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LINUX
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Red Hat
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Red Hat Linux
Linuxware
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Windows
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CD-ROM Linux
Trans-Ameritech Enterprises
Volume 1
Volume 2
Supplement
Interim Release
Release 4
Linuxware 1.0
LinuxWare 2.0
LinuxWare 2.5
- Caldera
Caldera Desktop 1.0
Linux Office
- SAMS Publishing
CD-ROM Linux Unleashed
CD-ROM Building Linux Internet Server
-
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, . , , , , , MS-DOS. , , - , UNIX, , , MS-DOS Windows. MS-DOS, , , UNIX, 80386 .
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,
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. -, FTP- Internet,
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, .
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CD-ROM 1.44 .
UNIX 80386 80486. Linux , 32- , . POSIX, , Linux, UNIX .
. 386SX-25 4 , 8 . , Linux ISA, EISA, VLB PCI, MCA ( PS/2 IBM), , , - . "Intel" - AMD, "Cirrus Logic", TI . - 80 ( , , ?). ( ).
200 , , , . , . - CD-ROM, IDE.
- SVGA 1 . . - , X Window.
, , , , - UNIX-. Linux . : Ethernet ( Novell!), Internet , , . - , Linux , .
1994 Linux - CD-ROM. , , -. Trans-Ameritech Enterprises CD-ROM Linux . , Yggdrasil InfoMagic, Trans-Ameritech. Kronverk Linux - Caldera Desktop. 1996 CD-ROM " ", .
. Linux , CD-ROM . 1000- LINUX UNLEASHED, 1996 Sams Publishing, Building your own Linux Internet Server ( 1996 ) Linux System Administrator's Survivals Guide ( Sams Publishing, 1996). , NT, Netware, OS/2. "" Linux ...
Linux . - Windows95, 3.5" , 4- CD-ROM - ! . , , "" .
Linux - , DOS UNIX . .
X Window - , UNIX-. , , XFree386 ( X Window Linux) - SUN, VAX Cray.
XFree , MS Windows . , .
, LINUX MS-DOS, , .
DOS Linux , "" (partition) . , DOS LINUX. MS-DOS , Linux DOS.
? MS-DOS Linux! . , F-19 SimCity . , .
, Wing Commander Doom, , Linux . Linux DOOM, X Window, . DOS ( XMS EMS-), .
MS Windows Windows 3.1 XWindows. - 1996 . , Java, Linux Sun!
Linux UNIX- IEEE POSIX. UNIX 90% .
CD-ROM, , Linux, :
1994 , Linux - Linux Journal (ISSN 1075-3583). : subs@ssc.com.
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. , CD-ROM Yggdrasil 1200- Linux Bible LDP, - FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions).
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, "" "". , . , , , Windows 3.1. , 32- , , -Windows NT, OS/2 Linux. .
, , . , ?
. -, 80386 ( 32-). , , . . , Linux OS/2 4 , Windows NT - 12 . , Linux 15 , 32 OS/2 70 Windows NT. , "", (. 1 2).
Linux | OS/2 | Windows NT | |
, (OS/2 NT ) | 2 | ||
(Linux X) | 6 | 4 | 12 |
( ) | 8 | 8 | 16 |
, | 12 | 16 | 24 |
Linux | OS/2 | Windows NT |
Linux, POSIX, 15 | OS/2, OS/2 32- 16-, 20 | Windows NT, Win32, 50 |
Linux, + DOS, X/Window, , 60 | OS/2, + DOS, Win16, , 32 | Windows NT, + DOS, Win16, POSIX , 70 |
Linux + 90 | OS/2 + 40 | Windows NT + 100 |
, , . . - . - (hardware) (software), . , MCA (MicroChannel Architecture), IBM PS/2, Linux ( Linux ). Compaq Qvision, , OS/2 . 3Com 3c501, Windows NT .
, . , , , , - , . ... . , , , .
, , , . . , Windows NT, OS/2 Linux, , , .
, - . , , !
. , , , , . , Microsoft (Word, Excel, Access PowerPoint), Linux.
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, . , , . , ( ) - .
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, - , . , , , , . , .
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, . , Internet BBS, . MS-DOS . NT , , , Pentium. Linux , Linux- 80386 (Purdue's Adapter for Parallel Execution and Rapid Synchronization). , Linux- Linux-, / Sun, SGI, Windows. , "" .
NT Linux , OS/2 , ( 512 2 ). Linux NT , -. OS/2 Windows NT Linux . , , , , - - .
Linux . Linux , " ".
, Windows NT , . Linux- NT-, , OS/2 .
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Linux | OS/2 | Windows NT | |
, | 3 | 512 | 2 |
TCP/IP | |||
NFS | |||
IPX/SPX | |||
IBM LAN Server | |||
Microsoft LAN Server | |||
FAT (DOS) | |||
HPFS (OS/2) | |||
NTFS (Windows NT) | |||
EXT2 (Linux) | |||
ISO9660 (CD-ROM) | |||
Network File System (NFS) | |||
Coherent (UNIX) | |||
Stacker | |||
DoubleSpace | |||
DOS | |||
16- Windows | |||
16- OS/2 | |||
32- Windows | |||
32- OS/2 | |||
POSIX- | |||
Macintosh | |||
SCO UNIX | |||
X/Window | |||
- | $199 | $495 | |
() | $50 | $179 | $289 |
(CD-ROM) | $15-40 | $150 | $289 |
, , , , . , , . Windows NT . . , , . Linux ( X/Window) .
