        &dD××ÅÄÅÎÉÅ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÏÅ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ UNIX&d@

                                (×åòóéñ 1.15. éàîø 1997])



(C) Copyright Íáëóéí Å÷çåîøå÷éþ Íïûëï÷. 1993-1997

================   ËÏÏÒÄÉÎÁÔÙ   ===============================

Íáëóéí Å÷çåîøå÷éþ Íïûëï÷
        ÎÉÉ Óéóôåíîùè Éóóìåäï÷áîéê ÒÁÎ,
        Éîæ.óåëôïò Ïôäåìåîéñ Íáôåíáôéëé Ðòåúéäéõíá ÒÁÎ
            956-2155, 274-6329, 938-1902
            moshkow@ipsun.ras.ru        ¡ mailto:moshkow@ipsun.ras.ru
            http://www.ras.ru/~moshkow/ ¡ http://www.ras.ru/~moshkow/
.

        &dD××ÅÄÅÎÉÅ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÏÅ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ UNIX. Solaris 2.5&d@

        &dDÏÇÌÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ&d@

 Ïçìá÷ìåîéå                                             ()

 ×ëìàþåîéå óôáîãéé Sun SPARC                            ()
 Òåçéóôòáãéñ îï÷ïçï ðïìøúï÷áôåìñ                        ()
 Îáþáìï òáâïôù ÷ óéóôåíå                                ()
 Îåóëïìøëï ðòïóôåêûéè ëïíáîä Unix                       ()

 Òåäáëôïò VI äìñ îáþéîáàýéè                             ()
 Ëáëéå âù÷áàô Unix                                      ()
 Ëïíáîäá find, grep                                     ()
 Ëïíáîäá cpio, tar é áòèé÷éòï÷áîéå                      ()

 Úáçòõúëá ïðåòáãéïîïê óéóôåíù, ðòïãåóó init             ()
 Âáúï÷ùå ðòéîãéðù óéóôåíù Unix                          ()
 Óðåãéáìøîùå æáêìù                                      ()

 Äéóëé, æáêìï÷ùå óéóôåíù                                ()
 ×ùäåìåîéå òáúäåìï÷ ðïä Swaping                         ()
 Éîóôáììñãéñ óéóôåíù                                    ()
 Îåóëïìøëï óåôå÷ùè ëïíáîä Unix (telnet, ftp, mailx...)  ()

 Ëáëéå âù÷áàô ethernet'ù   (ëáòôéîëá)                   ()
 Íáòûòõôéúáãéñ TCP/IP      (ëáòôéîëá)                   ()
 Óåôø TCP/IP                                            ()
 TCP/IP äìñ âåäîùè                                      ()
 Óåôå÷áñ æáêìï÷áñ óéóôåíá NFS                           ()
 NFS: ëïîæéçõòéòï÷áîéå á÷ôï-íïîôéòï÷ýéëá                ()
 Ëïîæéçõòéòï÷áîéå DNS                                   ()
 Óéóôåíá ôåìåæïîîïê ðåòåóùìëé æáêìï÷ UUCP               ()

 Óéóôåíá ðåþáôé LP                                      ()

 Çòáæéþåóëéê éîôåòæåêó Unix - X Windows                 ()

        &dDÐòéìïöåîéñ&d@

 Òåäáëôïò VI                                            ()
 Ëáë ðïäëìàþéôø òõóóëéå æïîôù ë X Windows               ()
 Þôï çäå ìåöéô ÷ SVR4                                   ()
 Ëïîæéçõòéòï÷áîéå DNS. Ðòéíåò standalone ëïîæéçõòáãéé   ()
 Ëîéöëé ðòï Unix                                        ()
 Îåóëïìøëï õðòá÷ìñàýéè ëïíáîä íïäåíá                    ()
 Ëïîæéçõòéòï÷áîéå óåò÷åòá HTTPD, æïòíáô HTML            ()
 Éóôïòéé áäíéîéóôòáôïòá unix, éìé ÇÒÁÂÌÉ                ()
.

        &dD1. ×ËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ ÓÔÁÎÃÉÉ Sun SPARCstation&d@.

×ëìàþéôå óéóôåíîùê äéóðìåê, éìé (ðòé ïôóõôóô÷éé ôáëï÷ïçï), ëïî-
óïìøîùê ôåòíéîáì, ÷ëìàþéôå ðéôáîéå îá óéóôåíîïí âìïëå. Úáçòõúëá
ïðåòáãéïîîïê óéóôåíù  îáþîåôóñ á÷ôïíáôéþåóëé. Ïóôáìïóø  îåíîïçï
ðïäïöäáôø, ðïëá  úáçòõúéôóñ  ïðåòáãéïîîáñ  óéóôåíá é ïôòáâïôáàô
÷óå ðïìïöåîîùå õôéìéôù éîéãéáìéúáãéé óéóôåíù, é  ÷ïô îá ëïîóïìé
ðïñ÷ìñåôóñ ðòéçìáûåîéå

Console login:

á îá ÷óåè ïóôáìøîùè ôåòíéîáìáè - ðòïóôï:

Login:

×÷åäéôå ó÷ïê ÷èïäîïê login, é ðáòïìø. Åóìé ôáëï÷ùè îå óõýåóô÷õ-
åô, ÷ïêäéôå ðïä login'ïí root - "óõðåòðïìøúï÷áôåìø" - éúîáþáìø-
îï ïî îå éíååô ðáòïìñ.

Console login: root

Ðòïãåóó îïòíáìøîïê òáâïôù Sun SPARCstation ÷  ìàâïê íïíåîô ÷òå-
íåîé íïöîï ðåòåè÷áôéôø, é ðåòåäáôø õðòá÷ìåîéå îá boot-prom. Äìñ
üôïçï  îá  óéóôåíîïê ëìá÷éáôõòå îáöíéôå  STOP+A. (STOP -  ìå÷áñ
÷åòèîññ ëìá÷éûá îá ìå÷ïê  äïðïìîéôåìøîïê  ëìá÷éáôõòå). Ðïñ÷éôóñ
boot-prom prompt Ok:

   Ok _

Ôåðåòø íïöîï ÷÷ïäéôø ëïíáîäù äìñ boot-íïîéôïòá. Ðïöáìõê, îáéâï-
ìåå ðïðõìñòîùíé ëïíáîäáíé ñ÷ìñàôóñ:

  go         - ÷ùêôé éú íïîéôïòá, ÷åòîõôøóñ ÷ îïòíáìøîùê òåöéí
  help
  boot [ðáòáíåôòù] - úáçòõúéôøóñ
  eject      - ÷ùôïìëîõôø "úáóôòñ÷ûéê" æìïððé-äéóë éìé CDROM
  probe-scsi - ïðòïóéôø ïðïúîáîîùå SCSI-õóôòïêóô÷á
               (ðïóìå  üôïê  ëïíáîäù  ÷ïúòáýáôøóñ  ë îïòíáìøîïê
               òáâïôå ëïíáîäïê "GO" ÎÅÌØÚÑ. Ðåòåúáçòõúéôåóø)


Åóìé õ ÷áó "âåúçïìï÷ùê" Sun - óåò÷åò, ôï ë îåíõ ÷ ëáþåóô÷å ëïî-
óïìñ ðïäëìàþáåôóñ áìæá÷éôîï-ãéæòï÷ïê ôåòíéîáì. Ðïäëìàþáôø íïöîï
ë ìàâïíõ  ðïóìåäï÷áôåìøîïíõ ðïòôõ -  A éìé B. Sun ïâîáòõöé÷ ïô-
óõôóô÷éå óéóôåíîïê  ëìá÷éáôõòù ïðòáûé÷áåô ÷óå ðïòôù ðï ïþåòåäé,
é ïâîáòõöé÷ îá ïäîïí éú îéè ôåòíéîáì, äåìáåô åçï ëïîóïìøîùí (óï
÷óåíé ÷ùôåëáàýéíé éú üôïçï ðïóìåäóô÷éñíé).

Þôïâù ÷ùú÷áôø  boot-íïîéôïò  ó  áìæá÷éôîïçï ëïîóïìñ, îáöíéôå îá
îåí ëìá÷éûõ BREAK ( Îá ôåòíéîáìå vt220 BREAK - üôï ëìá÷éûá F5).

×ùëìàþáôø áìæá÷éôîï-ãéæòï÷ïê  ëïîóïìø  îá  Sun-óåò÷åòå îåìøúñ -
ðòé üôïí ôåòíéîáì çåîåòéô óéçîáì BREAK, é Sun ðåòåèïäéô ÷ ïóôá-
îï÷ ÷  boot-íïîéôïòå.  Ëáë ïôëìàþéôø üôõ éîôåòåóîõà ïóïâåîîïóôø
âåúçïìï÷ùè Sun-óåò÷åòï÷, íîå îå éú÷åóôîï.
.
        &dDÒÅÇÉÓÔÒÁÃÉÑ ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ&d@.

Åóìé ÷áí ÷ òõëé  ðïðáìáóø  ó÷åöåõóôáîï÷ìåîîáñ íáûéîá, ôï îá îåê
åýå îå  úáòåçéóôòéòï÷áîï  îéëáëéè  ðïìøúï÷áôåìåê úá éóëìàþåîéåí
óõðåòðïìøúï÷áôåìñ "root" - óéóôåíîïçï áäíéîéóôòáôïòá. Ðáòïìñ  õ
îåçï îåô. ×èïäéôå ÷ îåçï.
   × óõðåòðïìøúï÷áôåìñ  íïöîï ðòå÷òáôéôøóñ. Äìñ üôïçï ÷ùðïìîéôå
ëïíáîäõ

    su     # Super User

   Ëáöäùê ðïìøúï÷áôåìø ÷  óéóôåíå  Unix  ðòåä÷áòéôåìøîï  äïìöåî
âùôø  úáòåçéóôòéòï÷áî.  Ðïìøúï÷áôåìøà  ðïìáçáåôóñ  éíåôø:  éíñ,
ðáòïìø,  îïíåò  ðïìøúï÷áôåìñ,  îïíåò  çòõððù,  ë   ëïôïòïê   ïî
ðòéîáäìåöéô,   äïíáûîéê  ëáôáìïç,  ëïíáîäîùê  éîôåòðòåôáôïò.  Õ
ðáòïìñ íïçõô âùôø äïðïìîéôåìøîùå  ðáòáíåôòù  -  ëáë  þáóôï  åçï
íïöîï íåîñôø, ÷òåíñ äåêóô÷éñ, é ðòïþéå óåëòåôîùå ûôõþëé.

