- RFC1180 T.Socolofsky and C.Kale
http://www.alcpress.com/rfc/tcpip/rfc1180.htm
: .., ..
1. ....................................................... 1
2. TCP/IP .................................................. 1
2.1. IP ..................... 1
2.2. ........................ 2
2.3. ................................................. 3
2.4. ................................................ 3
2.5. ................... 5
3. Ethernet ....................................................... 6
3.1. ........................................ 7
4. ARP ................................................... 7
4.1. ARP- ....................... 8
4.2. ............................... 8
4.3. ARP ............................... 9
4.4. ........................... 10
5. IP ......................................... 11
5.1. ......................................... 11
5.2. ...................................... 12
5.3. IP ............................ 14
5.4. IP- ..................................................... 15
5.5. ................................................. 17
5.6. ...................................................... 17
5.7. ........................ 18
5.8. ........................................................ 19
5.9. IP- ......................................... 20
5.10. ............................ 21
5.11. ................................ 22
5.12. ......................... 22
5.13. ............................. 23
6. ............................................ 25
6.1. ....................................... 25
6.2. .................................... 26
6.3. ................................... 28
6.4. ARP ................................ 30
7. UDP ................................................... 32
7.1. ........................................................ 33
7.2. ..................................... 33
8. TCP ................................................... 34
9. ................................... 35
9.1. TELNET .............................................. 36
9.2. FTP ................................................. 37
9.3. SMTP ................................................ 37
9.4. r- .................................................... 37
9.5. NFS .......................................................... 38
9.6. SNMP ................................................ 38
9.7. X-Window ..................................................... 38
10. TCP/IP ................. 39
1. RFC ................................. 40
2. TCP/IP ............... 75
-- 11 --
TCP/IP
Internet. Internet
,
Ethernet Token Ring, NSFNET. -
.
, .
TCP/IP RFC (Requests For Comments)
- ,
(Network Information Center - NIC). 1
RFC, 2
TCP/IP 1991 .
, TCP/IP
UNIX. TCP/IP.
, , -
TCP/IP: -
, .
"TCP/IP" , TCP
IP. ,
. UDP, ARP, ICMP, TEL-
NET, FTP . TCP/IP - -
, internet. ,
internet, "internet". , -
internet, Internet.
TCP/IP ,
, .
. , -
(
) -
-- 22 --
. ,
. , ,
.
, -
, -
( ). -
,
, , -;
.
.
IP.
,
.
2.2.
,
TCP/IP internet,
.1. , ,
, - .
Ethernet,
; "o" - . "*" -
------------------------------
| |
| ... \ | / ... \ | / ... |
| ------- ------- |
| | TCP | | UDP | |
| ------- ------- |
| \ / |
| ------ |
| ------- | IP | |
| | ARP | -*---- |
| ------- | |
| \ | |
| -------- |
| | ENET | |
| ---@---- |
| | |
------------|-----------------
|
-------------------o--------
Ethernet
.1. TCP/IP
-- 33 --
IP-, "@" - Ethernet (Ethernet-).
internet. .
, -
.
- ,
. - , , -
.
, , ,
,
TCP/IP.
, , ,
. ,
, ;
IP, IP-;
- IP UDP, - UDP-;
IP TCP, - TCP- ( -
); ,
, .
, , .
.
RFC-1122, 1.3.3.
, , -
.1. TCP (Transmission Con-
trol Protocol - ),
TCP. ,
TCP, FTP (File Transfer Protocol -
).
FTP/TCP/IP/ENET. UDP (User Datagram Protocol
- ), -
UDP. , SNMP (Simple Network Management
Protocol - )
UDP. : SNMP/UDP/IP/ENET.
TCP, UDP Ethernet n x 1.
,
. 1 x n. -
,
(.2).
Ethernet- Ethernet,
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol -
), IP (Internet Protocol - -
). , Ethernet-, -
.
IP- IP,
TCP, UDP,
"" IP-.
UDP- UDP,
"" ,
. TCP-
TCP, ,
, "" -
TCP-.
,
. ,
, , -
.
1 2 3 .... n | 1 2 3 .... n ^
\ | | / | \ | | / |
----------------- -------------------
| | | |
----------------- | ------------------- |
| | ^ |
v V | |
1 1
.2. n x 1 1 x n
-- 55 --
TCP UDP,
IP - -
.
internet
, Ethernet,
IP-.