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CD-ROM TAE Volume 2 ( ) Install. , Install, . , . . BOOT, (boot) (root) . rawrite, .
. boot Reset. , , . , , root. :
darkstar login:
root <Enter>. . Linux . fdisk.
fdisk < >
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fdisk /dev/hda
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, . , , , . . , /dev/hda4 8192 (1 = 1 - !).
:
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, .
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. , , , , .
( , /dev/fd0 !):
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:
rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/hda3
rdev -v /dev/fd0 -1 rdev -R /dev/fd0 1 rdev -r /dev/fd0 0
.
, , Linux . , MS-DOS . , MBR Linux Loader . - , Volume 3 . .
-, :
cp /usr/src/linux/zImage /vmlinuz
"rdev", /dev/fd0 /vmlinuz.
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, , LILO , . LILO end MBR .
, , . "rdev" LILO.
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man ftab
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.
<Ins> . <Enter>. .
:
/dev/fd0 /A msdos defaults
/dev/fd1 /B msdos defaults
/dev/cdrom /rom iso9660 ro
<Esc>, ( :
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ftab .
. , :
mkdir /A
mkdir /B mkdir /rom
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, ( - ctrl-alt-del, reset !) /rom.
! ftab , . :
mount /dev/cdrom
ls. , /rom
!
. , , slackware, :
/rom/slakware
/rom/slackware.120
, setup .
! setup, source. - CD-ROM, , /rom/slackware.120. , , ...
, . , XWindows . , .
. CD-ROM? - :
umount /rom
mount /dev/cdrom
, .
Red Hat " " , - " ". , , Linux-, UNIX DOS. Red Hat .
Red Hat Linux 2.1 , :
Red Hat:
, , , Slackware , \sets\images\ \sets\updates.
, Red Hat , :
4 RAM, Red Hat Slackware Linux. 150 , Red Hat, . CD-ROM . , .
: boot ramdisk. ramdisk , . , boot , .
5 , boot .
SCSI- | Ethernet- | CD-ROM | |
0000 | IDE/ATAPI SCSI | ||
0001 | Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535 | ||
0002 | Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes | ||
0003 | SMC | IDE/ATAPI SCSI | |
0004 | SMC | Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535 | |
0005 | SMC | Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes | |
0006 | Western Digital | IDE/ATAPI SCSI | |
0007 | Western Digital | Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535 | |
0008 | Western Digital | Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes | |
0009 | 3c503, 3c509, 3c579 | IDE/ATAPI SCSI | |
0010 | 3c503, 3c509, 3c579 | Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535 | |
0011 | 3c503, 3c509, 3c579 | Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes | |
0012 | AMD LANCE PCnet (AT1500 NE2100) | IDE/ATAPI SCSI | |
0013 | AMD LANCE PCnet (AT1500 NE2100) | Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535 | |
0014 | AMD LANCE PCnet (AT1500 NE2100) | Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes | |
0015 | IDE/ATAPI SCSI | ||
0016 | Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535 | ||
0017 | Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes | ||
0018 | Adaptec, Buslogic | IDE/ATAPI SCSI | |
0019 | Adaptec, Buslogic | Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535 | |
0020 | Adaptec, Buslogic | Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes | |
0021 | Adaptec, Buslogic | SMC | IDE/ATAPI SCSI |
0022 | Adaptec, Buslogic | SMC | Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535 |
0023 | Adaptec, Buslogic | SMC | Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes |
0024 | Adaptec, Buslogic | Western Digital | IDE/ATAPI SCSI |
0025 | Adaptec, Buslogic | Western Digital | Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535 |
0026 | Adaptec, Buslogic | Western Digital | Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes |
0027 | Adaptec, Buslogic | 3c503, 3c509, 3c579 | IDE/ATAPI SCSI |
0028 | Adaptec, Buslogic | 3c503, 3c509, 3c579 | Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535 |
0029 | Adaptec, Buslogic | 3c503, 3c509, 3c579 | Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes |
0030 | Adaptec, Buslogic | AMD LANCE PCnet (AT1500 NE2100) | IDE/ATAPI SCSI |
0031 | Adaptec, Buslogic | AMD LANCE PCnet (AT1500 NE2100) | Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535 |
0032 | Adaptec, Buslogic | AMD LANCE PCnet (AT1500 NE2100) | Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes |
0033 | Adaptec, Buslogic | IDE/ATAPI SCSI | |
0034 | Adaptec, Buslogic | Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535 | |
0035 | Adaptec, Buslogic | Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes | |
0036 | EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000 | IDE/ATAPI SCSI | |
0037 | EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000 | Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535 | |
0038 | EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000 | Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes | |
0039 | EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000 | SMC | IDE/ATAPI SCSI |
0040 | EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000 | SMC | Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535 |
0041 | EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000 | SMC | Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes |
0042 | EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000 | Western Digital | IDE/ATAPI SCSI |
0043 | EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000 | Western Digital | Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535 |
0044 | EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000 | Western Digital | Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes |
0045 | EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000 | 3c503, 3c509, 3c579 | IDE/ATAPI SCSI |
0046 | EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000 | 3c503, 3c509, 3c579 | Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535 |
0047 | EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000 | 3c503, 3c509, 3c579 | Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes |
0048 | EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000 | AMD LANCE PCnet (AT1500 NE2100) | IDE/ATAPI SCSI |
0049 | EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000 | AMD LANCE PCnet (AT1500 NE2100) | Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535 |
0050 | EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000 | AMD LANCE PCnet (AT1500 NE2100) | Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes |
0051 | EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000 | IDE/ATAPI SCSI | |
0052 | EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000 | Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535 | |
0053 | EATA-DMA, UltraStor, Future Domain, NCR5380, NCR53c7,8xx, IN2000 | Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes | |
0054 | IDE/ATAPI SCSI | ||
0055 | Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535 | ||
0056 | Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes | ||
0057 | SMC | IDE/ATAPI SCSI | |
0058 | SMC | Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535 | |
0059 | SMC | Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes | |
0060 | Western Digital | IDE/ATAPI SCSI | |
0061 | Western Digital | Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535 | |
0062 | Western Digital | Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes | |
0063 | 3c503, 3c509, 3c579 | IDE/ATAPI SCSI | |
0064 | 3c503, 3c509, 3c579 | Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535 | |
0065 | 3c503, 3c509, 3c579 | Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes | |
0066 | AMD LANCE PCnet (AT1500 NE2100) | IDE/ATAPI SCSI | |
0067 | AMD LANCE PCnet (AT1500 NE2100) | Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535 | |
0068 | AMD LANCE PCnet (AT1500 NE2100) | Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes | |
0069 | IDE/ATAPI SCSI | ||
0070 | Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535 | ||
0071 | Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound Blaster, Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes |
, . boot , , .
, , 'images\2940' ( Adaptec 2940) 'updates\images' ( ).
, PCMCIA boot , . [ , PCMCIA SCSI, boot , "Adaptec"].
, , , boot , . :
C> copy e:\redhat\images\1213\bootNNN.gz
NNNN boot
ramdisk CD-ROM: ramdisk1.gz ramdisk2.gz, .
C> copy e:\redhat\images\ramdisk1.gz
C> copy e:\redhat\images\ramdisk2.gz
, gzip:
bootNNNN.gz
ramdisk1.gz
ramdisk2.gz
, gunzip DOS, CD-ROM \DOSUTILS:
C> E:\dosutils\bootNNNN.gz
C> E:\dosutils\ramdisk1.gz C> E:\dosutils\ramdisk2.gz
. rawrite. " ". rawrite , ( Norton Commander) , .
( boot ramdisk) , .
- . , , , , . '[ ]', ; , -, .
boot A: . LILO. , , . , CD-ROM SCSI-II Sound Blaster . , (). , <Enter>. , . , SCSI ,
"scsi: 0 hosts",
, SCSI. ( ):
"" - , "" .
, . , , . ...
, , ramdisk1 ramdisk2.
, CD-ROM RedHat - ( NFS). , -, , NFS.
:
NFS- CD-ROM. , CD-ROM .
Red Hat - X-Window. - X-Window 640*480*256. , MS Windows X , , 1024*768. UNIX .
. X-Window 8 8 ( 16 RAM). ...
:
, , , , - , -, setup Slackware.
, Red Hat Linux 2.0 2.1, :
./upgrade
( Perl .) , , :
./upgrade-test
- . 'telinit 1'. 'telinit 3'.
: /etc/password , etc/password.orig.
, , , , X-Windows.
Linux , X-Windows. ! - xcyr X-windows, . , , , .
, X-Windows, . .
, , X-Windows. , X XAP, , OI. - , ! , .
:
8514a - IBM 8514a , , . -, . -, MCA ( , ), Linux.
Monochrome X server - VGA- . , ! - . .
SVGA server - , , SVGA- . , Trident 8900 ( ). Trident 9000 , "" . ! SVGA- 256 ( ).
VGA server - 16 . VGA-, 256 . , .
. , , .
Windows Accelerator. X-Windows ( MS Windows), .
, . . , ( ) ( VGA-).
, XWindows, , - , MS Windows. , . , , "-".
Xconfig, /usr/X11/lib/X11. , Trident 8900 Xconfig.Trident8900c.
:
mv Xconfig.Trident8900c Xconfig
( , Trident 8900) . , .
- . , , X-window , , , , .
, Xconfig. :
RGBPath "/usr/X386/lib/X11/rgb"
FontPath "/usr/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi/,/usr/lib/X11/fonts/Speedo/" Keyboard AutoRepeat 500 5 ServerNumLock LeftAlt Meta RightAlt Compose ScrollLock ModeLock Microsoft "/dev/mouse" BaudRate 1200 vga256 Virtual 1024 1024 ViewPort 0 0 Modes "800x600" "640x480" "1024x768i" Chipset "tvga8900c" Displaysize 800 600 Clocks 25.30 28.32 45.00 36.00 57.30 65.10 50.40 39.90 ModeDB # name clock horizontal timing vertical timing flags "640x480" 25 640 672 768 800 480 490 492 525 "800x600" 36 800 840 912 1024 600 600 602 625 "1024x768i" 45 1024 1048 1224 1264 768 768 776 816 Interlace
. , , . , . , ! , , , setup, Xconfig , , - , , Microsoft.
