ru/lastsoft/> -
, <http://www.opennet.ru/news/> - "")
2.6. <-> "`^:,:#`!
?
c
, update'
, . ,
.
. Red Hat ,
<http://bugzilla.redhat.com/bugzilla/>
,
( ,
)
,
- . , ,
, ,
-.
2.7. , p p? ( ,
)
ru.books.computing faq ( <http://alexm.here.ru/rbcfaq.txt>).
"Linux. ". BHV,
1997, ISBN 5-7315-0002-9 , (
96 ) .
" Linux" (
99 , 97) "UNIX:
" . .,
( ) - "UNIX:
" H. -
. __ (
!) . "
UNIX", ( - , , 1996, ISBN 966-506-043-0,
- , 2000). , ,
"unix", "linux".
- ,
, .
, ( 1999)
"Unix Power Tools" O'Reilly -
shell. -
.
man bash .
Linux Users Group, . .-
LUG (spblug) <http://www.spb.lug.ru/>
(mlug) -- <http://www.moscow.lug.ru>
lug <http://www.lug.ru>.
, .
, ,
-
p p Linux Documentation Project.
<http://www.linuxdoc.org>
, , ,
<http://www.linux.org.ru/books/>.
:
<http://www.linux.org.ru>
<http://lib.ru>
<http://www.gnu.org.ru>
<http://www.opennet.ru>
<http://linux-ve.chat.ru>
<http://www.nevod.ru/linux/doc/>
<http://xtalk.price.ru>
<http://alexm.here.ru>
2.8. Red Hat Linux ( Red Hat- ).
, ?
Red Hat Reference Guide (/doc/ref-guide -).
Package Management with RPM
System Administration. c
/usr/doc/initscripts-x.xx. ,
, , .
Linux- , 94 .
2.9. , !
! ?! (:
...! !)
Linux - , .
, ,
,
, ,
CD ,
-
- ( , ,
" - " -
,
). , , -
, . ,
-, -, ,
, , - , ,
, .
' , ,
freq, U*,
, - . ,
c ,
.
2.10. , ... ?
FAQ.
CD-R:
: (2:5030/902, idv@aanet.ru). H freq
FILES .
.
BBS :
: Quasi-BBS 702-52-49 23:00-08:00
Ultrix BBS, 00:00-07:00, 462-8291, Sysop - Arthur Komarov
(5020/943.17) (TNSDrive 2.0b1)
unitrecordHQ, 0:00-7:30, 162-9286, , sysop - tim
kondratyev (2:5020/1989.1)
:
2:5030/763 TMA BBS, (-).
- 2:461/220
Spezvuz BBS CM 057-7123313 Alexander Grinevich (2:461/1024)
2:463/57 ( -)
-: ISP BBS CM 3272-638796 Alexander Uskov (2:5083/21) (TNSDrive
2.0b4)
2.11. -
info gcc,libc,gdb
/usr/doc/LDP/lpg LDP, . (
<http://www.linuxdoc.org>)
Cc curses
: <http://www.linuxprogramming.com/>
" " <http://lib.ru>
<http://lib.ru/BACH/>
. :
" C++ Unix" , BHV
" UNIX" -
. ,
, / () ,
: , , .
- .
Unix ru.unix.prog[22m,
news:comp.unix.programmer. FAQ "Properly
tuned Unix Application".
2.12. H {p /
normal / - / 8Gb }
?
p 1- hd, p bios
(1024 p), p _pp p_,
p pp p /p.
p p p pp
loadlin.exe. man rdev.
lilo (>21.3) ,
, 1024. BIOS
lba32, /etc/lilo.conf.
lilo GRUB
<http://www.gnu.org/software/grub>
NUNI,
BIOS IDE-.
PCI IDE () .
ext2fs.
2.13. , -
. (: 150 - ,
) NT'//OS/8, etc.
(Alex Korchmar) - ___
.
, /,
- _ _ win4lin, vmware ,
"", "", "live-fs"
-, FAT -
.
" - " -
. , -
- , .
-
() ()
. , , .
2.14. : Linux, Win-
dows NT, Windows 9?. ?
: , win'95/98 dos,
, ,
. , (
- )
MBR, Linux.
:
? NT Loader,
HOWTO/mini/Linux+NT-loader. LILO,
:
1. LILO MBR Primary linux ,
MBR , ,
MS-DOS ( fdisk /mbr).
2. Windows 9?, ,
MBR
,
.
. -
"". Windows NT 2000
MBR , Windows NT MBR
Disk Administrator - , Disk
signature ( 32- ),
MBR LILO.
3. NT Loader hda1 hda2, ,
fat16 .