.1 Ethernet.
Ethernet- -
.
IP-.
IP . IP- -
Internet.
IP- Ethernet-.
2.5.
-
. .3 Eth-
ernet. , 2 Ethernet- 2 IP-.
,
IP n x m -
m x n (.4).
---------------------------------
| |
| ... \ | / .... \ | / ... |
| ------- ------- |
| | TCP | | UDP | |
| ------- ------- |
| \ / |
| ------ |
| ------- | IP | ------- |
| | ARP | -*--*- | ARP | |
| ------- | | ------- |
| \ | | / |
| -------- -------- |
| | ENET | | ENET | |
| ---@---- ---@---- |
| | | |
----------|---------|------------
| |
| ---o---------------
--------------o---- Ethernet 2
Ethernet 1
.3. TCP/IP
-- 66 --
1 2 3 .... n | 1 2 3 ...... n ^
\ | | / | \ | | / |
----------------- -------------------
| | | |
----------------- | ------------------- |
/ | | ... \ V / | | ..... \ |
1 2 3 m 1 2 3 m
.4. n x m m x n
,
. IP ,
, .
.
IP-. , -
, . [1]
.5,
TCP UDP. TCP UDP.
Ethernet.
Ethernet , ,
. Ethernet - 6 .
Ethernet-. , -
------- -------
| TCP | | UDP |
------- -------
\ /
----------
| |
| IP |
| ____ |
| / \ |
----------
/ \
.5. IP
____________________
[1] TCP/IP (gateway) IP-
(IP-router) . -
"".
, Ethernet-,
Ethernet- "FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF" ( 16- ), -
"", .
Ethernet / (
). / ,
,
, -
. , -
, ()
.
Ethernet
. -
.
( ).
(
), , .
, (.. ).
, - .
, ,
( ).
, . -
, , , ,
. (
Ethernet-). , - ,
, , , , "
, , ... -- ..." - ,
: " , , ... -- ..." (-
).
, IP- -
Ethernet- . IP- Ethernet-
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol -
). IP-,
IP Ethernet.
. -
, ARP-,
. IP- Ethernet-.
IP- Ethernet-,
IP-. ARP-
.
---------------------------------------------
| IP- Ethernet- |
---------------------------------------------
| 223.1.2.1 08:00:39:00:2F:C3 |
| 223.1.2.3 08:00:5A:21:A7:22 |
| 223.1.2.4 08:00:10:99:AC:54 |
---------------------------------------------
.1. ARP-
4- IP- -
, . 6- Ethernet-
16- .
ARP- , IP- Ethernet- -
, -
. IP-
internet. internet,
IP- . Ethernet-
. -
, Ethernet-.
, TELNET, -
, TCP.
TCP IP.
IP-,
Ethernet. IP- ,
TCP IP. Ethernet-
. Ethernet-
ARP-.
ARP-? -
ARP, . ARP-
IP-, :
1) ARP-.
2) IP- .
.
Ethernet Ethernet- -
ARP- ARP. ARP- : "
IP- , Ethernet-".
ARP- :
-----------------------------------------------------------
| IP- 223.1.2.1 |
| Ethernet- 08:00:39:00:2F:C3 |
-----------------------------------------------------------
| IP- 223.1.2.2 |
| Ethernet- <> |
-----------------------------------------------------------
.2. ARP-
ARP IP-
ARP- , IP-, -
Ethernet- . ARP-
: ", IP-, -
Ethernet-". ARP- :
-----------------------------------------------------------
| IP- 223.1.2.2 |
| Ethernet- 08:00:28:00:38:A9 |
-----------------------------------------------------------
| IP- 223.1.2.1 |
| Ethernet- 08:00:39:00:2F:C3 |
-----------------------------------------------------------
.3. ARP-
, ARP-.
Ethernet- ARP-
ARP. ARP ARP- ARP-
.
:
---------------------------------------------
| IP- Ethernet- |
---------------------------------------------
| 223.1.2.1 08:00:39:00:2F:C3 |
| 223.1.2.2 08:00:28:00:38:A9 |
| 223.1.2.3 08:00:5A:21:A7:22 |
| 223.1.2.4 08:00:10:99:AC:54 |
---------------------------------------------
.4. ARP-
4.4.
ARP- , -
, . ,
2 IP- .
ARP- IP-
Ethernet-, Ethernet- .
:
1) ARP-.
2) IP- .