, PS/2, , Acer, Linux. . "" :
man Xconfig
. , , . vga256. .
. Word for Windows - , . , . Trident 8900 1024*1024. , , , S3 2 .
. .
, X-. , , ? . :
, X- ( ) 800 600.
, . man, , , .
. , , . . , , " " . "" Xconfig Clocks ( ) :
X -probeonly
, Xconfig. , . , . 90 MHz. . .
, "" .
? , , , - ? ?
, . . -, , - . , , , . , , . , Sun DEC ? , 70 , 30 !
, , "" . , .
? ! :
) ;
) .
X-windows . .
, . . /usr/X11/lib/X11/etc. - modeDB.txt. :
cat modeDB.txt | less
( . cat - , less , , README).
, Linux , :
# Monitor: Seiko CM 1440
# Contributor: Jeff Jennings [jennings@stortek.com] # Last Edit Date: 12/9/91 # # name clock horizontal timing vertical timing flags "1024x768i" 45 1024 1064 1224 1264 768 777 785 817 Interlace "1152x900i" 45 1152 1184 1288 1360 900 898 929 939 Interlace
, Xconfig . - !
, . 4, , . , , . . , Multisync, . "", . ( /usr/X11/lib/X11/etc/README.Config. , Videomodes.doc, . , /usr/doc/faq/howto. :
zcat < > | less
( zcat
).
? | VESA? | ||||
640x480 | 60Hz | 31.5k | 25.175M | ||
640x480 | 60Hz | 31.5k | 25.175M | ||
640x480 | 63Hz | 32.8k | 28.322M | ||
640x480 | 70Hz | 36.5k | 31.5M | ||
640x480 | 72Hz | 37.9k | 31.5M | ||
800x600 | 56Hz | 35.1k | 36.0M | ||
800x600 | 56Hz | 35.4k | 36.0M | ||
800x600 | 60Hz | 37.9k | 40.0M | ||
800x600 | 60Hz | 37.9k | 40.0M | ||
800x600 | 72Hz | 48.0k | 50.0M | ||
1024x768i | 43.5Hz | 35.5k | 44.9M | ||
1024x768 | 60Hz | 48.4k | 65.0M | ||
1024x768 | 60Hz | 48.4k | 62.0M | ||
1024x768 | 70Hz | 56.5k | 75.0M | ||
1024x768 | 70Hz | 56.25k | 72.0M | ||
1024x768 | 76Hz | 62.5k | 85.0M | ||
1280x1024i | 44Hz | 51kHz | 80.0M | ||
1280x1024i | 44Hz | 47.6k | 75.0M | ||
1280x1024 | 59Hz | 63.6k | 110.0M | ||
1280x1024 | 61Hz | 64.24k | 110.0M | ||
1280x1024 | 74Hz | 78.85k | 135.0M |
, . Xwindow openwin startx. . . . , , , . , , MS Windows Close, Restore, Kill .
X-window, , MS Windows. , !
, X-Windows - . xcyr. , .
. - Linux . , Linux - - Setup (Remap your keyboard), ( -):
loadkeys /usr/lib/kbd/keytables/russian.map
mapscrn koi2alt setfont Cyr_a8x16 printf "\033(K" echo <Alt>
, 1.2.13 Slackware cyr1, - , , X-Window, Postscript -, .
, , . , , .
, , Linux Documentation Project - System Administration Guide. , Linux , Internet .
UNIX- Linux , . 1 , . - -1840 -2!
BIOS , , . , , . , BIOS ( ). - (Master Boot Record - MBR).
( 512 ), . , -.
. 512 , . , Linux , .
. . MBR (partition table), , , , , . ( - !), . : .
. , , (, ). - LILO (Linux Loader), , , .
LILO, , ( Linux), .
, . LILO Linux, , , , " ".
, LILO , bootlin bootactv .
, , . , :
, . , , , :
Uncompressing Linux.....
, SVGA-. , , , 100 40 . ? , 80*25. , 80- , , 132-"" ! , , , .
Linux , ( , , ) . , . /bin/dmesg . , , .