Comment         Familiq Imya Otchestwo
logname         ÷èïäîïå éíñ ðïìøúï÷áôåìñ
passwd          ðáòïìø
UID             User Identification Descriptor
GID             Group Identification Descriptor
$HOME           Äïíáûîéê ëáôáìïç
shell           Ëïíáîäîùê éîôåòðòåôáôïò

        &dDÂù÷áàô ôáëéå ëïíáîäîùå éîôåòðòåôáôïòù&d@:

  /usr/local/bin/bash   Óáíùê õäïâîùê
  /bin/ksh              Þõôø ðïèõöå, îï ôïöå îéþåçï
  /usr/local/bin/tcsh   Õäïâîùê, îï "îåðòá÷éìøîùê" é íåäìåîîùê
  /bin/sh               Óáíùê "ðòá÷éìøîùê" é óáíùê îåõäïâîùê
  /bin/csh              "Îåðòá÷éìøîùê" é þõôø âïìåå õäïâîùê

/etc/passwd - ×óñ éîæïòíáãéñ ï ðïìøúï÷áôåìå èòáîéôóñ úäåóø
/etc/shadow - Úäåóø èòáîñôóñ úáëïäéòï÷áîîùå ðáòïìé

×   ìàâïí   õ÷áöáàýåí  óåâñ  Unix  éíååôóñ  "çïìï÷îáñ"  õôéìéôá
ïðåòáôïòá (õóìï÷îï îáúù÷áåíáñ sysadm) - äéáìïçï÷áñ ðòïçòáííá, ó
íåîàûëáíé   é   ïëïûëáíé   äìñ  ÷ùðïìîåîéñ  îáóõýîùè  úáäáþ  ðï
óéóôåíîïíõ   áäíéîéóôòéòï÷áîéà.   ×   ôïí    þéóìå    ðïú÷ïìñåô
òåçéóôòéòï÷áôø  îï÷ùè  ðïìøúï÷áôåìåê. Úáðõóëáôø åå íïöåô ôïìøëï
"óõðåòðïìøúï÷áôåìø" root. Ðòé úáðõóëå "sysadm"  íïöåô  óðòïóéôø
ôéð  ôåòíéîáìá,  îá  ëïôïòïí  åíõ ðòåäóôïéô òáâïôáôø. Ïô÷åôøôå:
vt100

Ðòéíåþáîéå. × òáúìéþîùè ïðåòáãéïîîùè óéóôåíáè üôá õôéìéôá íïöåô
îáúù÷áôøóñ ðï òáúîïíõ.

        admintool       Solaris 2
        sysadmsh        SCO UNIX
        smit, msmit     AIX
        sam             HP/UX
        setup           Linux
        sysadm          UnixWare, ISC, SVR4

        &dDËïíáîäá òåçéóôòáãéé îï÷ïçï ðïìøúï÷áôåìñ&d@.

adduser                 Linux
useradd                 SunOS 4.1
vipw                    BSD/OS, FreeBSD

        &dDËáë úáòåçéóôòéòï÷áôø îï÷ïçï ðïìøúï÷áôåìñ "÷òõþîõà"&d@.

1. ×óôá÷ìñåí ÷ /etc/passwd åýå ïäîõ óôòïþëõ:

moshkow:x:555:1:Maksim E. Moshkow:/home/moshkow:/bin/ksh

2. Ðòé÷ïäéí ÷ óïïô÷åôóô÷éå æáêì /etc/shadow

 pwconv

3. Óïúäáåí ðïìøúï÷áôåìøóëéê ëáôáìïç

 mkdir /home/moshkow
 chown moshkow /home/moshkow

4. Úáäáåí ðáòïìø îï÷ïíõ ðïìøúï÷áôåìà

 passwd moshkow

5. ×ïô é ÷óå.
.
        &dDÎáþáìï òáâïôù ÷ óéóôåíå&d@

        &dD×èïä ÷ óåâñ&d@.

Îá üëòáîå ôåòíéîáìá ðïñ÷éôóñ óôòïëá

        Console login:          éìé ðòïóôï
        login:

×÷åäéôå éíñ, ðïä ëïôïòùí ÷ù úáòåçéóôòéòï÷áîù  ÷  óéóôåíå,  åóìé
îõöîï, ðáòïìø. Åóìé ×ù ïûéâìéóø ðòé ÷÷ïäå éíåîé, îáöíéôå CTRL+U
éìé DEL éìé CTRL-D (äìñ ïôíåîù), éìé îåóëïìøëï  òáú îáöíéôå  îá
Return, ðïôåòðéôå îåíîïçï é ðï÷ôïòéôå ÷÷ïä.

Îá üëòáîå ðïñ÷éôóñ ðòéçìáûåîéå ëïíáîäîïçï éîôåòðòåôáôïòá.

   sunsite:~/$ _

Þôïâù ÷ùêôé éú óéóôåíù, îáâåòéôå ëïíáîäõ     exit   éìé ðòïóôï
îáöíéôå Ctrl-D îá ðõóôïê óôòïþëå;

   exit
        éìé
CTRL-D

        &dDÐåòåíåîîùå ïëòõöåîéñ&d@.

Ðòé ÷èïäå ÷ óéóôåíõ äìñ ðïìøúï÷áôåìñ á÷ôïíáôéþåóëé õóôáîá÷ìé÷á-
åôóñ îåóëïìøëï ðåòåíåîîùè ïëòõöåîéñ. Þôïâù ðïóíïôòåôø éè úîáþå-
îéå, ÷ùðïìîéôå ëïíáîäõ env.

    env   # Òáóðåþáôáôø ðòïüëóðïòôéòï÷áîîùå ðåòåíåîîùå ïëòõöåîéñ

LOGNAME=moshkow                  # éíñ ðïìøúï÷áôåìñ
HOME=/home/moshkow               # åçï äïíáûîéê ëáôáìïç
SHELL=/bin/ksh                   # åçï ëïíáîäîùê éîôåòðòåôáôïò
MAIL=/usr/mail/moshkow           # æáêì, ÷ ëïôïòùê óëìáäù÷áåôóñ
                                 # ðòéèïäñýáñ åíõ ðïþôá
PS1=host1:$PWD$                  # æïòíáô ðòéçìáûåîéñ
PATH=:/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/X11/bin:/usr/informix/bin:
           # óðéóïë ðïéóëá, ðï ëïôïòïíõ éýõôóñ ÷ùðïìîéíùå æáêìù
TERM=vt220                       # õóôáîá÷ìé÷áåô ôéð ôåòíéîáìá îá
                                 # ëïôïòïí òáâïôáåô ðïìøúï÷áôåìø

Þôïâù úáäáôø úîáþåîéå ðåòåíåîîïê ïëòõöåîéñ, ÷ùðïìîéôå ëïíáîäõ:

   Imya_Pereemennoj=znachenie   export Imya_Pereemennoj

îáðòéíåò

   abc=Kalosha  export abc

ðòïóíïôòåôø úîáþåîéå  ðåòåíåîîïê  íïöîï  ëïíáîäïê  echo ÷ ôáëïê
æïòíå:

   echo $abc

        &dDÐïìøúï÷áôåìøóëéê ðòïæáêì&d@.

Ðåòåä ÷èïäïí ÷ óéóôåíõ óðåò÷á ÷ùðïìîñåôóñ ïâýåóéóôåíîùê ðòïæáêì
/etc/profile

Úáôåí  ÷ùðïìîñåôóñ  ðïìøúï÷áôåìøóëéê  æáêì  ".profile" (åóìé ïî
åóôø) - ÷ îéè íïöîï õóôáîá÷ìé÷áôø ðåòåíåîîùå ïëòõöåîéñ é äåìáôø
õóôáîï÷ëé    òåöéíï÷   ôåòíéîáìá.   Ðòïóíïôòåôø   õóôáîï÷ìåîîùå
ðåòåíåîîùå ïëòõöåîéñ íïöîï ëïíáîäïê env

##### Ðòéíåò æáêìá   .profile

       # Äïâá÷éôø ë óðéóëõ ðïéóëá ëáôáìïçé ó îõöîùíé ðòïçòáííáíé
PATH=:$HOME/bin:$PATH:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/informix/bin
       #    Òáúòåûéôø òåäáëôéòï÷áîéå ëïíáîäîïê óôòïëé ÷ ksh
EDITOR=emacs
export PATH EDITOR
LC_CTYPE=iso_8859_1 export LC_CTYPE # òõóóëéå âõë÷ù - "âõë÷ù"

        #       Èáòáëôåòéóôéëé ôåòíéîáìá
        # Úáâïê=BackSpace          ÓôåòåôøÓôòïëõ=Ctrl-U
        # Ðòåò÷áôøÐòïçòáííõ=Ctrl-C "Öåóôïëïå_ðòåòù÷áîéå"=Ctrl-|
stty erase "^h" echoe      kill "^u" quit "^|" intr "^c"
stty cs8 -parenb -istrip
        # 8-âéôîùå óéí÷ïìù, noparity, îå  õóåëáôø  8-ê  âéô
        # ðòé ÷÷ïäå

case "$0" in    # × úá÷éóéíïóôé ïô ëïíáîäîïçï éîôåòðòåôáôïòá
*ksh)                   #       × Korn Shellå
                        #       Òåäáëôéòï÷áôøóñ óôòåìïþëáíé
        alias __A=`echo "\020"`         # ^P = ÷ïóøíåòéþîùê 020
        alias __B=`echo "\016"`         # ^N
        alias __C=`echo "\006"`         # ^F
        alias __D=`echo "\002"`         # ^B
        # × ðòéçìáûåîéå óôá÷éôø ôåëõýéê pwd
        PS1=`uname -n`:'$PWD/$ '                     export PS1
        ;;
*bash)          # × bash'å ÷ ðòéçìáûåîéå óôá÷éôø host:pwd
        PS1='\h:\w/\$ '                              export PS1
        ;;
esac
#   ïâòáôéôå ÷îéíáîéå:   ÷ îåëïôïòùè íåóôáè ÐÒÏÓÔÁÑ ëá÷ùþëá _'_
#   á ÷ äòõçéè - ÏÂÒÁÔÎÁÑ  _`_ - âõäøôå ÷îéíáôåìøîù, üôï ÷áöîï.

        &dDËìá÷éûé äìñ òåäáëôéòï÷áîéñ ëïíáîäîïê óôòïëé&d@.

Åóìé  ÷ù  òáâïôáåôå  ÷   ëïíáîäîïí   éîôåòðòåôáôïòå  Korn-Shell
/bin/ksh, é õ ÷áó  õóôáîï÷ìåîá  ðåòåíåîîáñ EDITOR=emacs , ôï ÷ù
óíïöåôå òåäáëôéòï÷áôø  ëïíáîäîõà  óôòïëõ  ó  ðïíïýøà  óôòåìïë é
Ctrl-ëìá÷éû:

^P / ^N   PREVIOUS / NEXT         ëïíáîäá
^F / ^B   FORWARD / BACK          îá ðïúéãéà
^A / ^E   ÷ ÎÁÞÁÌÏ / ËÏÎÅÃ        óôòïëé
^D / ^K   Õäáìéôø ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ / Õäáìéôø ËÏÎÅÃ ÓÔÒÏËÉ
^Y        ×óðïíîéôø õäáìåîîïå
^R        Ðïéóë ðòåäùäõýåê ëïíáîäù

ESC ESC   Äïâéôø éíñ æáêìá
ESC =     Òáóðåþáôáôø ðïèïöéå éíåîá æáêìï÷
     á åóìé ëïíáîäîùê éîôåòðòåôáôïò bash, ôï ïâå üôé ëïíáîäù
     óéäñô îá ëìá÷éûå TAB


        &dD×ÙËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ&d@

Þôïâù   îáþáôø  ðòïãåóó  ÷ùëìàþåîéñ  óéóôåíù,  óìåäõåô,  âõäõþé
ðïìøúï÷áôåìåí root é îáèïäñóø ÷  ëïòîå÷ïí  ëáôáìïçå,  ÷ùðïìîéôø
ëïíáîäõ

    cd /
    shutdown -y -g0 -i0

Äïöäéôåóø  ðïìîïçï  ïëïîþáîéñ  òáúçòõúëé óéóôåíù é ôïìøëï ôïçäá
÷ùëìàþáêôå ðéôáîéå.

Äìñ ðåòåúáçòõúëé óéóôåíù ÷ùðïìîéôå ëïíáîäõ

    shutdown -y -g0 -i6

Ðåòåúáçòõúéôø  éìé  òáúçòõúéôø  óéóôåíõ  íïöîï  ôáëöå é éú íåîà
óéóôåíîïçï áäíéîéóôòáôïòá ëïíáîäù sysadm .

× îåëïôïòùè òåáìéúáãéñè Unix, (÷ þáóôîïóôé, ÷ BSD, SunOS, Linux),
ëïíáîäá  shutdown  éóðïìøúõåô  äòõçéå  ëìàþé. Ðïðòïâõêôå ÷ üôïí
óìõþáå:

   shutdown -h now
.
        &dDÎåóëïìøëï ðòïóôåêûéè ëïíáîä unix (ëõòó íïìïäïçï âïêãá)&d@

1.1. Óéóôåíá  UNIX òáúìéþáåô ÂÏÌØÛÉÅ é  íáìùå âõë÷ù, é  ë üôïíõ
íïöîï ðòé÷ùëîõôø.