3) ARP-, IP-
Ethernet-. ARP-.
4) IP- Ethernet- IP-, -
, ARP-.
5) Ethernet- Ethernet.
, ARP- -
, IP- , -
ARP, IP- .
IP-, ARP-
ARP-. IP IP-,
. -
Ethernet -
IP-.
IP ARP IP-
, ARP-. IP- -
, TCP -
, UDP.
.
, ARP-.
, ARP-
.
IP internet, -
IP . IP
IP-. -
.
.
, ,
. -
IP-.
.6 IP-, 3 : A, B C.
TCP/IP .1.
Ethernet-. -
IP-.
A B C
| | |
--------------o------o------o------
Ethernet 1
IP- "development"
.6. IP-
A IP- B, IP-
IP- A, Ethernet-
Ethernet- A. , IP-
IP- B, Ethernet- -
Ethernet- B.
-----------------------------------------------------
| |
-----------------------------------------------------
| IP- A B |
| Ethernet- A B |
-----------------------------------------------------
.5. Ethernet-, IP- A B
IP ,
, Ethernet.
IP , -
IP-. B IP IP-
A, IP- ,
, .
A B -
.
.7 internet.
internet Ethernet, -
IP-, D. IP-
; IP- Ethernet-
.
----- D -------
A B C | | | E F G
| | | | | | | | |
----o-----o-----o-----o-- | --o-----o-----o-----o---
Ethernet 1 | Ethernet 2
IP- "development" | IP- "accounting"
|
| H I J
| | | |
--o----o-----o-----o----------
Ethernet 3
IP- "fuctory"
.7. internet, IP-
D , -
.1. D , ,
IP- Ethernet-. D
TCP/IP, , .3, ARP
, ARP Ethernet.
, D IP.
Ethernet ,
IP- . .7 IP- ,
.
A IP- B,
. , -
IP-, ,
.
D A, -
. D E, -
. D H,
. ,
IP-.
, A ,
IP-, . A
D IP- IP-.
"".
IP- IP -
TCP, UDP .
A E IP-, IP- Ethernet-
A. IP-
E, IP A IP- D,
Ethernet- D.
----------------------------------------------------
| |
----------------------------------------------------
| IP- A E |
| Ethernet- A D |
----------------------------------------------------
.6. Ethernet-, IP- A E
( D)
IP D IP- IP-
. , IP-, D
IP- E.
----------------------------------------------------
| |
----------------------------------------------------
| IP- A E |
| Ethernet- D E |
----------------------------------------------------
.7. Ethernet-, IP- A E
( D)
, IP- Ethernet-
, IP-, IP-
Ethernet- .
IP- Ethernet- .
internet .
,
. -
Ethernet ,
.
, ,
.
IP-, ,
IP - -
.
.
IP-, ,
IP , IP-
. IP , IP- -
, ,
IP-.
IP-
, .
, IP-
, , ARP-.
5.4. IP-
IP- ,
IP- . 4- IP- -
IP-. IP- - (-
). .1 IP- 223.1.2.1
223.1.2, - - 1. , IP-
IP , .
5 IP-,
-.
.
.8
IP- .
0 8 16 24 31
---------------------------------------------------
A |0| | |
---------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------
B |10| | |
---------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------
C |110| | |
---------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------
D |1110| |
---------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------
E |11110| |
---------------------------------------------------
.8. IP-
-------------------------------------------------------
| |
| - - |
-------------------------------------------------------
| A 1 - 126 126 16777214 |
| B 128-191 16382 65534 |
| C 192-223 2097150 254 |
| D 224-239 - 2**28 |
| E 240-247 - 2**27 |
-------------------------------------------------------
.8.
A
. .
B , ,
. C
. D -
, E .
IP- -.
------------------------------
| |
------------------------------
------------------------------
| | | IP-
------------------------------
------------------------------
| | | () IP-
------------------------------
------------------------------
| | () IP-
------------------------------
------------------------------
| | | IP-
------------------------------
------------------------------
| 127 | - ( 1) | ""
------------------------------
.9. IP-
.9, IP- -
, IP-, IP-,
, .
IP- IP- .
IP-, 127.
. IP- 127.0.0.1, -
"". ,
-- 1177 --
, . IP- -
IP-, 127.
TCP/IP,
. (
) DDN Network Information Center
(NIC) [2].
. ,
. -
Internet, ,
, Internet
.