, , :
Console: colour EGA+ 80x25, 8 virtual consoles
Serial driver version 3.99a with no serial options enabled tty00 at 0x03f8 (irq = 4) is a 16450 tty01 at 0x02f8 (irq = 3) is a 16450 tty02 at 0x03e8 (irq = 4) is a 16550A lp_init: lp1 exists, using polling driver snd2 <SoundBlaster Pro 4.5> at 0x220 irq 10 drq 1 snd6 <SoundBlaster 16 4.5> at 0x220 irq 10 drq 5 snd7 <SoundBlaster MPU-401> at 0x330 irq 10 drq 0 snd1 <Yamaha OPL-3 FM> at 0x388 irq 0 drq 0 Sony I/F CDROM : SONY CD-ROM CDU33A Rev 1.0d with tray load mechanism using 16384 byte buffer, capable of audio playback Calibrating delay loop.. ok - 7.98 BogoMips Memory: 6992k/8192k available (532k kernel code, 384k reserved, 284k data) Floppy drive(s): fd0 is unknown type 0, fd1 is 1.44M Swansea University Computer Society Net2Debugged [1.30] IP Protocols: ICMP, UDP, TCP PPP: version 0.1.2 (4 channels) TCP compression code copyright 1989 Regents of the University of California PPP line discipline registered. SLIP: version 0.7.5 (4 channels) CSLIP: code copyright 1989 Regents of the University of California Linux version 1.0.8 (root@mntr) #3 Sun Nov 13 21:19:51 boot ibcs init 1994 Partition check: hda: hda1 hda2 hdb: hdb1 < hdb5 > hdb2 hdb3 hdb4 VFS: Mounted root (ext2 filesystem) readonly.
! Linux . , Sound Blaster IRQ7, - IRQ10 ! . , Zyxel 9600.
, , , Linux . ! , , . , , !
. root filesystem ( ). rdev).
, , . , , Linux ( - panic mode) " ".
/etc/init (PID=1), /etc/inittab, , - /etc/rc. ( ), , . , - /etc/rc.
, , . /etc/inittab:
# ( 5).
id:5:initdefault: # si:S:sysinit:/etc/rc.d/rc.S # su:S:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc.K # rc:123456:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc.M # ca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t3 -rf now # ( # ) pf::powerfail:/sbin/shutdown -f +5 "THE POWER IS FAILING" # , pg:0123456:powerokwait:/sbin/shutdown -c "THE POWER IS BACK" # - # ( 5) ps:S:powerokwait:/sbin/init 5
/etc/inittab , man, :
rc.S ( ). - rc.K. , , , , (rc.M).
# /etc/rc/rc.S
# # , # rc.local PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin # #/sbin/swapon -a # swapon /dev/hdb2 # # , read-only READWRITE=no if echo -n >> "Testing filesystem status"; then rm -f "Testing filesystem status" READWRITE=yes fi # if [ ! $READWRITE = yes ]; then /sbin/fsck -A -a # # -, # if [ $? -gt 0 ] ; then echo echo echo "**************************************" echo "fsck returned error code - REBOOT NOW!" echo "**************************************" echo echo /bin/login fi # read-write echo "Remounting root device with read-write enabled." /sbin/mount -w -n -o remount / else # # read-write, # . # # cat << EOF *** Root partition has already been mounted read-write. Cannot check! For filesystem checking to work properly, your system must initially mount the root partition as read only. Please modify your kernel with 'rdev' so that it does this. If you're booting with LILO, type: rdev -R /vmlinuz 1 (^^^^^^^^ ... or whatever your kernel name is.) If you boot from a kernel on a floppy disk, put it in the drive and type: rdev -R /dev/fd0 1 This will fix the problem *AND* eliminate this annoying message. :^) EOF sleep 10 fi # , /bin/rm -f /etc/mtab* /etc/nologin /etc/utmp # . cat /dev/null >> /etc/utmp # , /etc/fstab # NFS, TCP/IP /sbin/mount -avt nonfs # if [ -x /sbin/clock ]; then /sbin/clock -s fi # /etc/issue /etc/motd # , # (/etc/issue) " " (/etc/motd) # # # . , # , . echo > /etc/issue echo Welcome to Linux `/bin/uname -a | /bin/cut -d\ -f3`. >> /etc/issue echo >> /etc/issue echo "`/bin/uname -a | /bin/cut -d\ -f1,3`. (Posix)." > /etc/motd # # , # . , # , # . # # . #/bin/sh /etc/rc.d/rc.serial # named # rc.S
#! /bin/sh
# # # echo "Going multiuser..." # update /sbin/update & # ( ) /bin/setterm -blank 15 # if [ -x /etc/rc.d/rc.inet1 ]; then /bin/hostname vvv # /bin/domainname rinet.ru # /bin/sh /etc/rc.d/rc.inet1 # /bin/sh /etc/rc.d/rc.inet2 else /sbin/hostname_notcp vvv # TCP/IP /bin/domainname rinet.ru echo echo "Since you don't have TCP/IP installed, syslogd will complain when it first" echo "starts. The warning can be ignored." echo /usr/sbin/syslogd /usr/sbin/klogd /usr/sbin/lpd /usr/sbin/crond fi # /bin/rm -f /usr/spool/locks/* /usr/spool/uucp/LCK..* /tmp/.X*lock 1> /dev/null 2> /dev/null # if [ -r /tmp/hunt -o -r /tmp/hunt.stats ]; then echo "Removing your stale hunt sockets from /tmp..." /bin/rm -f /tmp/hunt* fi # /sbin/ldconfig # , /etc/rc.d/rc.local # rc.M
, inittab , Linux- host-. .
, - (, ) - ! - - rc.local. , - , rc.local - .
, UNIX- . , .
, - . , UNIX- , . . .
, Linux -, , , (, , , ). , - - !
! Linux - , , , , . , (, MetalBase 5.0) - !
. Linux /bin/shutdown. , ?