1.2. Åóìé ÷ù õîéþôïöéìé ëáëïê-îéâõäø æáêì, ôï îéëáëéè ðòïâìåí ó
åçï ÷ïóóôáîï÷ìåîéåí õ ÷áó îå  âõäåô.  Ðïôïíõ  þôï  ÷ïóóôáîï÷éôø
õîéþôïöåîîùê æáêì ÷ óéóôåíå Unix ÎÅ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ. × Unix ïôóõôóô÷õåô
ëïíáîäá unerase, é ë üôïíõ ôïöå îõöîï ðòé÷ùëîõôø.  ×éòõóù é áî-
ôé÷éòõóù ÷ Unix ôïöå ïôóõôóô÷õàô. Ôáë þôï, ðïëá èïôø üôïê ðòïâ-
ìåíù õ áäíéîéóôòáôïòá íáûéîù îå âõäåô.

1.3.  ×  éíåîé æáêìá äéòåëôïòéé ïôäåìñàôóñ ïô ðïóìåäõàýåê þáóôé
óéí÷ïìïí "/". <b>(Âéìì Çåêôó ôïöå èïôåì, þôïâ õ îåçï ÷  MSDOS  ÷óå
ëáë  ÷  Unix âùìï, ÷ïô é ÷úñì óéí÷ïì "\" - ðåòåðõôáì - ó ëåí îå
âù÷áåô)</b>
       Åóìé  éíñ  îáþéîáåôóñ  óï  óìüûá  -  úîáþéô,  üôï ðïìîïå
íáòûòõôîïå éíñ.
     Ðòïóôïå  éíñ æáêìá íïöåô óïóôïñôø éú ÌÀÂÙÈ óéí÷ïìï÷. Äìéîá
ðòïóôïçï éíåîé îå âïìåå 256 óéí÷ïìï÷. Äìéîá ðïìîïçï íáòûòõôîïçï
éíåîé  æáêìá  îå  âïìåå 1024 óéí÷ïìï÷.


1.4.   Äìñ   úáäáîéñ  ûáâìïîá  éíåî  éóðïìøúõàôóñ  óéí÷ïìù  "*"
(ðòïéú÷ïìøîáñ  ðïóìåäï÷áôåìøîïóôø   óéí÷ïìï÷)   é   "?"   (ïäéî
ðòïéú÷ïìøîùê óéí÷ïì). Éíñ éú ïäîïê ôïþëé "." ïâïúîáþáåô ôåëõýõà
äéòåëôïòéà, éíñ éú ä÷õè ôïþåë ".." - ÷ùûåìåöáýõà  (òïäéôåìøóëéê
ëáôáìïç).

1.5.   Þôïâù  úáðõóôéôø  ðòïçòáííõ  îá  ÷ùðïìîåîéå,  äïóôáôïþîï
îáâòáôø åå  éíñ  é,  åóìé  îõöîï,  äòõçéå  áòçõíåîôù  ëïíáîäîïê
óôòïëé. Éíñ ðòïçòáííù - üôï íáòûòõôîïå éíñ æáêìá, ÷ ëïôïòïí üôá
ðòïçòáííá   îáèïäéôóñ.   Áòçõíåîôù   òáúäåìñàôóñ   ïäîéí    éìé
îåóëïìøëéíé  ðòïâåìáíé é ôáâõìñôïòáíé. Ëìàþé ëïíáîäù ïâùþîï (îï
îå ÷óåçäá) ÷ùäåìñàôóñ úîáëïí  "-".

     ëïíáîäá -ëìàþé -ëìàþé ...  ðòïþéå òáúîùå áòçõíåîôù ...

1.6.  Åóìé  ëïíáîäîáñ  óôòïëá  ëïîþáåôóñ  úîáëïí  &, ôï ëïíáîäá
úáðõóôéôóñ ðáòáììåìøîï (æïîïí). Îá ôåòíéîáìå ðåþáôáåôóñ  îïíåò,
ëïôïòùê   ðïìõþáåô   ðïìõþåîîùê   ðòïãåóó.   ðïóìå  þåçï  íïöîï
ðòïäïìöáôø òáâïôõ îå äïöéäáñóø úá÷åòûåîéñ æïîï÷ïê úáäáþé.

     ëïíáîäá -÷óñëéå òáúîùå áòçõíåîôù ... &

1.7.    Ëïíáîäá    éíååô   ôòé   ðòåäïðòåäåìåîîùè   îáðòá÷ìåîéñ
÷÷ïäá-÷ù÷ïäá  -   óôáîäáòôîùê   ÷÷ïä,   óôáîäáòôîùê   ÷ù÷ïä   é
óôáîäáòôîùê  ðòïôïëïì.  Ëáë  ðòá÷éìï,  ëïíáîäá  âåòåô  éóèïäîùå
äáîîùå  éú  óôáîäáòôîïçï  ÷÷ïäá   é   ðåþáôáåô   òåúõìøôáôù   ÷
óôáîäáòôîùê  ÷ù÷ïä. × óôáîäáòôîùê ðòïôïëïì ðåþáôáàôóñ óïïâýåîéñ
ïâ ïûéâëáè é äéáçîïóôéëá. Ðåò÷ïîáþáìøîï óôáîäáòôîùå ÷÷ïä, ÷ù÷ïä
é   ðòïôïëïì   îáúîáþåîù   îá   ôåòíéîáì,   ïäîáëï   éè   íïöîï
ðåòåîáúîáþéôø, éóðïìøúõñ óìåäõàýéå ëïîóôòõëãéé:

       ëïíáîäá  > éíñ_æáêìá
(äìñ óôáîäáòôîïçï ÷ù÷ïäá),

       ëïíáîäá  < éíñ_æáêìá
(äìñ ðåòåîáúîáþåîéñ óôáîäáòôîïçï ÷÷ïäá),

       ëïíáîäá  2> éíñ_æáêìá
(äìñ óôáîäáòôîïçï ðòïôïëïìá - óéóôåíîïê äéáçîïóôéëé).

     Ðòéíåò - úáðéóáôø ÷ æáêì óïäåòöéíïå ôåëõýåê  äéòåëôïòéé:

        ls > infdir

       Åóìé  ÷ù÷ïä îáúîáþåî ÷ æáêì, ôï ðåòåä îáþáìïí ÷ùðïìîåîéñ
ëïíáîäù óïúäáåôóñ ðõóôïê æáêì ó  óïïô÷åôóô÷õàýéí  éíåîåí  (åóìé
æáêì   õöå  óõýåóô÷ï÷áì,  ïî  ïðõóôïûáåôóñ),  á  úáôåí  ÷  îåçï
ðïíåýáåôóñ éîæïòíáãéñ. Åóìé éîæïòíáãéà îõöîï äïðéóáôø  ÷  ëïîåã
óõýåóô÷õàýåçï æáêìá, óìåäõåô ÷ïóðïìøúï÷áôøóñ ëïîóôòõëãéåê

        ëïíáîäá  >> éíñ æáêìá
        ëïíáîäá 2>> éíñ æáêìá

1.8. Ðïìøúï÷áôåìé óéóôåíù UNIX ïâ®åäéîñàôóñ ÷  çòõððù, é ëáöäáñ
éú çòõðð ïâìáäáåô ïðòåäåìåîîùí îáâïòïí ðòá÷ äïóôõðá ë æáêìáí.

1.9.   Ðòïçòáííù   íïçõô   òáóðïúîá÷áôø   úîáþåîéñ   ðåòåíåîîùè
ïëòõöåîéñ, úîáþåîéñ ëïôïòùè âùìé úáäáîù ðåòåä éè úáðõóëïí.

TERM=vt220
HOME=/home/moshkow
PATH=:/bin/:dss/rk:/udd/moshkow/bin

1.8.  ×ùäáþõ  ïäîïê ëïíáîäù íïöîï ðåòåîáðòá÷ìñôø îá ÷èïä äòõçïê
ëïíáîäù. Äìñ üôïçï éóðïìøúõåôóñ "|" - ëïî÷åêåò.

     Ðòéíåò:  ðïóþéôáôø  óõííáòîùê  òáúíåò  é  þéóìï óôòïë ÷óåè
æáêìï÷ ÷ ëáôáìïçå /tmp, éíåîá  ëïôïòùè  îáþéîáàôóñ  ó  óéí÷ïìï÷
"text" ...

    cat /tmp/text* | wc -c

# Ëïíáîäá cat óìé÷áåô ÷íåóôå ÷óå æáêìù ÷éäá /tmp/text*,
# wc -c -l óþéôáåô ëïìéþåóô÷ï óéí÷ïìï÷ é þéóìï óôòïë ÷ï ÷èïäîïí
# ðïôïëå.

    Éìé ðòïóíïôòåôø ó ìéóôáîéåí äìéîîõà ÷ùäáþõ ëïíáîäù:

   ps -ef  |  more

Ôïçï öå òåúõìøôáôá íïöîï äïóôéþø é âåú ëïî÷åêåòá ôáëéí ïâòáúïí:

  ps -ef > temp-file
  more temp-file
  rm temp-file

        &dD2. Îåëïôïòùå îáéâïìåå õðïôòåâéôåìøîùå ëïíáîäù&d@.

pwd   - ðïìõþéôø éíñ ôåëõýåê äéòåëôïòéé
cd    - éúíåîéôø ôåëõýõà äéòåëôïòéà
ls    - òáóðåþáôáôø éîæïòíáãéà ï æáêìáè éìé äéòåëôïòéñè
cat   - óìéôø éìé ÷ù÷åóôé æáêìù-áòçõíåîôù îá óôáîäáòôîùê ÷ù÷ïä
cp    - ëïðéòï÷áôø æáêìù
mv    - ðåòåíåóôéôø (ðåòåéíåîï÷áôø) æáêìù
ln    - óïúäáôø óóùìëõ îá æáêì
rm    - õäáìéôø æáêìù
rmdir - õäáìéôø äéòåëôïòéà
mkdir - óïúäáôø äéòåëôïòéà
echo  - ÷ù÷åóôé áòçõíåîôù ëïíáîäîïê óôòïëé îá óôáîäáòôîùê ÷ù÷ïä
ps    - òáóðåþáôáôø éîæïòíáãéà é îïíåòá ÷ùðïìîñåíùè ðòïãåóóï÷
kill  - "õâéôø" ÷ùðïìîñåíùê ðòïãåó ðï åçï îïíåòõ
man   - ÷ùäáôø óðòá÷ëõ ïâ éóðïìøúï÷áîéé é ëìàþáè ëïíáîäù

        &dD2.1 pwd    ×ùäáôø éíñ ôåëõýåê äéòåëôïòéé&d@.

  pwd

        &dD2.2 cd     Óíåîéôø ôåëõýõà äéòåëôïòéà&d@.

  cd [ äéòåëôïòéñ]

  cd /usr/spool/lp/adm

  cd ..

Åóìé  äéòåëôïòéñ  îå  õëáúáîá,  ×ù  ðïðáäáåôå ÷ ó÷ïê "äïíáûîéê"
ëáôáìïç $HOME

        &dD2.3 ls     Òáóðåþáôáôø ëáôáìïç&d@.