,
, IP- .
.
.
, .
, 126,
C.
C B.
-
.
5.6.
internet -
- "", -
TCP/IP. IP- -
. , -
, , Ethernet.
, . -
, ,
____________________
[2] SRI International, Room EJ210, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo
Park, California 94025, USA. . 1-800-235-3155. E-mail:
NIC@NIC.DDN.MIL
C. . ,
, . -
,
,
IP-. , IP-
. -
IP- , -
IP-.
.
, , B.
TCP/IP IP-. IP- B
. IP-
. , ,
, - .
,
IP-.
. IP-
. ,
, IP- . , -
IP- , .
, ..
5.7.
, IP-,
, . .
, , Ethernet Token Ring,
.
. ,
, Ethernet, . ,
, ,
Ethernet. , -
IP-, ,
- . (
, .
,
.) ,
, , -
.
" ".
IP-.
IP-, IP-,
1, , ,
0. , TCP/IP
, . IP- B
. 256 -
, 254 .
255.255.255.0. ,
, 60 ,
255.255.255.192. 1024
62 . (, 0 " "
.)
. TCP/IP -
.
, . ,
alpha IP- 223.1.2.1.
IP- "hosts"
. , .
.
"hosts" :
223.1.2.1 alpha
223.1.2.2 beta
223.1.2.3 gamma
223.1.2.4 delta
223.1.3.2 epsilon
223.1.4.2 iota
- IP-, - .
"hosts"
. , delta ,
IP- (.11). delta
IP-. , .
delta IP- IP- ,
IP-.
IP- . IP-,
"networks" :
223.1.2 development
223.1.3 accounting
223.1.4 factory
- , - .
alpha 1 development,
beta 2 development ..
hosts ,
internet
. , , ,
delta:
223.1.2.4 devnetrouter delta
223.1.3.1 accnetrouter
223.1.4.1 facnetrouter
hosts IP- delta -
. , IP- : "dev-
netrouter" "delta", .
"delta" ,
- .
hosts networks
. inter-
net, .
IP , -
IP-? IP
. IP-, IP-
IP-.
.
,
, IP- .
IP
IP-.
"route".
, IP-.
5.10.
,
.
------------- -------------
| alpha | | beta |
| 223.1.2.1 | | 223.1.2.2 |
| 1 | | 1 |
------------- -------------
| |
------o-----------------------o-------
Ethernet 1
IP- "development"
223.1.2
.10.
alpha :
----------------------------------------------------------
| |
| |
----------------------------------------------------------
| development <> 1 |
----------------------------------------------------------
.9.
-
.
,
.
----------------------------------------------------------
| |
| |
----------------------------------------------------------
| 223.1.2 <> 1 |
----------------------------------------------------------
.10.
alpha IP- beta.
IP alpha, IP- IP- beta
(223.1.2.2). IP
IP- . -
.
,
1. ARP-
IP- Ethernet-
, 1 Ethernet- beta.
IP-,
development, IP
. IP -
IP-.
" ".
IP-,
.11.
alpha :
----------------------------------------------------------
| |
| |
----------------------------------------------------------
| development <> 1 |
| accounting devnetrouter 1 |
| factory devnetrouter 1 |
----------------------------------------------------------
.11. alpha
-------------
| delta |
------------- | 223.1.2.4 | -------------
| alpha | | 223.1.4.1 | | epsilon |
| 223.1.2.1 | | 223.1.3.1 | | 223.1.3.2 |
| 1 | | 1 2 3 | | 1 |
------------- ------------- -------------
| | | | |
------o------------------o- | -o-----------------o---------
Ethernet 1 | Ethernet 2
IP- "development" | IP- "accounting"
223.1.2 | 223.1.3
|
| -------------
| | iota |
| | 223.1.4.2 |
| | 1 |
| -------------
| |
---o----------o-------------------
Ethernet 3
IP- "factory"
223.1.4
.11.
IP- .
----------------------------------------------------------
| |
| |
----------------------------------------------------------
| 223.1.2 <> 1 |
| 223.1.3 223.1.2.4 1 |
| 223.1.4 223.1.2.4 1 |
----------------------------------------------------------
.12. alpha ( )
"" alpha IP-
delta development.
alpha IP- epsilon.
IP alpha, IP- IP-
epsilon (223.1.3.2). IP IP-
(223.1.3) . -
.