, " "-Ctrl-Alt-Del. , .
, ( , ) , , root ( root, /root ),
shutdown -q now
, now ( ) . , ( Release 2 Release 3) shutdown , , , UNIX- , . - Release 4 , .
, shutdown , . , , . , , shutdown : " 8 ".
shutdown? /etc/shutdown.rc. , - ( root) " " "" ( !). , , . Reset .
, reboot, shutdown, , .
, , . , , (panic mode) . , , Reset. , , fsck ( ) . ( SAG ), update , , .
, sync, , . , , -, shutdown. , , clean filesystem ext2fs ( [1]) , fsck .
"" .
. sync- , , . , / .
. , , , .
( demon daemon- !) , . DOOM, "Disk And Execution MONitor". , , , , - . , ( , ). - , LPR LPD. LPR , .
, - , . , . ( , ), , . , .
, UNIX- . /etc/update - ( sync) .
, ps -ax ( , , ). syslogd crond. , , , , ...... , - .
, man . , . , - , - . , , . - , man man - man.
, , . UNIX- , , FTP- BBS, ( ).
, ( , , ). " ", " ..." . .
. (), . getty:
uugetty - ( );
uugetty_ps - , , - ( ) --;
mgetty - , .
login:
LOG IN ( - " "). , , , . , /etc/passwd .
getty /etc/nologin ( , ) ! shutdown . - . . , . !
, " " . , , MS-DOS CP/M, UNIX. " " , , , . Microsoft - MS-DOS . . ( Linux) ls. , -l, :
rw-rw-rw- 1 vovka root 4067 Nov 5 13:12 caterpillar.tar.z
? , , . (1) , . (vovka), , , (root). - , . , DOS , UNIX - ( . , , . , , .tar- , .z gzip. gunzip, tar. .tgz- tar -..).
, . ( , , /). , : , . (r) , - (w) (x). , , -. .
( , , root) . , , " ".
, ( - , UNIX) . , -, (shell). -? x . , UNIX-, ...
. ( JOE, ) , . :
ksh myscript
, . , (, !). chmod. :
chmod {a,u,g,o} {+|-} {r,w,x} < >
(a-, u- , g-, , o- ). , , .
, -, , , . , , , . , :
chmod u+rwx prettysript
chmod g+rx prettyscript chmod o+x prettyscript
---! -- , -- ? !
, . chmod , UNIX-, . , UNIX Digital, Intel , ( , , , 0 7). , . chmod .
, :
chmod 751 prettyscript
? ,
, " ". :
u7 g5 o1
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
r w x r w x r w x
, :
. , , " 640", , chmod 640 < >.
- , "". , - . - , . , ?
- . . (root), , , , BBS RoCat (Roman Catacombs- LinuxWare 1.0). . , ( - , mv -- DOS- , ln, ), BBS BBS.
, ! ? ? - ?
, . chown, , . chgrp. UNIX .
- . - , . - "others".
. , - , . . (account), -, , .
, , UNIX- , , , .
, . . (, ). , "" .
, , ( ), . , , .
/etc/group, . .
UNIX . -, , , ( -- /etc/passwd).
ASCII-, vi Emacs. UNIX, passwd , . :
vovka:Xv75fs1Z521:102:0:Vladimir Vodolazkiy:/home/vovka:/bin/tcsh
-vovka, . , . , /etc/passwd , , . , -, . . , /etc/passwd. - . , , , .
, Linux-.
. -, /etc/passwd. adduser, /etc/passwd. . -, , , , " " ( , !). , - . , , , . , /bin/sh- - !
groupadd. , . adduser GID (group ID). , adduser , .
? ( - ) ! , , !
. *. (, , , , ).
adduser, , : vovka::102... , (root) !
, . , , , "" , - . , , , .
" ", , , . , " !"
, . , , , , .
, , , , , ( ) .
, :
, . , , MYxND34MN. .
, . ( , , , ). , - . passwd ( ).
, , - ( , , , ).
, .
. . . , , - . , , ( ) a priori. , , - . , .
. , , , ( , !). , , , -, , , .
, . , , , . .
. 700, 711 755. ! , . .
- 644 600. 666, .
, , - -. CONFIG.SYS AUTOEXEC.BAT DOS, , . , 600. :
.login, .logout, .cshrc, .bashrc, .kshrc, .xinitrc, .exrc, .dbxinit,
.profile, .sunview, .mwmrc, .twmrc.
, , , . , -!
. , , , . , . , - chmod cp, .
, , . , . , . , "" 777. ! , . .
, , UNIX. , DOS UNIX. , , . , , - man ( ), info ( ), FAQ, UNIX.
- . , " ". , , - MS Word. , , Linux , Windows.
, Linux . , , /, . " " IBM PC , Linux /dev/lp0 - /dev/lp3.
- . , . , -, UNIX , mknod, -, - 6 0 3 .
mknod , Linux ( /):
mknod /dev/lp0 c 6 0 (0x3BC)
mknod /dev/lp1 c 6 1 (0x378)
mknod /dev/lp2 c 6 2 (0x278)
mknod /dev/lp3 c 6 3 (0x......)