Æïòíáô ëïíáîäù :  ls [ëìàþé] [éíåîá]

éíåîá - éíåîá æáêìï÷ éìé äéòåëôïòéê; äìñ äéòåëôïòéê
        òáóðåþáôù÷áåôóñ óðéóïë ÷èïäñýéè ÷ îåå æáêìï÷, äìñ æáêìï÷ -
        ÷ù÷ïäéôóñ åçï éíñ é äïðïìîéôåìøîáñ éîæïòíáãéñ.
        Éíåîá æáêìï÷ óïòôéòõàôóñ ðï áìæá÷éôõ.
        Âåú áòçõíåîôï÷ ls ÷ùäáåô óïäåòöéíïå ôåëõýåê äéòåëôïòéé.

  ls -al  - ÷ù÷ïä ÷ äìéîîïí ðïìîïí æïòíáôå:

          þéóìï   ÷ìáäåìåã            ÷òåíñ íïäéæéëáãéé
          ìéîëï÷        çòõððá                        éíñ æáêìá
          (éíåî)                  òáúíåò
-rwxr-xr-x   1 moshkow  sys         17 Oct 18 16:13 ../jean
drwxr-xr-x   1 moshkow  sys         12 Oct 18 16:11 ../jelly
-rwxr-xr-x   1 moshkow  sys          0 Oct 13 14:14 ../j.bu.txt
^^  ^  ^
||  |  |
||  |  +----- ðòá÷á ÷óåè "ðòïþéè" ðï ïôîïûåîéà ë æáêìõ
||  +-------- ðòá÷á ïäîïê ó îéí çòõððù
|+----------- ðòá÷á "÷ìáäåìøãá" æáêìá
+------------ "-" - úîáþéô æáêì,  "d" - äéòåëôïòéñ
        Ðòá÷á:
                r - æáêì äïóôõðåî äìñ þôåîéñ,
                w - æáêì äïóôõðåî äìñ úáðéóé,
                x - æáêì ñ÷ìñåôóñ ÷ùðïìîéíùí,
                - - äáîîïå ðòá÷ï äïóôõðá ïôóõôóô÷õåô.

       -a - ÷ù÷åóôé ÷óå æáêìù (äáöå åóìé éíåîá îáþéîáàôóñ ó ôïþëé);
       -x - ÷ù÷ïä ÷ 4 ëïìïîëé;
       -t - éíåîá æáêìï÷ óïòôéòõàôóñ îå ðï áìæá÷éôõ, á ðï
            ÷òåíåîé  ðïóìåäîåçï éúíåîåîéñ
       -R - òåëõòóé÷îï ðòïêôé ðï ÷óåí ðïäëáôáìïçáí

  ls -CF  - ïçìá÷ìåîéå ëáôáìïçá ÷ îåóëïìøëï óôïìâéëï÷
  ls -al  - ïçìá÷ìåîéå ÷ ðïìîïí æïòíáôå

        &dD2.4 cat    Óìéôø é ÷ù÷åóôé æáêìù îá óôáîäáòôîùê ÷ù÷ïä&d@.

Æïòíáô ëïíáîäù :  cat æáêì1 [æáêì2... ]

Cat  ÷ù÷ïäéô  óïäåòöéíïå  ðåòåþéóìåîîùè  îá  óôáîäáòôîùê ÷ù÷ïä.
Ðòéíåò:

     cat æáêì

òáóðåþáôù÷áåô óïäåòöéíïå æáêìá, á

     cat æáêì1 æáêì2 > æáêì3

óìé÷áåô  ðåò÷ùå  ä÷á æáêìá é ðïíåýáåô òåúõìøôáô ÷ ôòåôéê. Þôïâù
äïâá÷éôø óïäåòöéíïå æáêìá1 ë æáêìõ2, îáäï ÷ùðïìîéôø ëïíáîäõ

     cat æáêì1 >> æáêì2

        &dD2.5 more, pg Ðòïóíïôòåôø æáêì ðïóôòáîéþîï&d@.

     more file_name ...
     pg   file_name ...
     less file_name ...

×óå  üôé  ëïíáîäù  ðïú÷ïìñàô  ðòïóíáôòé÷áôø  æáêì,  ìéóôáñ  åçï
ðïüëòáîîï.  Ðòïóíïôòïí íïöîï õðòá÷ìñôø ó ðïíïýøà ëìá÷éû.  Óáíïå
õäïâîïå õðòá÷ìåîéå õ ëïíáîäù "less", óáíïå "äõâï÷ïå" - õ "pg"

q      - úá÷åòûéôø ðòïóíïôò
ÐÒÏÂÅÌ - ðïëáúáôø óìåäõàýõà óôòáîéãõ
ENTER  - óä÷éîõôøóñ îá ïäîõ óôòïëõ
b      - ðïëáúáôø ðòåäùäõýõà óôòáîéãõ
/      - ðïéóë
h      - Help - ðïóíïôòåôø óðéóïë ÷óåè ÷ïúíïöîùè ëïíáîä

more,less,pg  éóðïìøúõàô,  þôïâù  ðïóíïôòåôø  "äìéîîõà"  ÷ùäáþõ
ëïíáîäù, óôá÷ñ åçï ëïî÷åêåòïí "åê îá è÷ïóô"

    ls -al | more   - ðòïóíïôòåôø ïçìá÷ìåîéå
    ps -e  | pg     - ðòïóíïôòåôø óðéóïë òáâïôáàýéè ðòïãåóóï÷

        &dD2.6 cp     Ëïðéòï÷áôø æáêìù&d@.

Æïòíáô ëïíáîäù :  cp æáêì1            æáêì2
                  cp æáêì1 [æáêì2 ...] ëáôáìïç

Üôá  ëïíáîäá  ëïðéòõåô  æáêì1,  ...  ,  ÷ ÆÁÊÌ. Åóìé ÆÁÊÌ - üôï
äéòåëôïòéñ, ôï æáêì1 é äò. ëïðéòõàôóñ ÷ îåå ðïä ó÷ïéíé éíåîáíé.
Åóìé  ÆÁÊÌ  îå  óõýåóô÷ï÷áì, ôï ïî óïúäáåôóñ, åóìé óõýåóô÷ï÷áì,
åçï óôáòïå óïäåòöéíïå ôåòñåôóñ.

        &dD2.7 mv     Ðåòåíåóôéôø (ðåòåéíåîï÷áôø) æáêìù&d@.

Æïòíáô ëïíáîäù :  mv æáêì1             æáêì2
                  mv æáêì1 [æáêì2 ...] ëáôáìïç

Ëïíáîäá  áîáìïçéþîá  ëïíáîäå  cp, î éóèïäîùê æáêì õîéþôïöáåôóñ.
Åå ïóîï÷îáñ òïìø - ðåòåéíåîï÷áîéå æáêìï÷ é  ðåòåîïó  æáêìï÷  éú
ïäîïê äéòåëôïòéé ÷ äòõçõà). Ðòéíåò.

    mv /dss/*/rk_*.help /dss/delo


        &dD2.8 ln     Ó÷ñúáôø æáêìù&d@.

Æïòíáô ëïíáîäù :  ln æáêì1 æáêì2
                            # óïúäáåôóñ "öåóôëéê" ìéîë
                  ln -s æáêì1 æáêì2
                            # óïúäáåôóñ "óéí÷ïìéþåóëéê" ìéîë

Üôá  ëïíáîäá  óïúäáåô æáêìõ æáêì1 åýå ïäîï éíñ. × éôïçå æáêì1 é
æáêì2 îá óáíïí äåìå æéúéþåóëé ñ÷ìñàôóñ ïäîéí é ôåí  öå  æáêìïí.
Åóìé   ÷ù   óïúäáåôå   ôáë   îáúù÷áåíùê  "óéí÷ïìéþåóëéê  ìéîë",
(éóðïìøúõñ ëìàþ  "-s"),  ôï  æáêì  file1  ðòé  üôïí  îå  ïâñúáî
óõýåóô÷ï÷áôø.  Éíñ "æáêì2" ðòé üôïí ÷óå òá÷îï âõäåô óïúäáîï.

        &dD2.9 rm     Õäáìéôø æáêì éìé äéòåëôïòéà&d@.

Æïòíáô ëïíáîäù :  rm [-fri]  æáêì ...
        -i      - ðòïóéôø ðïäô÷åòöäåîéñ îá ëáöäïå õäáìåîéå
        -r      - òåëõòóé÷îï õäáìéôø ÷íåóôå ó ðïäëáôáìïçáíé
        -f      - îå ðòïóéôø ðïäô÷åòöäåîéñ, á óòáúõ õäáìàôø

Äìñ õäáìåîéñ ðõóôïê äéòåëôïòéé íïöîï ÷ïóðïìøúï÷áôøóñ ëïíáîäïê

     rmdir äéòåëôïòéñ ...

Þôïâ õäáìéôø îåðõóôõà äéòåëôïòéà îõöîï ÷ùðïìîéôø ëïíáîäõ

    rm -r äéòåëôïòéñ

×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ: ×÷éäõ ôïçï, þôï ðïä ûáâìïî ".*" ðïäèïäéô ëáôáìïç ".."
ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅ ÄÅÌÁÊÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ                # rm -r .*
(Èïôñ âïìøûéîóô÷ï unix'ï÷ ðòïýáàô ðïäïâîõà ïûéâëõ, îï ÎÅ ×ÓÅ -
÷ SCO òéóëõåôå îáðïòïôøóñ)

        &dD2.10 mkdir  Óïúäáôø äéòåëôïòéà&d@.

Äìñ óïúäáîéñ äéòåëôïòéé ðòéíåîñåôóñ ëïíáîäá mkdir.

Æïòíáô ëïíáîäù :  mkdir  éíñ_äéòåëôïòéé ...

        &dD2.11 chmod  Éúíåîåîéå ðòá÷ äïóôõðá ë æáêìáí&d@.

Ëïíáîäá chmod íåîñåô áôòéâõôù (ðòá÷á äïóôõðá) æáêìá.
Ðòïóôá÷éôø æáêìáí ðòá÷ï îá ÷ùðïìîåîéå:

    chmod u+x file1

Òáúòåûéôø ïóôáìøîùí ðïìøúï÷áôåìñí éóðòá÷ìñôø æáêì

    chmod a+w file1

        &dD2.12 echo   Üèï&d@.

echo Ëïíáîäá ÷ù÷ïäéô îá óôáîäáòôîùê ÷ù÷ïä ó÷ïé áòçõíåîôù

    echo "\017"

×ù÷åóôé  îá  ôåòíéîáì  óéí÷ïì  Ctrl-O,  Ïî öå 017 ÷ïóøíåòéþîïå.
×ïóóôáîá÷ìé÷áåô ìáôéîéãõ îá ôåòíéîáìáè ôéðá vt220 é at386

        &dD2.13        Óïúäáôø æáêì&d@.

Äìñ óïúäáîéñ æáêìá íïöîï ÷ïóðïìøúï÷áôøóñ óìåäõàýéíé óðïóïâáíé:

    touch primer  óïúäáåô ðõóôïê æáêì primer;
    cat > primer  óïúäáåô  æáêì  primer é ðéûåô ÷ îåçï éú óôáî-
                  äáòôîïçï ÷÷ïäá. Úáðéóø ÷ æáêì úáëïîþéôóñ ðïó-
                  ìå îáöáôéñ CTRL+D.

        &dD2.14 ps     Ëáëéå ðòïçòáííù ÷ùðïìîñàôóñ&d@.

Óïïâýáåô  îïíåòá  ðòïãåóóï÷, ëïôïòùå  ÷ùðïìîñàôóñ ÷ óéóôåíå.

    ps          - úáðõýåîîùå ôïìøëï ó üôïçï ôåòíéîáìá
    ps -e       - ÷óå
    ps -f       - ÷ "ðïìîïí" æïòíáôå

        &dD2.15 kill   Ðòåò÷áôø ðòïãåóó&d@.

Ëïíáîäá  kill  ðïóùìáåô  õëáúáîîïíõ ðòïãåóóõ óéçîáì îåíåäìåîîïê
ïóôáîï÷ëé.

Ðòåò÷áôø ðòïãåóó îïíåò 1078 (îïíåò íïöîï õúîáôø ëïíáîäïê ps -e)

    kill -9 1078

Ðòåò÷áôø  ðòïçòáííõ îá ÷áûåí ôåòíéîáìå, úáðõýåîîõà ÎÅ ÷ æïîï÷ïí
òåöéíå, íïöîï îáöáôéåí ëìá÷éûé CTRL-C, éìé ëìá÷éûé CTRL-\

        &dD2.16 man    Åóìé ÷ù úáâùìé ëáë ðïìøúï÷áôøóñ ëïíáîäïê&d@.