, -
devnetrouter. IP alpha
ARP-, Ethernet-, -
IP- devnetrouter. IP-, IP-
epsilon, 1 devnetrouter.
IP- delta
IP. IP- , ,
IP- delta, -
IP-.
IP delta IP-
IP- (223.1.3)
. delta :
----------------------------------------------------------
| |
| |
----------------------------------------------------------
| development <> 1 |
| accounting <> 3 |
| factory <> 2 |
----------------------------------------------------------
.13. delta
IP- .
----------------------------------------------------------
| |
| |
----------------------------------------------------------
| 223.1.2 <> 1 |
| 223.1.3 <> 3 |
| 223.1.4 <> 2 |
----------------------------------------------------------
.14. delta ( )
. IP -
IP- epsilon 3. IP-
Ethernet- epsilon.
epsilon IP-, IP IP-
. IP- epsilon, -
IP-
.
,
IP-. -
? , -
.
-
.
IP-, , -
.
-
. , UNIX IP-, -
.
ifconfig ie0 128.6.4.4 netmask 255.255.255.0
ifconfig ie1 128.6.5.35 netmask 255.255.255.0
, ,
IP-.
:
----------------------------------------------------------
| |
| |
----------------------------------------------------------
| 128.6.4 <> ie0 |
| 128.6.5 <> ie1 |
----------------------------------------------------------
.15.
, IP- 128.6.4
128.6.5 .
,
IP-. ,
route add 128.6.2.0 128.6.4.1 1
route add 128.6.6.0 128.6.5.35 0
,
. IP- ,
, IP-
, . ,
"" IP-. -
IP-.
1 IP-.
0 , - -
IP-.
, , , ,
IP- 128.6.2 128.6.4.1,
IP- 128.6.6 - ,
128.6.5.35.
---------------------------------------------------------
| |
| |
---------------------------------------------------------
| 128.6.2 128.6.4.1 ie0 |
| 128.6.6 <> ie1 |
---------------------------------------------------------
.16. ,
,
, IP- -
. IP- ,
IP- -
.
IP- , , -
, - ,
.
. (,
.)
IP-, .
.
. , - -
IP- . ,
-
, - IP-
.
, -
.
. ( UNIX "route add default
128.6.4.27 1", 128.6.4.27 IP- .) -
, IP- -
, . , IP-
, . ,
,
, ?
, ""
, IP-,
. "" -
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol - -
). -
, : " IP- XXXX
YYYY, ". TCP/IP
. ,
:
--------------------------------------------------------
| |
| |
--------------------------------------------------------
| 127.0.0 <> lo0 |
| 128.6.4 <> pe0 |
| default 128.6.4.27 pe0 |
--------------------------------------------------------
.17.
IP- 128.6.4
, 128.6.4.27. ,
128.6.4.30, IP- 128.6.7.
? , IP- IP-
128.6.7.23. IP- ,
, .
128.6.4.27 , ,
128.6.4.30. ( , . -
.)
128.6.4.27 , ,
IP- 128.6.7.23 128.6.4.30.
IP - -
:
--------------------------------------------------------
| |
| |
--------------------------------------------------------
| 128.6.7.23 128.6.4.30 pe0 |
--------------------------------------------------------
.18.
IP- 128.6.7.23
.
IP-
, . , -
?
, - . ,
, .
,
.
"" . TCP
,
. , ""
. -
.
, ,
.
,
. -
, .
internet -
.
, .
. ,
, -
.
,
. -
internet ,
.
IP- .
,
"" .
, -
. , -
. -
.
.
.
-, ,
. ,
,
.
. , -
30
. , , -
.
, ,
. , -
, .
, .
, -
, . , -
. . ,
, , -
.
ARP , -
.
,
IP- ARP .
, Ethernet.
, ARP , -
.
ARP ,
Ethernet. ARP
IP- ,
, - .
.
, ,
Ethernet.
UNIX "route add default 128.6.4.2 0",
128.6.4.2 - IP- . , 0
, IP-, , -
.
IP- Ethernet,
Ethernet- .
ARP-. ARP- , -
IP- , Ethernet-,
, IP-, . ,
ARP-. IP- -
ARP- Ethernet-.
ARP, .
ARP ,
. , 128.6.5
128.6.5.2 ( A .12). IP-
128.6.4.194, Ethernet ( B
128.6.4). IP- 128.6.5.1, -
( R).