! , IBM PC 0x378, /dev/lp0, /dev/lp1. "" DOS "" UNIX, . ?
. -, DOS sysinfo MSD, -, " " , :
ls -l > /dev/lp0
lp0 :
. , "" :
This is 1 line
This is 2 line This is 3 line
, DOS - <CR> (0x13) <LF> (0x10). UNIX - <LF>.
- <CR> <LF> - . , , Linux. DOS, -, . , , , , UNIX.
. ,
, . , SCSI . -, , UNIX-. SCSI , Linux. - FDD-, DOS Windows. , , - 120-250 , - 150$, 250 15$.
Linux , BBS, . BBS Roman CATacombs - ROCAT, CD-ROM TAE Linuxware 1.0 Internet : ......................... .
. , . , " " . - - , , .
, Trans-Ameritech Enterprises. .
Linux 1993 . , , .
:
ARCHIVE_ DOS_WIN_ - BBS. . , , TIFF- , DOS Windows, LHARC ARJ, , shareware- .
BSD386 - BSD386, Linux. , , , , , . , . BSD386 Linux.
KERNELS - - CD-ROM CDU31A , Creative (Panasonnic).
LINUX - . : PACKAGES, "" SLS- SOURCES, UNIX. , , , .
LIVE102 - " ". , CD-ROM , CD-ROM.
LIVE_99P - ,
PICTURES - BMP GIF .
SLACKWAR SLS103 - Linux. , . , .
SOUNDS - , WAV ROL .
, , , - . , KERNELS ( , , ). Linux , . DOS Windows . , , TIFF:
Directory MSDOS/TIFF/
Filename Type Length Date Description ============================================== DTIFF.ZIP B 194039 900502 Displays TIFF files on screen, uses TACS DVTIF1.ZIP B 15198 900416 TIFF reader:PACKBITS compr/uncomp C src, ALDUS TACS40.ZIP B 116888 900425 TIFF Access/Create System - C source, TIFF 4.0 TFTOOL.ZIP B 62503 900416 TIFF toolkit developer package C source, ALDUS TIFF_50.ZIP B 51127 891209 Tagged Image File Format specs, v5.0 TIFFAX.ZIP B 41572 900416 TIFF FAX format definition/example, ALDUS
, DOS? Linux. , - Linux Volume 2.
1994 , Linux.
FreeBSD, BSD_USR_ ("" ), FREEBSD_ ( ) UPDATE_B, "" .
Linux. , TAE , BOOT. , Linux, , ISO9600 (CD-ROM). -, , . Install. rawrite.exe ( -h).
SLACKWA0 SLACKWA1. , . Linux - . ( ) , - ( ), . () , .
, SLACKWA1. , , "" - , , . EXTRA:
BASH_BIN - ;
DOSEMU - MS-DOS ( MS-DOS PC, . , . Simcity , F-19 !)
GAMES - , UNIX-: MultiUser Dungeons (MUD). , . . Internet-!
GRAPHICS - - TIFF, TGA, JPEG MPEG.
MATH - Gnuplot 3.5, ( ) SVGA-. BoeingGraph Harvard Graphics. , Unix.
POSTGRES - , Ingress. , Progress! Postgress , shell-, . . , , . Internet Postgress X-window TCL/TK.
SERIAL - . getty - , , . - mgetty, Linux- , , ( Postscript). , ! , mgetty 2 US Robotics 14400 Sportster Worldport . USR 28800 !
SECURITY - UNIX-. , , . /etc/passwd .
SOUND - , . , . , - , . , MIDI, WAV, MOD AU ( Sun) , , "" . -.
TERMINAL - , ( ) . , /etc/termcap .
X11 - X-Window. : ANDREW - , EMAX, ; FTPTOOL - FTP X-Window; XFRACT - , , !
, , XGopher - Gopher- Internet. " " . bmail for DOS, UNIX-. .
, " " LIVE. . ( JE_0_9). . , READ. .
, SRC. , . X-Window (Release 5), X-, X-. X.
- Release 3 , Release 4. , . ! Release 3 1994 Supplement, .
ARCHIVES - , - Andrew 6.1 . , , 19 . , - MS Windows 3.1 X-Window.
BOOT - , , .
DEBIAN - , Linux , . Debian - , .
DOCS - . 25 , . , , Linux PCI .
EXTRA - . :
BOGO-1.2 - . "" BogoMIPS, .
EBBS - BBS Linux. Zmodem ( ) IRC (Internet Relay Chat).
EFAX - . XWindows. Delrina WinFax Pro.
IMAGEMAG - ImageMagic, . , PC, Macintosh Sun.
IMAZE - XWindows . Wolfenstein, . , , . ,
LINUXDOC.1 - , ( - Linux Documentation Project - LDP). , , , , groff tex. HTML SGML.
PLAN - X-Window. , Lotus Organizer, !
RIP - . BBS, . - "", , , 8 .
WINE9606 - MS Windows, 1994 . , , 30% API. !
, Wine, , , .
XDOS0.4A - , DOS, X-Window. ( !) XMS-.
JE - Linux. , , . ?
LEMACS-1.10 - Lucid GNU Enacs. EMACS. Multi-Edit, EMACS -. , , , , . , EMACS .