Ëáë ðòá÷éìï, ðòé úáðõóëå ëïíáîäù âåú áòçõíåîôï÷ ïîá ÷ùäáåô æïò-
íáô ó÷ïåçï ÷ùúï÷á. Îï äìñ âïìøûéîóô÷á ëïíáîä äïóôáôïþîï  ðïìîõà
éîæïòíáãéà ÷ù íïöåôå ðïìõþéôø ôáë:

    man    éíñ_éîôåòåóõàýåê_÷áó_ëïíáîäù
    man -k ëìàþå÷ïå_óìï÷ï   - óðéóïë ëïíáîä, ïôîïóñýéèóñ ë ...

        &dD2.17 who    Ëôï òáâïôáåô ÷ óéóôåíå&d@.


    who           - üôéíé ëïíáîäáíé íïöîï õúîáôø ëôï ÷ù ôáëïê,
    who am i        é ëôï åýå òáâïôáåô ÷ óéóôåíå
    finger
    last | more
    id
    man -k who   - óïïâýéô ÷óå ÷ïúíïöîùå ëïíáîäù, ëïôïòùíé íïöîï
                   õúîáôø, ëôï é þôï äåìáåô ÷ óéóôåíå.
.
        &dDÏÞÅÎØ ËÒÁÔËÏ Ï ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒÅ VI.&d@

Ðï îå úîáà  ëáëïê õö ôáí éóôïòéþåóëïê ôòáäéãéé "þåóôîùå" (ëáîï-
îéþåóëéå) óéóôåíù Unix îå éíåàô  ÷  ó÷ïåí  âáúï÷ïí ëïíðìåëôå îé
ïäîïçï îïòíáìøîïçï (åýå òáú ðïäþåòëîõ üôï  óìï÷ï - ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÏÇÏ)
ôåëóôï÷ïçï  òåäáëôïòá.  Ðïüôïíõ óéóôåíîùê  áäíéîéóôòáôïò ïâñúáî
õíåôø ðïìøúï÷áôøóñ ôåí, þôï  åíõ  äáàô. Á äáàô åíõ îåóòá÷îåîîùê
"×éúõáìøîùê" üëòáîîùê òåäáëôïò æáêìï÷ - Òåäáëôïò VI.

        Òåäáëôïò VI éíååô ôòé òåöéíá:

1. Ëïíáîäîùê - ÷ üôïí òåöéíå íïöîï ðåòåíåýáôøóñ ðï æáêìõ é  ÷ù-
ðïìîñôø  òåäáëôéòõàýéå  ëïíáîäù îáä ôåëóôïí. Ëïíáîäù ÷ùúù÷áàôóñ
ÏÂÙÞÎÙÍÉ ÌÁÔÉÎÓËÉÍÉ ÂÕË×ÁÍÉ.

2. ×÷ïäá ôåëóôá - ÷ üôïí òåöéíå ïâùþîùå ìáôéîóëéå  âõë÷ù  âõäõô
÷óôá÷ìñôøóñ ÷ ôåëóô.

3.  Òåöéí  óôòïþîïçï  òåäáëôïòá  ED éóðïìøúõåôóñ äìñ õðòá÷ìåîéñ
æáêìáíé (ôéðá óïèòáîéôø æáêì, úáþéôáôø æáêì é ô.ä.)

   Ðòïþéôáêôå ðòåäùäõýéê áâúáã åýå òáú. ×ù åýå  îå  éóðõçáìéóø?
Èïòïûï. Ðïåèáìé. Éôáë:

       vi éíñ_æáêìá

×ù ÷ ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÏÍ ÒÅÖÉÍÅ.

ÞÔÏÂÙ ×ÙÊÔÉ ÉÚ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÂÅÚ ÓÏÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ îáöíéôå:
     ESC  :  q  ! Enter

þôïâù ÷ùêôé éú æáêìá, óïèòáîé÷ éúíåîåîéñ îáöíéôå:
     ESC  :  w ! Enter
     ESC  :  q   Enter
÷ùêôé éú æáêìá ó óïèòáîåîéåí, ïäîïê ëïíáîäïê:
     ESC  :  wq  Enter

   äìñ ðåòåèïäá × ÒÅÖÉÍ ××ÏÄÁ îõöîï îáöáôø ëïíáîäù ôéðá:
   "i"   ÷óôá÷ìñôø úäåóø
   "A"   ÷óôá÷ìñôø ó ëïîãá óôòïëé
   "cw"  úáíåîñôø ôåëõýåå óìï÷ï

   ESC    äìñ ×ÏÚ×ÒÁÔÁ × ËÏÍÁÎÄÎÙÊ ÒÅÖÉÍ
   CTRL-[ äìñ ÷ïú÷òáôá ÷ ëïíáîäîùê òåöéí

   äìñ ðåòåèïäá × ÒÅÖÉÍ ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÁÍÉ îõöîï îáöáôø
   ":"  (ðåòåêôé ÷ òåöéí òåäáëôïòá ED)

Ä÷éçáôøóñ ðï æáêìõ íïöîï ëïíáîäáíé:
     h,j,k,l    ÷ìå÷ï, ÷îéú, ÷÷åòè, ÷ðòá÷ï
     Ctrl-F     Îá óôòáîéãõ ÷îéú
     Ctrl-B     Îá óôòáîéãõ ÷÷åòè
Á åóìé ÷áí ïþåîø ðï÷åúåô, ôï íïöîï âõäåô ä÷éçáôøóñ óôòåìïþëáíé.
Þôïâù ðåòåêôé ÷ òåöéí ÷åúåîéñ, îõöîï ïðéóáôø  äìñ  ïðåòáãéïîîïê
óéóôåíù   ÷áû   ôåòíéîáì.   Üôéí  úáêíåíóñ  ÷  äáìøîåêûåí  (óí.
"Ïðéóáîéå ôåòíéîáìï÷, terminfo, termcap").

Ðïäçïîéôå ëõòóïò ë îõöîïíõ íåóôõ é îáöíéôå
     i          ðåòå÷ïä ÷ òåöéí ÷÷ïäá
÷÷ïäéôå ôòåâõåíùê ôåëóô
     ESC        ðòåëòáôéôø ÷÷ïä, ðåòåêôé ÷ ëïíáîäîùê òåöéí

Ðïäçïîéôå ëõòóïò ë îåîõöîïíõ íåóôõ é îáöíéôå
     x          õäáìéôø óéí÷ïì
     dd         õäáìéôø óôòïþëõ

Åýå ðáòïþëá ðïìåúîùè ëïíáîä:

     o          ÷óôá÷ìñôø ó îï÷ïê óôòïëé (ðïä ôåëõýåê óôòïëïê)
     a          ÷ òåöéí ÷÷ïäá ÚÁ ëõòóïòïí
     5yy        úáðïíîéôø 5 óôòïþåë
Ðïäçïîéôå ëõòóïò ë îõöîïíõ íåóôõ
     p          ÷óôá÷éôø úáðïíîåîîùå óôòïëé ðïä ëõòóïòïí
     P          ÷óôá÷éôø úáðïíîåîîùå óôòïëé ÎÁÄ ëõòóïòïí

     J          Óëìåéôø ä÷å óôòïëé
     /Ûáâìïî ðïéóëá Enter       - ðïéóë
     n          Ðï÷ôïòéôø ðïéóë

Îá üôïí ïúîáëïíìåîéå ó òåäáëôïòïí VI íïöîï óþéôáôø úáëïîþåîîùí.
Ôïçï, ëôï óþéôáåô, þôï  VI  íïöåô ðòåäïóôá÷éôø âïìøûå õäïâóô÷ é
ëïíáîä ðï òåäáëôéòï÷áîéà, ñ ïôóùìáà ë  ðòéìáçáåíïíõ úäåóø óðòá-
÷ïþîéëõ-ðáíñôëå "îáéâïìåå  õðïôòåâéôåìøîùå  ëïíáîäù  VI", îõ, é ¡ vibegin.doc
åóôåóô÷åîîï (ëáë ÷óåçäá) ë äïëõíåîôáãéé. Ïóôáìøîùè ñ ïôóùìáà  ë
îå íåîåå õäé÷éôåìøîïíõ ÷ ó÷ïåí òïäå òåäáëôïòõ EMACS, ëïôïòùí, îå
óíïôòñ îá üôï, òåëïíåîäõà ðïìøúï÷áôøóñ ÷ðòåäø.
.
        &dDËáëéå Unix'ù âù÷áàô ÷ ðòéòïäå?&d@

        &dDÇåîåáìïçéþåóëïå äåòå÷ï&d@

     Ðïþôé  óòáúõ ðïóìå òïöäåîéñ Unix òáóëïìïìóñ îá ä÷å ÷åô÷é -
÷åô÷ø ëáë âù "ðòáòïäéôåìøóëáñ", ëïôïòïê  ÷ìáäååô  "ïæéãéáìøîùê"
èïúñéî   ôïòçï÷ïê   íáòëé  Unix  -  Unix  System  Laboratory  -
æáëôéþåóëé  ÷åô÷ø  ëïííåòþåóëáñ.  É  ðòïåëô  Éóóìåäï÷áôåìøóëïçï
éîóôéôõôá  Âåòëìé  -  ÷åô÷ø  ÷  ïóîï÷îïí ó÷ïâïäîùè - âåóðìáôîùè
Unixï÷.

              System III
              System 6

      USL <-- Òáóëïì --> Berkeley

System 7                BSD 4.0

Unix V 3.1
Unix V 3.2    <-------  BSD 4.2
                    /   BSD 4.3
System V Release 4 / Úáéíóô÷ï÷áîéñ
                  /     BSD 4.4         Ëïîåã ðòïåëôá Âåòëìé
SVR4.0          < <     ____________________________________
SVR4.1
SVR4.2

     Îå  ôáë  äá÷îï  USL  ôáëé  ïëïîþáôåìøîï  "úáóõäéìá" BSD úá
éóðïìøúï÷áîéå æòáçíåîôï÷ ëïäá ó ëïðéòáêôïí AT&T, þôï ÷ îå íáìïê
óôåðåîé  óðïóïâóô÷ï÷áìï  úáëòùôéà ðòïåëôá BSD. Ðòåäðïóìåäîéê éú
ëòõðîåêûéè  ðïóôá÷ýéëï÷  ëïííåòþåóëéè  BSD-ðïäïâîùè  óéóôåí   -
Sun/SunOs  ðåòåûìé  îá  ìéîéà  SVR4.  Ôïòöåóô÷åîîï é ïæéãéáìøîï
ïâ®ñ÷ìåîï,  þôï   SVR4   ñ÷ìñåôóñ   åäéîóô÷åîîùí   îáóìåäîéëïí,
ïâ®åäéîé÷ûéí  ìõþûéå  òåûåîéñ,  ðòéûåäûéå  éú  Unix  V  é  BSD.
Ðïóìåäîéí éú íïçéëáî ïóôáåôóñ DEC: åçï OSF/1 äìñ  Alpha  AXP  -
îåíîïçï  éóëáìåþåîùê, îï ÷óå öå äïóôáôïþîï âìéúëéê ë ëïòîñí BSD
4.3.