4. Win 9? lilo, NT
Loader, lilo.conf:
other = /boot/bootsect.dos
label = win
bootsect.dos ,
NT Loader
/
/usr/doc/HOWTO/[mini/]Linux+{ }
(Alexander Pevzner, 2:5020/59.9) IMHO,
,
fdisk- . .
2.15. DN Linux, FAR Linux, mc,
DN, Linux
(mc ) etc etc
(Andrey Terebecky <mailto:arey@penguinpowered.com>) H
, DN, FAR, etc -
MC. , mc
F1 ( ),
. H
CD-, -
MC . DN
(,
, ).
, MC .
, MC Unix\Linux
. shell
(zsh, tcsh, bash, etc).
shell
, .
MC , shell -
, ,
AVFS ( <http://www.inf.bme.hu/~mszeredi/avfs/>)
Unix\Linux MC - X Northern Captain (
<http://xnc.dubna.su>), deco ( <ftp://ftp.cronyx.ru/cronyx/>),
Nickolay N. Parfenov ( <http://usrsrc.chat.ru>),
VFU ( <http://www.biscom.net/~cade/vfu>), ytree (
<http://www.han.de/~werner/>).
DN, FAR Linux -
. H ,
- ,
.
(Viktor Krapivin 2:450/102.1 Dmitry Chernyak 2:503/983.998)
90 p - "pp". DN
(). p - . ,
XEmacs p "", vim - 8-) p
, . p p. ""
,
, .
""
, , bg/fg,
screen , , X-Window. ,
" ", vi.
, , vi - __,
"" DN - , ,
. .
2.16. * Linux- Bor-
land C++ Builder, Borland Delphi, Microsoft Visual C++, ..?
Borland Kylix <http://www.borland.com/kylix/> Victor Wagner
<mailto:vitus@communiware.ru>
.
xwpe ( Turbo C++), rhide, motor, KDevelop,
Glade, Source Navigator
H .
,
. , .
, - *nix
,
, ( -
C, - perl/tcl/python/slang, SQL
).
,
.
H , . ,
,
.
- vim emacs, .
, make ,
, ,
.
( Alex Kanavin:
The Art of Unix Programming, ,
Unix -
Unix ,
Windows-. :
<http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/writings/taoup/>
2.17. * , Linux...
" Linux" .
*nix. <news:fido7.ru.unix.prog>.
2.18. : ... ?
Victor Wagner, ,
.
, . .
2.19. ...
RU.LINUX.CHAINIK. ,
.
3.
Alexander Voropay
<mailto:alec@sensi.org>.
3.1. ...
:
(libc) locale
X Window -
-.
Cyrillc-HOWTO
<http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/unmaintained/Cyrillic-
HOWTO>,
, (Last version :
v4.0, 23 January 1998), :
<http://www.inp.nsk.su/~baldin/Cyrillic-HOWTO-russian-old/Cyrillic-
HOWTO.html>.
Cyrillic-HOWTO (
HOWTO).
: <http://www.inp.nsk.su/~baldin>
-
Cyrillic-HOWTO ().
3.2. .
Linux
: kbd consoletools.
<ftp://ftp.win.tue.nl/pub/linux/utils/kbd/>
<ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kbd/>
<http://lct.sourceforge.net>
, . ,
Red Hat 4. 5.x kbd.
Red Hat 6.x - consoletools.
Keyboard-and-Console-HOWTO, HOWTO
kbd, ,
kbd. ;-) <http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Keyboard-and-
Console-HOWTO.html>
" "
( kbd):
$ setfont Cyr_a8x16
$ mapscrn koi2alt
$ echo -ne "\033(K"
$ loadkeys ru1
console-tools:
$ consolechars -f UniCyr_8x16 -m koi8-r
$ echo -ne "\033(K"
$ loadkeys ru1
. man 'man console_codes'. ,
, console-tools /usr/doc/console-tools*,
.
NB! , console-tools
UNICODE screen-font map (SFM)
. console-tools-
cyrillic: <ftp://ftp.ice.ru/pub/fonts/linux/>
,
,
. .
" "
, .
, Linux
.
( mc)
, TERM=linux .
CP-866 - ,
""
C1, "" 0x9B
ESC (CSI). KOI8-R.
3.3. " !" ?
locale. ,
locale:
$ locale
LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R
LC_CTYPE="ru_RU.KOI8-R"
LC_NUMERIC="ru_RU.KOI8-R"
LC_TIME="ru_RU.KOI8-R"
LC_COLLATE="ru_RU.KOI8-R"
LC_MONETARY="ru_RU.KOI8-R"
LC_MESSAGES="ru_RU.KOI8-R"
LC_ALL=
$
, locale (ru_RU)
KOI8-R. 'cal' 'date' -
.
