, . : " , ! . , , , , . , . !" , . , , , . , , , , , . , , . , , , , : , -- . , , . , , , , . , , . , , , , , , , -- , , . ? , , , . , , , , , . , , , , , . , , : , . , , -- -- , . , , , . , . , -- , , . , , , . , , ; , , , , , . , " " . , . , , , , (), , . 1 1. , , " " " " , -- . , , , : . ? ? ? , , . 2. , (, , , ) , . , . , , . , , . 3. -- -- , , , , , . -- , , , , . , , , (, -) , , . 4. , (. Grinder and Elgin, . 6, 7. 1972), , . . 5. , , : . , , -- , : -- -- . , . . 6. , , - 7. .. . , . 8. , . , , , , , . , , , , -- .  2 . , . : " . , , , . , , , . , , , , . , , " (Eduard Sapir. Culture. Language and personalie by D.Mandelboum ). , , , . , , . -, ; , , , . , , , , , . , , , , 1 ". {Siobin Psicho Ciguistics. Scoll. Foreman I CO. 197I, cmp.55). , -- , , . , , . . , , . -- . , , , , . , , . . , , , . , , , , , -- . , (). , , .[4] , , , , : (1) Colorless green ideas sleep furiously (2) Furiously sleep ideas green colorless ( ) , , , , , . , , . , , , , . , , , , , . , . , , , , . - , , , , . , . . , , , , , , , . 1 , : , -- , , . , . , , , , , . , , , , , . , , , , . , , , " . , , , -- : , - . I. . , , . : (3) . (4) . (5) . : , , ; (4) , , ; (5) , . . , , . , (6) The Guru of Ben Lomod thought Posemary was It the controls The Guru. , Guru of -- . . , The guru of Ben Lomond , a of Ben Lomond was . III. . . 1. . , , . , "" , . "" , , , , . 2. . , , , : (7) Investigating FBI agents can be dangerous. ( ) (8)Maxme took Max's shirt off. ( ) . (7) : (9) , , , (10) . (8) , , . 3. . , . (11) Sandy looked up the number (12)Sandy looked the number up ( ) 4. . , - , , , " ", : "". , , , , " " (13)Jimksor changed himself . 5. . , , , . , , (14) , , , (15) . , , . , , , , . , , , . , . , , , , ( ), , , ( ). , (16)The woman bought a truck. ( ) , , , The woman bought a truck. () () () The woman bought a truck. () ( ) , , , , (, , the "woman") , : , , , . (), , : The Ionian bough woman . , , , , ), , - . : 1 . , , , : , , , - . ( ), , . , . ? -- () - ( ), . , , : (17)The woman bought a truck. ( ) (l8)The truck was bought by the woman. ( ) , , , , , . , , . -- , . , . (17) (18), , . , The woman the truck . : 1 - 2 (the woman) (bought the truck) 2 + + 1 the truck was bought (by the woman) () " ". , , , (17) (18), . (19). Susan followed Sam ( ) . Sam was followed by Susan. ( ) (20). The lapewonn ate the president ( ) . The president was eaten by the tapeworm . (21). The bee touched the flower. 6. The flower was touched by the bcc. , , , : , (6), (). , : (22)a, Timothy thought that Rosemary was guiding the spaceship. 6. The spaceship was thought Timothy to been guided by Rosemary ( , ) , . , , . , , , , -- , . , , , , . , -- , , . , : , ( ) , , (). ( , ), , . . . , : (23). I want Borsch. . Borch, I want. . . 6. . (24)a. It is easy to scare Barry. 6. Barry is easy to scare. . . . (25). George gave Martha an apple. . George gave an apple to Martha. . . . . (26). Writing this sentence is easy. 6. It easy to write this sentence. . . . . , . . -- : . : (28). Elene talked to someone a great deal. 6. Elene talked a great deal. . - . . . () (28) ( to someone). , , . : X Y Elene talked to someone a great deal X Y Elene talked a great deal X Y -- , . : (29). . . . (30) - . . . (31). - . . . , - , -, , . -- , , . : - . . - . . - . ( -, -, -), : . . , (to the store). . . , , to the store, , , , . , , , : -- -- ; -- - -- . , , -- . , , , , -- , -- , , -- . , , () () : (32). , . . . (33). , . . . (34). , . . . , , , , . : -- ; -- ; -- , . , , , : (32). . .(33) . . (34). . , ,[5] : (32). . (33). . (34). . , , , , . , , , , , , . , , , . , , , , : ( ) ( ). , , , , , -- . . , , . , , , . . , , , . , , , - . , . : (35). - . . . (36). . . , (35) (6) , , , (); (36) () , , . , , : , - , . , , , , , , , , . , , , i: , . , " ", " ", " ", " ".... , , "-", "-", ", - " (" "), " , ". , , , . -- . , . , , . , , , : (37) , -- , , , . , : (38) , , , , . , "". (39) , . , , , , , , , , , . , , - , . OP . , , , . , , , . , (), , . , , . , . , , ." (Winogrud, Undestanding Natural Language, p.16 in Cognitive Psichology, Vei. 3, V/, Jan. 1972) , , , . () -- , , , . . , , . :  . -- , , , , , , . , , . , , , , -- : ( ) I 2 3 : 1 ,  1 2 ,  3 , , . . --