        &dDUnix'ù äìñ IBM/PC&d@

        &dDÎåëïííåòþåóëéå éìé õóìï÷îï âåóðìáôîùå&d@

BSD/OS 2.0 BSDi/386 Îåäïòïçïê ëïííåòþåóëéê. Èïòïûï ðïääåòöé÷áåôóñ.
                Ðïääåòöé÷áåô âéîáòîõà óï÷íåóôéíïóôø ó SCO Unix
386bsd          BSD 4.3 äìñ Éîôåìå÷óëïê ðìáôæïòíù
NetBSD          ðòïéú÷ïäîáñ ïô 386bsd
FreeBSD 2.1     Óáíáñ ëáþåóô÷åîîáñ óåôø. Äáâù îå ó÷ñúù÷áôøóñ ó
                USL, ÷ îåí ðïìîïóôøà úáîï÷ï ðåòåðéóáîù ëõóëé ñäòá
                îá ëïôïòùè óôïñì ëïðéòáêô AT&T.
Linux 2.0.30    Óáíùê ðïðõìñòîùê óòåäé âåóðìáôîùè Unix'ï÷. Þéóìï
                éîóôáììñãéê ïãåîïþîï íåöäõ 100 ôùóñþ é 1 íìî.
                Îåðòåòù÷îïå óï÷åòûåîóô÷ï÷áîéå óéìáíé óïôåî
                äïâòï÷ïìøãå÷ äï÷åìé åçï äï  õòï÷îñ äï÷ïìøîï îáäåöîïê,
                âùóôòïê, ëáþåóô÷åîîïê é õäïâîïê óéóôåíù,
                ðòéçïäîïê äìñ òáâïôù ëáë ÷ ëáþåóô÷å çòáæéþåóëïê
                òáâïþåê óôáîãéé, ôáë é éîôåòîåô-óåò÷åòá.
                Ðïääåòöé÷áåô âïìøûå ÷óåè ðòéìïöåîéê, é hardware.
                Ðïääåòöé÷áåô óðåãéæéëáãéé  iBCS, é ðïôïíõ íïöåô
                ÷ùðïìîñôø ëïííåòþåóëéå ðòéìïöåîéñ äìñ SCO, ÷
                þáóôîïóôé Oracle é Informix.
                Linux òåáìéúï÷áîù ëìéåîô é óåò÷åò Netware, é Samba.
                Üíõìñôïòïí MS Windows WABI ðïìøúï÷áôøóñ ïþåîø äáöå íïöîï.

        &dDËïííåòþåóëéå Unix'ù&d@

UnixWare 2.1 SVR4.2 ïô SCO. Óï÷íåóôéíá ó Windows é Netware. Äï
                            óéè ðïò îå äï÷åäåîá äï õíá óåôø.
                            Ðïääåòöé÷áåô íõìøôéðòïãåóóïòîùå PC.
                            Ðïóìå  ôïçï ëáë åå õ Novell ðåòåëõðéìï
                            SCO, âõäõýåå üôïê óéóôåíù ðåòåóôáìï äìñ
                            íåîñ ëáúáôøóñ óôïìø õö úáíáîþé÷ùí.

Solaris 2.5  SVR4.0  ïô SunSoft. Óï÷óåí ëáë îá Sun'å. × ðòéîãéðå,
                üôï äïìöîï çï÷ïòéôø óáíï úá óåâñ. Îáþéîáñ ó
                5-ê ÷åòóéé ÷ Solaris îáëïîåã ðòéûåì Motif.
SCO Unix 4.0    SVR3.2 Ðïëá ìéäåò ðï ëïìéþåóô÷õ õóôáîï÷ïë óòåäé
                ÷óåè Unix'ï÷ äìñ PC. Óôáòáñ  îáäåöîáñ  ïôìáöåîîáñ
                óéóôåíá.  Ðïääåòöé÷áåô äïóôáôïþîï íîïçï hardware.
                Ðïääåòöé÷áåô íõìøôéðòïãåóóïòîùå PC.
                Îåðïíåòîï äïòïç. Íïòáìøîï õóôáòåì.
                Éíååô ðòïâìåíù ó òõóéæéëáãéåê. Íåäìåîîùê.
ISC Unix 3.2    Îáäåöåî é ëïíðáëôåî ÷ òáâïôå. Íïòáìøîï õóôáòåì.

        &dDUnix'ù, ðïóôá÷ìñåíùå ðòïéú÷ïäéôåìñíé ëïíðøàôåòï÷&d@

   Íáûéîá       Ïðåòáãéïîîáñ óéóôåíá      "Ïòéçéîáì"
Sun 1,2,10,...       SunOS 4.1.2             BSD 4.3
Sun 10,20,1000       SunOS 5.5               SVR4.0
IBM RS/6000          AIX                     SV 3.2
HP 9000              HP-UX 10             BSD 4.2 & SV 3.2
Sequent              Dynix                   SV 4.0
Motorola 922         SVR4/88                 SVR4.0
Âåóôá-88             Bestix                  SV 3.1
DEC                  Ultrix                  BSD 4.2
DEC Alpha AXP        OSF/1                   BSD 4.3
SGCS Silicon Graphic IRIX 6.0

     ×ùâéòáñ  ðìáôæïòíõ,  íù  á÷ôïíáôéþåóëé  ðïìõþáåí ó îåê "åå
óïâóô÷åîîùê" Unix.
     Ó  ôïþëé  úòåîéñ  õäïâóô÷á  é ãåìøîïóôé áäíéîéóôòáôïòóëïçï
õðòá÷ìåîéñ óáíùå ðòéñôîùå éú îéè - HP-UX 10.20 é AIX.
     Á óáíùê òáóðòïóôòáîåîîùê - Solaris 2.5 (åóôåóô÷åîîï).
.
        &dDËïíáîäù ðïéóëá GREP é FIND&d@.

        Ëïíáîäá grep/egrep

"æéìøôòõåô" óôòïëé - ïóôá÷ìññ ôïìøëï "ðïäèïäñýéå" ðïä ûáâìïî

    egrep ûáâìïî  [ file ... ]

×  ûáâìïî  íïçõô  ÷èïäéôø  ïâùëîï÷åîîùå óéí÷ïìù (ðòåäóôá÷ìñàýéå
óáíé óåâñ,  á  ôáë  öå  -  óðåãóéí÷ïìù,  ÷ùðïìîñàýéå  óìõöåâîùå
æõîëãéé ûáâìïîá: . * ^ $ [ ]

    .        - ìàâïê ðòïéú÷ïìøîùê óéí÷ïì
    *        - "íîïöéôåìø" (ðòåäùäõýéê óéí÷ïì ìàâïå þéóìï òáú)
    .*       - ìàâáñ ðïóìåäï÷áôåìøîïóôø óéí÷ïìï÷
    ^ûáâìïî  - ðòé÷ñúù÷áåí ûáâìïî ë îáþáìõ óôòïëé
    ûáâìïî$  - ðòé÷ñúù÷áåí ûáâìïî ë ëïîãõ óôòïëé
   [óéí÷ïìù] - òï÷îï ïäéî óéí÷ïì éú ôåè, þôï óôïéô ÷ óëïâëáè


×ù÷åóôé ÷óåè ðòé÷åìéçéòï÷áîîùè ðïìøúï÷áôåìåê:

    egrep ':0:0:' /etc/passwd

×ù÷åóôé ÷óåè îåðòé÷åìéçéòï÷áîîùè ðïìøúï÷áôåìåê:

    egrep -v ':0:0:' /etc/passwd

×ù÷åóôé  ÷óåè  ðïìøúï÷áôåìåê,  éíåîá  ëïôïòùè îáþéîáàôóñ ó âõë÷
a,b,e,d

    cat /etc/passwd | grep "^[abed].*"

        Ëïíáîäá find.

find òåëõòóé÷îï  ïâèïäéô  õëáúáîîùå ëáôáìïçé é æáêìù, ðòï÷åòñåô
äìñ îéè ÷ùðïìîåîéå  õëáúáîîùè  õóìï÷éê, é íïöåô ÷äïâá÷ïë ÷ùðïì-
îñôø ó  îáêäåîîùíé  æáêìáíé  õëáúáîîùå äåêóô÷éñ. Îáðòéíåò óáíïå
ðòïóôïå äåêóô÷éå - òáóðåþáôáôø éíñ æáêìá.

    find   æáêì [ ... ]   ëìàþé/õóìï÷éñ/äåêóô÷éñ

        Ëìàþé-õóìï÷éñ ëïíáîäù find:

  -name "*.c" - ðòïóôïå éíñ ðïäèïäéô ðïä ûáâìïî *.c
  -type f     - âòáôø ôïìøëï ïâùëîï÷åîîùå æáêìù
  -type d     - âòáôø ôïìøëï ëáôáìïçé
  -size +500  - æáêìù òáúíåòïí ÂÏÌØÛÅ 500*512 âáêô
  -mtime -3   - äáôá íïäéæéëáãéé ÍÅÎØÛÅ 3-è äîåê
  -newer  filename - äáôá íïäéæéëáãéé îáûåçï æáêìá ÍÅÎØÛÅ þåí õ
                     úáäáîîïçï æáêìá filename

×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ:  Ëïíáîäá  find  éóðïìøúõåô  óôáîäáòôîùå  SHELL'ï÷óëéå
ûáâìïîù.  Ëïíáîäá  grep  éóðïìøúõåô  ûáâìïîù  äòõçïçï  æïòíáôá,
îáúù÷áåíùå òåçõìñòîùíé ÷ùòáöåîéñíé.

        Ëìàþé-äåêóô÷éñ ëïíáîäù find

  -print      - ðòïóôï òáóðåþáôáôø íáòûòõôîïå éíñ æáêìá
  -exec ëïíáîäá îáä æáêìïí {} \;

        Ðòéíåò.

Îáðåþáôáôø éíåîá ÷óåè ïâùëîï÷åîîùè Óé-ûîùè æáêìï÷, éúíåîé÷ûéèóñ
úá ðïóìåäîéå 4 äîñ ÷ ôåëõýåí ëáôáìïçå é åçï ðïäëáôáìïçáè.

    find . -type f -mtime -4 -print

Õîéþôïöéôø  ÷óå  æáêìù ó ïëïîþáîéñíé *.bu, *%, ëïôïòùå îå íåîñ-
ìéóø âïìøûå íåóñãá.

    find   / \( -name "*.bu" -o -name "*%" \) -type f    \
    -atime +30 -exec  rm  {} \;

úáðéóø "rm {} \;"  - ïâïúîáþáåô ëïíáîäõ Unix, ëïôïòáñ âõäåô ÷ù-
ðïìîñôøóñ äìñ ÷óåè  ôáëéè  îáêäåîîùè æáêìï÷. ×íåóôï úîáþëá "{}"
âõäåô ðïäóôá÷ìñôøóñ ëáöäùê òáú éíñ îáêäåîîïçï æáêìá. Åóôåóô÷åî-
îï, þôï ôáëéí ïâòáúïí íù éè ÷óå é õîéþôïöéí.
.
        &dDÁòèé÷éòï÷áîéå. Ëïðéòï÷áîéå æáêìï÷ îá óôòéííåò&d@

× UNIXå äìñ üôïçï íïöîï ðïìøúï÷áôøóñ ä÷õíñ õôéìéôáíé:

tar     ðïðòïýå ÷ éóðïìøúï÷áîéé, îï îå ÷óå õíååô
cpio    âïìåå çéâëáñ, þåí tar, é ðïóìïöîåå.

        &dDËïíáîäá  tar  (Tape Archiver)&d@.

Ðòåäîáúîáþåî äìñ óïúäáîéñ áòèé÷ï÷ îá ìåîôå, é ÷ æáêìáè.

Ëìàþé: "-c" Create, "-x" eXtract, "-a" Append, "-t" ïçìá÷ìåîéå

tar -cvf arhiw.tar fajl1 fajl2 katalog3 ...     - óïúäáôø áòèé÷
tar -tvf /dev/rmt/ctape                ÷ù÷åóôé ïçìá÷ìåîéå ìåîôù
tar -xvf arhiw.tar katalog3/fajl4      éú÷ìåþø éú áòèé÷á   æáêì
tar -xvf /dev/rmt/ctape          áòèé÷ ìåöéô îá íáçîéôîïê ìåîôå
                                 éú÷ìåþø ó ìåîôù ÷óå æáêìù
tar -avf arhiw.tar fajl5                 äïâá÷éôø æáêì ë áòèé÷õ

Ëìàþé:
 "v"    ×ù÷ïäéôø óðéóïë æáêìï÷ ÷ äìéîîïí æïòíáôå (Verbose)
 "f"    Õëáúù÷áåô îá éíñ æáêìá

        &dDËïíáîäá CPIO.  (Copy In/Out)&d@.