MIT - , SCO UNIX. , .
MOTIF - , Motif, X-Window. , , . , . , - !
RR_MOVED - . X- , . , . (386 DX-40, 8 ), , , . , make, . - nice. , .
SECURITY - R* (rlogin, rshell ..), Linux .
SLS, SLACKWAR 111, SLACKWAR 122 - .
USR, LIB - "" .
WORDS - "". , . , UNIX , Linux.
XC - X-Window Release 6. , UNIX- Release 4, X- Release 5. , TAE !
Trans-Ameritech Enterprises Interim Release 1994 . , Release 4. , , .
. ! -, Flagship. ( ). Flagship , , Clipper Linux! , , .
MOTIF. , . . , , , MOTIF .
SQL - - SQL- - Just Logic SQL. DOS/Windows, OS/2 Linux. , , "" .
, Slackware 2.0, , "" . "", , . , . "" , Linux- (gateway) Internet.
, 1994 Release 4. , " ", , Linux FreeBSD. , , InterView - , X-window.
, "". -
EXTRAS :
CALC2.9 - . Sharp Citizen, Basic. .
IRSIM - p- nMop .
JAZZ-1.0 - DOS Windows . MIDI-, , , . , .
SAMBA - , inetd, . SMB (Session Message Block), SMB- , DOS-UNIX . Linux Windows-, . , . Linux , Postscript-, , Postscript - . , Postscript . - Linux - !
FIPS.DOC, FIPS.EXE - \extras DOS, , . Partitition table ! , , .
"" . , . , \SLACKWAR\CONTRIB, :
ANDREW-D - Andrew , D , , Development. AUIS - Andrew User Interface System, , ( Andrew /);
GCC-2.6 - : , ++ Objective C;
GNAT-1.82 - . , , . , , -, , -, , . , . !
LINUX-X- - , ... DOOM I for X-Window. , ? DOOM II, , . - . 80386-DX40, 8 X- .
SLACKWAR.000. : .\CONTRIB \EXTRA-ST. .
GNU-GNAT - . , -79 -82;
GNU-GPC - Gnu Pascal Compiler;
IRCII - Internet Relay Chat. , , , ;
MBASE - MetalBase 5.0 5.1. , (ncurses), . DOS, Sun, Next, Amiga 500.
MC - MouseLess Commander. ! , Norton Commander.
SAMBA - SMB.
SEEJPEG - JPEG, GIF, PPM TARGA. -.
SMAIL - SendMail 3.1.
"" \EXTRA-ST :
APPLE-II - Apple-II. - "" ;
BSD-SEND - SendMail, BSD;
CPM-80-E - Z80 CP/M. BDOS.
DOS-EMUL - MS-DOS;
GNU - , GNU;
GNU-FING 37 - finger 1.37, Internet;
IBCS2-EM - IBCS2, Linux , SCO Unix SVR4. .
MMDF - Mail Delivery Agent,
.
TAE Linux, . "volume" "release" LinuxWare 1.0, 1995 .
, MS Windows. , -, . -, TAE DVI-, Windows. Linux, !
, . \extras:
1BBS - BBS,
( -);
AUDIO - "" Linux ( Internet ) - , . , ;
GOPHER - Internet (, Internet?);
IBCS2 - ,
Wyse;
LSMTOOL - , LSM- ( Linux-);
MODULES - (" ");
NV - . ;
PCMCIA - Linux "" notebook. PCMCIA;
PPIC - ;
ROCAT - BBS, , . , , . .
SVGAFFT - , . Sound Blaster, - VGA/SVGA-. .
SVGALIB - X-Window. , DOOM .
PV-Wave - .
TCPDUMP - .
Wine - MS Windows.
X311 - XFree86 ( , ).
XGROK - X-window.
Caldera Linux. 1.2.13 Caldera Desktop 1.0, . Caldera - Kronverk Ltd. (0812) e-mail: bravo@ ...... . , .
- 99 USD.
-
CD-ROM, Linux . , - !
Linux 1.2.8, , .
, Linux . - . " UNIX" CD-ROM , - - , . Linux , , . .
Linux CD-ROM - 1996 . "" ( 198903, , / 77, e-mail: info@usoft.spb.su) - . Linux-, " " - "", , , . - Linux', . .
Linux 1.2.13, - RedHat 2.1 Slackware 3.0. , .
" ":
Apps Various Applications for Linux
DOS-TeX TeX for DOS
Hurd GNU Hurd Operating System
Mach Mach Microkernel
PS PostScript Code
RedHat RedHat Linux Distrbution
Russian Russian Fonts, Texts, etc.
TeX TeX documention
WWW Mirror of various WWW sites
dists Directory for BSD installation
dosutils Various DOS programs for RedHat and Slackware Installation
floppies Directory for BSD installation
freebsd.doc BSD Documentation
linux.doc Generic Linux documentation
redhat.doc RedHat Linux documentation
slakinst For Slackware installation
slack.doc Slackware documentation
slakware Slackware distribution
source
Linux sources (from Slackware distribution)
Last-modified: Thu, 27 Nov 1997 11:09:06 GMT