, locale
LANG= (
/etc/profile) .
$ export LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R
Red Hat-based
/etc/sysconfig/i18n , ,
LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R
3.4. * locale ? LANG, .
- locale
<http://www.sensi.org/~alec/locale>. ,
(,
..)
X-Window Xlib Xt
(XLC_LOCALE) ""
locale. : {X11Root}/doc/i18n ( RedHat:
/usr/share/Xfree86-doc/i18n). .PS
<http://www.tsu.ru/~pascal/x_locale/>.
,
LANG=ru_RU LANG=ru, __ :
LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R . LANG=ru_SU,
:-)
, " "
ru_RU.KOI8-R . 'locale -a'
. ru_RU.KOI8-R,
, LANG= " " :
$ localedef -c -i ru_RU -f KOI8-R ru_RU.KOI8-R
Computing table size for character classes might take a while... done
Computing table size for collation information might take a while... done
$
$ cd /usr/lib/locale
$ mv ru_RU.koi8r ru_RU.KOI8-R
( - /usr/share/locale)
NB! localedef "" (mangled) ,
"ru_RU.koi8r".
. ,
LANG="ru_RU.KOI8-R" mangling-
. -- .
LANG=ru
LC_ALL=ru_RU.KOI8-R
. LC_ALL
( LANG=, LC_xxxx
"" ).
<http://www.sensi.org/~alec/locale/> " ..."
3.5. ,
?
:
LANGUAGE=en_US
LC_MESSAGES=en_US
RedHat /etc/sysconfig/i18n .
3.6. locale , bash
, .
LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R ,
, readline ( bash),
128 META-
( ).
readline ,
INPUTRC=/etc/inputrc
, /etc/inputrc
set meta-flag on
set convert-meta off
set output-meta on
readline ( bash)
.
: INPUTRC=,
~/.inputrc ( home-).
.
. man readline.
3.7. Red Hat
C /etc/sysconfig/i18n. - :
SYSFONT=UniCyr_8x16
SYSFONTACM=koi8-r
LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R
kbdconfig
/etc/sysconfig/keyboard, :
KEYTABLE=ru1
/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit, /sbin/setsys-
font. , /usr/doc/initscripts-x.xx/,
.
3.8. Debian
Debian 2.2: /etc/init.d/console-
screen.sh
/etc/console-tools/config:
#
SCREEN_FONT=Cyr_a8x16
APP_CHARSET_MAP=koi8-r
#
APP_CHARSET_MAP_vc2=koi8-r
APP_CHARSET_MAP_vc3=koi8-r
APP_CHARSET_MAP_vc4=koi8-r
APP_CHARSET_MAP_vc5=koi8-r
APP_CHARSET_MAP_vc6=koi8-r
, console-tools-cyrillic.
/etc/init.d/keymaps-lct.sh
/etc/console-tools/default.kmap.gz
symlink.
: kbdconfig.
/etc/environment:
LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R
3.9. KOI8-R XFree86 ?
.
( X ) :
$ xlsfonts -fn "*-koi8-r"
- :-)
XFree86 3.3.2 cronyx-*
XFree. -- . Red Hat
XFree86-cyrillic-fonts-XXXX.rpm .
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic .
X Window. ,
/etc/X11/XF86Config :
Section "Files"
...
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic"
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi"
...
EndSection
cyrillic . X
: xlsfonts -fn "*-koi8-r" .
. " ?"
TrueType ,
X Window.
-. -,
, -
- TrueType. Red Hat
- xfsft XFree86-xfs.
<http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/home/jec/programs/xfsft/>
3.10. , X Window
?
X :
XKB, X11R6
xmodmap, X11R5
X 3.3.x XKB /etc/X11/XF86Config
:
Section "Keyboard"
...
XkbRules "xfree86"
XkbModel "pc101"
XkbLayout "ru"
XkbOptions "grp:shift_toggle"
EndSection
X 4.0.x
Section "InputDevice"
...
Driver "keyboard"
Option "XkbRules" "xfree86"
Option "XkbModel" "pc101"
Option "XkbLayout" "ru"
Option "XkbOptions" "grp:shift_toggle"
EndSection
Model "pc101", "pc104"
"pc105", :
grp:toggle Alt ( "")
grp:caps_toggle Caps_Lock
grp:shift_toggle Shift
grp:ctrl_shift_toggle Control+Shift
grp:ctrl_alt_toggle Control+Alt
4.0.x :
grp:alt_shift_toggle Alt+Shift
grp:menu_toggle Menu ( pc104, pc105)
XKB, <http://www.tsu.ru/~pas-
cal/other/xkb/> " ",
xxkb, ,
,
.