Ëïíáîäá cpio -o âåòåô ó óéóôåíîïçï ÷÷ïäá óðéóïë  éíåî é óëìåé÷áåô
üôé æáêìù ÷íåóôå ÷ ïäéî áòèé÷, ÷ùôáìëé÷áññ åçï îá ó÷ïê  óéóôåíîùê
÷ù÷ïä.

Óâòïóéôø îá ìåîôõ æáêìù ðï óðéóëõ:

        -o     - (output) óïúäá÷áôø áòèé÷.
        -H odc - Úáðéóù÷áôø ÷ "óï÷íåóôéíïí æïòíáôå" (þôïâù  áò-
                 èé÷  íïöîï âùìï óþéôáôø îá Beste éìé Sun'å
        -c     - Úáðéóù÷áôø ÷ "ðòåóôáòåìïí" óï÷íåóôéíïí æòíáôå

    cat spisok | cpio -ovB -H odc > /dev/rmt/ctape1
    find katalog -print | cpio -ovc > arhiwnyj-fajl.cpio


Ëïíáîäá cpio -i þéôáåô ó óéóôåíîïçï ÷÷ïäá cpio-áòèé÷ é éú÷ìåëá-
åô éú îåçï æáêìù

# Ðòïóíïôòåôø óïäåòöáîéå óôòéííåòá.
    cpio -itB   < /dev/rmt/ctape

# Éú÷ìåþø æáêìù óï óôòéííåòá.
    cpio -idmvB  ["ûáâìïî" ...] < /dev/rmt/ctape

        -B   Òáúíåò âìïëá 5120 âáêô - óôòéíåòîùê æïòíáô.
        -d   Óïúäá÷áôø ëáôáìïçé ÷ óìõþáå îåïâèïäéíïóôé.
        -v   ×ù÷åóôé óðéóïë éíåî ïâòáâïôáîîùè æáêìï÷.
        -m   Óïèòáîñôø  ðòåöîåå ÷òåíñ ðïóìåäîåê íïäéæéëáãéé.
        -f   Âòáôø ÷óå æáêìù, ëòïíå õëáúáîîïçï ûáâìïîïí.
        -u   Âåúõóìï÷îï úáíåîñôø óõýåóô÷õàýéê æáêì  áòèé÷îùí.
        -l   Çäå íïöîï, îå ëïðéòï÷áôø, á äåìáôø óóùìëé.

        &dDÁòèé÷áãéñ óï óöáôéåí&d@.

Áòèé÷áôïòù tar é  cpio, ÷ ïôìéþéå ïô DOS-ï÷óëéè áòèé÷áôïòï÷, îå
úáîéíáàôóñ ëïíðòåóóéåê. Þôïâù ðïìõþéôø óöáôùê áòèé÷, îõöîï ÷ïó-
ðïìøúï÷áôøóñ óðåãéáìéúéòï÷áîîïê ëïíáîäïê compress éìé gzip.

Ëïíáîäá compress þéôáåô  ó÷ïê óéóôåíîùê ÷÷ïä, á îá ó÷ïê óéóôåí-
îùê ÷ùèïä  ðïäáåô  "ðòïöáôùå"  äáîîùå.

Ëïíáîäá zcat ("óöáôùê cat":-) þéôáåô ó óéóôåíîïçï ÷èïäá "ðïöá-
ôùê" æáêì, á îá ÷ùèïä ðïäáåô "òáúöáôùå" äáîîùå.

Óïúäáôø óöáôùê tar-áòèé÷:

    tar -cvf - emacs-19.28 | compress > emacs-19.28.tar.Z

Ðòïþéôáôø ïçìá÷ìåîéå óöáôïçï tar-áòèé÷á:

    zcat < emacs-19.28.tar.Z | tar -tvf -

Ïâòáôéôå ÷îéíáîéå îá  ëìàþ  íéîõó "-" îá ôïí  íåóôå,  çäå ÷ tar
îõöîï õëáúù÷áôø éíñ  æáêìá ó áòèé÷ïí. Ïî ïúîáþáåô "âòáôø äáîîùå
óï óôáîäáòôîïçï ÷èïäá"  (éìé  ÷ù÷ïäéôø áòèé÷ îá óôáîäáòôîùê ÷ù-
èïä).

GNU Zip - äïóôáôïþîï éú÷åóôîùê õðáëï÷ýéë,  éíååô óôåðåîø óöáôéñ
âïìåå ÷ùóïëõà, þåí õ compress, ðïþôé ëáë õ arj éìé  pkzip. Óïú-
äáôø óöáôùê cpio áòèé÷, éóðïìøúõñ "ëïíðòåóóïò" gzip.

    find . -print | cpio -ovcaB | gzip > arhiw.gz

Éú÷ìåþø æáêìù éú óöáôïçï cpio-áòèé÷á

    gunzip < arhiw.gz | cpio -idmv



        &dD mt - õðòá÷ìåîéå íáçîéôîïê ìåîôïê &d@

Óðåãéáìéúéòï÷áîîáñ ðòïçòáííá  äìñ òáâïôù ó íáçîéôîùíé ìåîôáíé ×
þáóôîïóôé, ó åå ðïíïýøà íïöîï äïðéóù÷áôø æáêìù îá ìåîôõ ïäéî úá
äòõçéí.

Þôïâù õúîáôø, þôï ïîá íïöåô äåìáôø, îáâåòéôå:

    man mt

.
        &dDÎáþáìøîáñ úáçòõúëá ïðåòáãéïîîïê óéóôåíù&d@

        &dD * Boot-ðòïãåäõòá * &d@

        Boot,   bootstrapping   -   óìï÷á  ïâïúîáþáàýéå  óåêþáó
"Úáçòõúéôø/ðîõôø, ðòïãåóó îáþáìøîïê  úáçòõúëé"  îá  óáíïí  äåìå
ðòïéúïûìé  éú  áîçìéêóëïê æòáúù "Pull itself up by its own boot
straps" (Ðïäîñôø óåâñ úá ûîõòëé óïâóô÷åîîùè âïôéîïë)

     Îáþéîáåôóñ ÷óå ó Boot-proma - îåâïìøûïê ðòïçòáííù, ëïôïòáñ
èòáîéôóñ  ÷   îåóôéòáåíïê   ðáíñôé   ëïíðøàôåòá,   é   îáþéîáåô
÷ùðïìîñôøóñ óòáúõ ðïóìå ÷ëìàþåîéñ.

      Åóôåóô÷åîï, boot-prom õíååô äåìáôø íîïçïå - æïòíáôéòï÷áôø
äéóëé, éîóôáììéòï÷áôø  ïðåòáãéïîîõà  óéóôåíõ,  úáðõóëáôø  ôåóôù
hardware.  Ïäîáëï çìá÷îïå åçï ðòåäîáúîáþåîéå - îáêôé îá äéóëå é
úáðõóôéôø îá ÷ùðïìîåîéå æáêì /unix - ñäòï ïðåòáãéïîîïê óéóôåíù.
É  ó÷ïåçï  óïâóô÷åîîïçï  òáúõíá  îá  üôï åíõ ïâùþîï îå è÷áôáåô,
ðïüôïíõ  ïî  ÷  ðåò÷õà  ïþåòåäø  úáçòõöáåô  ó  öåóôëïçï   äéóëá
"úáçòõúþéëá   ïðåòáãéïîîïê   óéóôåíù",  á  õö  ôïô  äåìáåô  ÷óå
ïóôáìøîïå.

        &dDSUN&d@

     Boot-prom úáçòõöáåô "BOOT BLOKS" - 1-à ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÕ ÎÁÞÁÌØÎÏÊ
ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ. "boot-bloks" òáóðïìïöåîù  ÷  1-15  óåëôïòáè  òáúäåìá,
óïäåòöáýåçï  ëïòîå÷õà  æáêìï÷õà  óéóôåíõ  "/".  Ïâùþîï ëïòîå÷áñ
æáêìï÷áñ óéóôåíá  òáóðïìáçáåôóñ  îá  òáúäåìå  îïíåò  0.
     "Boot-   blocks"   íïöîï   úáðéóáôø   îá  ëïòîå÷ïê  òáúäåì
úáçòõúïþîïçï äéóëá (ïâùþîï üôï ÷îõôòåîîéê äéóë óï  SCSI-îïíåòïí
3)  ëïíáîäïê  installboot.  Äìñ üôïçï ÷ùðïìîñåôóñ þôï-îéâõäø
ôáëïå:

    installboot /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s0

     Boot-blocks  "õíååô þéôáôø" æïòíáô æáêìï÷ïê óéóôåíù unix -
ufs .  Ïî îáèïäéô îá ëïòîå÷ïê æáêìï÷ïê óéóôåíå æáêì  "/ufsboot"
- 2-À ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÕ ÎÁÞÁÌØÎÏÊ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ, é úáçòõöáåô åå.

     /ufsboot îáèïäéô ñäòï /kernel/unix, é úáçòõöáåô åçï.

     Ñäòï Unixá úáçòõöáåôóñ ÷ ïðåòáôé÷îõà ðáíñôø, ðïäçòõöáñ ðòé
üôïí  ÷  ðòïãåóóå  ó÷ïåê  úáçòõúëé  äïðïìîéôåìøîùå  úáçòõöáåíùå
íïäõìé  ó  äòá÷åòáíé  õóôòïêóô÷.  Ëáë  ôïìøëï  ñäòï  "îáâéòáåô"
äïóôáôïþîïå   ëïìéþåóô÷ï   äòá÷åòï÷,    þôïâù    óáíïóôïñôåìøîï
óíïîôéòï÷áôø  ëïòîå÷õà  æáêìï÷õà  óéóôåíõ,  ïîï  ôõô  öå  üôï é
äåìáåô, ðïóìå  þåçï  îáþéîáåô  äåêóô÷ï÷áôø  óáíïóôïñôåìøîï,  îå
éóðïìøúõñ ëïäá îáþáìøîùè úáçòõúþéëï÷.

     Ðåòåè÷áô ÷ boot-prompt:

  STOP+A

     Úáçòõúëá ÷ single user:

  bo: boot -s

        &dDMotorola 922&d@.

     Boot-prom  úáçòõöáåô ó äéóëá ÚÁÇÒÕÚÞÉË - æáêì /stand/boot,
Úáçòõúþéë úáçòõöáåô ñäòï /stand/unix

     Ðïóëïìøëõ  boot-prom  îå  ÷  óïóôïñîéé  ÷íåóôéôø  ëïäá äìñ
òáâïôù óï óôáîäáòôîïê unix'ï÷óëïê æáêìï÷ïê óéóôåíïê, æáêìù unix
é  boot  ìåöáô  ÷  ïôäåìøîïí  òáúäåìå  öåóôëïçï äéóëá - òáúäåìå
/stand. Îá îåí óïúäáîá "ÏÞÅÎØ  ÐÒÏÓÔÁÑ  ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ  ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ"  bfs
(Boot  File  System),  þôïâù  boot-prom'õ  âùìï ðïìåçþå îáêôé é
óþéôáôø ó äéóëá úáçòõúïþîùå æáêìù.

     Ðåòåè÷áô ÷ boot-prompt:

Ðïóìå ôïçï ëáë îá ëïîóïìé ðïñ÷éôóñ óïïâýåîéå: "Idle MPU: none"
îáöáôø ëìá÷éûõ ÐÒÏÂÅÌ

     Úáçòõúëá ÷ single user:

        ×ï   ÷òåíñ   îáþáìøîïê  úáçòõúëé  îá  îåóëïìøëï  óåëõîä
ðïñ÷ìñåôóñ ðòéçìáûåîéå: "Press _þôï-ôï_to enter system_maintence.
Îáöáôø ôòåâõåíõà ëìá÷éûõ

        &dDLinux&d@.

     BIOS  úáçòõöáåô âìïë îáþáìøîïê òáçòõúëé áëôé÷îïçï òáúäåìá.