1 2
128.6.5 128.6.4
----o----------------o--- --o---------------o--------
| | | |
------------- ------------- ---------------
| 128.6.5.2 | | 128.6.5.1 | | 128.6.4.194 |
| A | | 128.6.4.1 | | B |
------------- | R | ---------------
-------------
.12. , ARP
ARP- A B, A -
ARP- B. A : " -
Ethernet- 128.6.4.194, ". B
. Eth-
ernet ARP-. R
. R : " , IP- 128.6.4.194
Ethernet- 2:7:1:0:EB:CD", 2:7:1:0:EB:CD -
Ethernet- . ,
128.6.4.194 Ethernet,
A, Ethernet- 2:7:1:0:EB:CD. A
IP- B, Ethernet-.
, IP-, R, -
.
, , -
--------------------------------------------------------
| |
| |
--------------------------------------------------------
| 128.6.4.194 128.6.5.1 pe0 |
--------------------------------------------------------
, ARP,
IP.
, -
TCP/IP
. ARP
. :
1) IP- , ;
2) IP- , -
;
3) - ;
4)
.
ARP - .
, .
IP- ,
"route add defailt ...", UNIX.
IP-
. ARP , ..
0,
IP- ,
ARP IP- -
. ARP-.
,
, TCP/IP ARP
,
.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol -
) ,
IP. -
, , -
IP. UDP
. IP-
, , "", -
,
- " " - .
, UDP, NFS (Net-
work File System - ) SNMP (Simple Network
Management Protocol - ).
UDP -
UDP-. .
,
(), ,
. .
-.
, SNMP
161. SNMP , UDP-
161 , .
SNMP, UDP- 161.
, , -
SNMP. -
Internet.
, UDP, -
. , -
5 UDP-, -
5 . -
. UDP
, .
.
UDP IP,
, .
, , -
, , , . UDP -
Ethernet, -
, Ethernet -
. -
, UDP. -
, - -
,
.
( ),
, .
, ,
, .
. ,
,
UDP.
TCP ,
UDP. -
, -
.
TCP ,
.
.
, TCP,
FTP (File Transfer Protocol - ) TELNET.
, TCP X-Window, rcp (remote copy - -
) "r-". TCP -
. TCP
. TCP
UDP.
TCP .
. ,
TELNET 23. TELNET
, TCP- 23
.
TCP, TCP
TCP .
TCP ,
.
TCP. ;
.
TCP-, , -
TCP-.
TCP ;
. , 5
TCP-,
10 , .
,
.
.
TCP , -
.
.
, -
. ,
, .
, ,
. , -
. TCP- -
, , ,
, .
,
.
TCP UDP,
? , -
. .
, , ,
. ,
TCP. ,
UDP.
, TCP.
,
UDP.
, .
. ,
UDP, ,
. TCP, -
,
, .
TCP/IP?
.
internet. -
, TELNET FTP. : X-Window, SNMP.
. -
,
.
.
TELNET
" "
, ASCII,
(,
-, , ..) TELNET
TCP. TELNET -
( -
), , -
.
TELNET .
-
telnet delta
delta.
TELNET .
. -
. , - , ,
VAX/VMS, - UNIX System V.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol - )
TELNET.
TCP/IP. TELNET -
TCP. -
, .
FTP ,
, ,
.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol -
) ( )
internet. -
, SMTP -
.
, TCP/IP. SMTP -
, -
.
SMTP -
.
"r-" ( remote - ),
UNIX. UNIX,
. , rcp
cp
. delta
rcp file.c delta:
"cc file.c" delta
rsh:
rsh delta cc file.c
rlogin:
rlogin delta
r- ,
UNIX. MS-DOS.
.
NFS (Network File System) -
Sun Microsystems Inc. NFS
UDP -
UNIX.
- , - .
NFS . -
, NFS . , -
NFS ,
. NFS
,
, NFS-,
.
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol -
) UDP
. -
internet.
, -
.
X-Window X-Window,
TCP,
. X-Window - , -
; - -
.
TCP/IP.
FTP TELNET SMTP TFTP DNS
| | | | | | |
-------------- --------------------------
| |
TCP GGP HMP EGP UDP
| | | | |
-------------------------------
|
IP/ICMP
|
--------------------------------------
| | | |
ARPANET SATNET
.13. TCP/IP
RFC, -
1,
2.
Last-modified: Wed, 17 Mar 1999 16:31:31 GMT