     Ïî  çòõúéô  úáçòõúþéë  LILO (LInux LOader). Lilo úáçòõöáåô
æáêì /vmlinuz

     Ðáòáíåôòù   îáþáìøîïê   úáçòõúëé   úáðéóù÷áàôóñ   ÷  æáêìå
/etc/lilo.conf ðïóìå ìàâùè éúíåîåîéê ÷  üôïí  æáêìå,  îåïèïäéíï
÷ùðïìøîéôø ëïíáîäõ

  lilo

     Ðåòåè÷áô ÷ Lilo-prompt:

Left_ALT óòáúõ ðïóìå ðïñ÷ìåîéñ óïïâýåîéñ "Lilo ..."

     Úáçòõúëá ÷ single user:

  Lilo: linux root=/dev/hda2 single

        &dDHP-UX&d@

     × ÐÚÕ HP 9000 ðòïöé÷áåô "PDC" - "Processor Dependent Code"
- þôïâ ðïçï÷ïòéôø ó  îéí  îáäï  îáöáôø  ëìá÷éûõ  ESC  ÷  ðåò÷ùå
óåëõîäù.

     Îá   úáçòõúïþîïí   äéóëå   åóôø  Boot-òáúäåì  æïòíáôá  LIF
(ìéîåêîáñ æáêìï÷áñ óéóôåíá) × LIF-ôïíå 4 "æáêìá"

ISL       - "ïðåòáãéïîîáñ" ðòïçòáííá
HPUX      - óïâóô÷åîîï úáçòõúþéë ñäòá
AUTOBOOT  - ôåëóôï÷ùê  æáêì,  ÷  ëïôïòïí  îáðéóáîï éíñ ñäòá ðï
            õíïìþáîéà

Éôáë: PDS ÷ùúù÷áåô ISL ëïíáîäïê

  bo scsi.6.0 isl

ISL úáçòõöáåô ñäòï ëïíáîäïê

  hpux /stand/vmunix

     Ðåòåè÷áô ÷ PDC-prompt:

Îáöáôø ESC ÷ ðåò÷ùå 10 óåëõîä

     Úáçòõúëá ÷ single user:

PDC> bo pri isl
ISL> hpux -is /stand/vmunix

        &dD * Ðòïãåóó init * &d@

Ñäòï éîéãéáìéúéòõåô óåâñ é ðïóìå üôïçï  úáðõóëáåô ðòïãåóó init.
Á init - ÷óå ïóôáìøîùå ðòïãåóóù,  ðòïçòáííù, ëïôïòùå îåïâèïäéíù
äìñ îïòíáìøîïçï æõîëãéïîéòï÷áîéñ ïðåòáãéïîîïê óéóôåíù.

×óå äáìøîåêûéå  äåêóô÷éñ ÷ óéóôåíå ïðòåäåìñàôóñ üôéí ðòïãåóóïí.
×óå, þôï îõöîï äåìáôø init-õ, ïðòåäåìñåô óðåãéáìøîáñ ôáâìéãá.

Ðòïãåóó init ÷óåçäá îáèïäéôóñ îá ëáëïí-ìéâï "ÕÒÏ×ÎÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ"
Õòï÷åîø ÷ùðïìîåîéñ ïðòåäåìñåô óïóôïñîéå é ðï÷åäåîéå ÷óåê óéóôå-
íù. Õòï÷åîø ïâïúîáþáåôóñ ãéæòïê 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,s,S (éìé âõë÷ïê)

   0        - prom íïîéôïò - Ðïìîùê ïóôáîï÷ óéóôåíù;
1, s, S     - single user mode. Ïäîïðïìøúï÷áôåìøóëéê òåöéí;
   2        - íîïçïðïìøúï÷áôåìøóëéê òåöéí âåú NFS-óåò÷åòá;
   3        - íîïçïðïìøúï÷áôåìøóëéê òåöéí ó NFS-óåò÷åòïí;
   6        - ðåòåúáçòõúëá;


        &dD * Ðòéíåòîùê æòáçíåîô õðòá÷ìñàýåê ôáâìéãù  /etc/inittab * &d@

bchk::sysinit:/etc/bcheckrc</dev/console>/dev/console 2>&1
brc::sysinit:/etc/brc   > /dev/console 2>&1
is:3:initdefault:
rc:12345:wait:/etc/rc    > /dev/console 2>&1
r0:0:wait:/etc/rc0       > /dev/console 2>&1
r2:23:wait:/etc/rc2      > /dev/console 2>&1
r3:3:wait:/etc/rc3       > /dev/console 2>&1
pf:12345:powerfail:/etc/powerfail > /dev/console 2>&1
co:12345:respawn:/etc/sysmonitor  console console
t1:23:respawn:/etc/sysmonitor     tty01   9600
t2:23:off:/etc/sysmonitor         tty02   9600

        Æïòíáô ôáâìéãù:

ÉÍÑ:Õòï÷îé_÷ùðïìîåîéñ:÷éä_äåêóô÷éñ:úáðõóëáåíáñ ëïíáîäá

ÉÍÑ: - ðòïóôï éíñ óôòïþëé - ïîé ÷óå äïìöîù âùôø òáúîùíé
÷éä_äåêóô÷éñ:

  sysinit   úáðõóôéôø ïäéî òáú ðïóìå îáþáìøîïê úáçòõúëé;

            îá óïïô÷åôóô÷õàýåí õòï÷îå ÷ùðïìîåîéñ:
  wait    - úáðõóôéôø ïäéî òáú é äïöéäáôøóñ, ðïëá îå ïëïîþéôóñ;
  respawn - úáðõóôéôø ðáòáììåìøîï, á åóìé ïëïîþéôóñ, ðåòåúáðõó-
            ëáôø óîï÷á;
  off     - îéþåçï îå äåìáôø (ðòïóôï éçîïòéòï÷áôø üôõ óôòïëõ).


Åóìé  ðïóíïôòåôø  ÷îéíáôåìøîï îá ôáâìéãõ, ôï íïöîï òáúïâòáôøóñ,
þôï öå ÷ äåêóô÷éôåìøîïóôé ðòïéóèïäéô ðòé úáçòõúëå, é ïôëõäá âå-
òõôóñ ÷óå üôé úáçáäïþîùå óïïâýåîéñ.


        Óðåò÷á init úáðõóëáåô ðòïãåóóù, ëïôïòùå "sysinit"

        Ïôòáâïôá÷ ÷óå óôòïëé "sysinit" õòï÷îñ,  init  éäåô  ÷óå
äáìøûå  ðï  /etc/inittab  é ïâîáòõöé÷áåô óôòïëõ initdefault 3 -
ïîá úáóôá÷ìñåô åçï "ðåòåêôé" îá õòï÷åîø 3.

        &dD * Run Command - óôáîäáòôîùå RC-ëáôáìïçé úáðõóëá * &d@

       Ðåòåêäñ  îá  õòï÷åîø  ÷ùðïìîåîéñ  3  init é ïôòáâáôù÷áåô
ðåò÷õà  ÷óôòåôé÷ûõàóñ  óôòïþëõ  ó  õòï÷îåí  "3"  -  úáðõóëáåôóñ
ëïíáîäîùê  æáêì  /etc/rc2  -  úáçìñîéôå ÷ îåçï. Ôáí ÷óå ðòïóôï:
/etc/rc2  âåòåô  é  ÷ùðïìîñåô  ëïíáîäîùå  æáêìù  /etc/rc2.d/S*,
ìåöáýéå  ÷  ëáôáìïçå  /etc/rc2.d.  Ëáöäùê  æáêì  ÷ùðïìîñåôóñ  ó
ðáòáíåôòïí "start"

       Ïôòáâïôá÷ /etc/rc2 init ôïþîï ôáëéí öå ïâòáúïí úáðõóëáåô
æáêì /etc/rc3. ×óìåä úá üôéí ïî úáðõóëáåô  îåóëïìøëï  ðòïãåóóï÷
sysmonitor  -  ðï  ïäîïíõ  îá ëáöäùê éíåàýéêóñ ôåòíéîáì. Üôï ôå
óáíùå  ðòïãåóóù,  ëïôïòùå  çï÷ïòñô  îá  ôåòíéîáì:   "Login:   "
Ðïìøúï÷áôåìø,  ÷ïêäñ  îá  ôåòíéîáì îåëïôïòïå ÷òåíñ òáâïôáåô, îï
ëáë ôïìøëï ïî  "õèïäéô"  éú  óéóôåíù,  îá  õëáúáîîïí  ôåòíéîáìå
îéþåçï  îå ïóôáåôóñ. init ôõô öå ÷ùðïìîñåô äåêóô÷éå "respawn" -
ðåòåúáðõóëáåô îá ôåòíéîáì sysmonitor - é  ïðñôø  öéúîåòáäïóôîïå
"Login: " ðïñ÷ìñåôóñ îá ôåòíéîáìå.

        &dDLinux Slackware&d@

        Ðï õíïìþáîéà init õóôáîá÷ìé÷áåô õòï÷åîø ÷ùðïìîåîéñ 5
Ðòé îáþáìøîïê úáçòõúëå ïôòáâáôù÷áåôóñ æáêì
/etc/rc.d/rc.S

        Úáôåí äìñ ðåòåèïäá ÷ íîïçïðïìøúï÷áôåìøóëéê òåöéí
/etc/rc.d/rc.M
        éú ëïôïòïçï úáðõóëáàôóñ æáêìù
/etc/rc.d/rc.inet1  õóôáîá÷ìé÷áàýéê óåôå÷ùå éîôåòæåêóù
/etc/rc.d/rc.inet2  úáðõóëáàýéê óåôå÷ùå óåò÷éóù
/etc/rc.d/rc.local  úáðõóëáàéê  îåóëïìøëï  ðïìåúîùè  ðòïçòáíí é
                    äåíïîï÷ - îáðòéíåò ðïääåòöëá íùûé,   httpd,
                    òõóéæéëáãéñ  ëïîóïìñ, é ô.ð.

        &dDLinux RedHat&d@

Éóðïìøúõåôóñ óôáîäáòôîáñ ôåèîïìïçéñ rc-æáêìï÷ System V

RC-ëáôáìïçé:
/etc/rc.d/rc[0123456].d/
/etc/rc.d/init.d/

Ëïîæéçõòáãéïîîùå ðáòáíåôòù äìñ RC-ëïíáîä:
/etc/sysconfig/

        &dDHP-UX 10.20&d@

Îå  óíïôòñ  îá  BSD-å÷ïå ðòïéóèïöäåîéå éóðïìøúõåôóñ óôáîäáòôîáñ
ôåèîïìïçéñ rc-æáêìï÷ System V

RC-ëáôáìïçé:
/sbin/rc[0123].d/
/sbin/init.d/

Ëïîæéçõòáãéïîîùå ðáòáíåôòù äìñ RC-ëïíáîä:
/etc/rc.defaults.d/

        &dDSVR4: SUN, Motorola&d@

Éóðïìøúõåôóñ óôáîäáòôîáñ ôåèîïìïçéñ rc-æáêìï÷ System V

RC-ëáôáìïçé:
/etc/rc[0123456].d/
/etc/init.d/
.
        &dDUnix, âáúï÷ùå ðòéîãéðù é ïóïâåîîïóôé&d@.

×óå  óéóôåíîùå  äåêóô÷éñ ÷ùðïìîñåô  ñäòï  ïðåòáãéïîîïê  óéóôåíù
Unix. Ñäòï - ïâùþîùê ÷ùðïìîñåíùê æáêì, òáóðïìïöåî ÷ æáêìå /unix
éìé /stand/unix éìé /vmunix éìé /vmlinuz (÷ úá÷éóéíïóôé ïô ëïî-
ëòåôîïê òåáìéúáãéé). Íïöåôå ðïóíïôòåôø òáúíåò üôïçï  æáêìá - îå
íáìåîøëéê. Ðòé îáþáìøîïê úáçòõúëå óéóôåíù ñäòï ãåìéëïí úáçòõöá-
åôóñ ÷ ïðåòáôé÷îîõà ðáíñôø, é ÷ äáìøîåêûåí òåúéäåîôîï îáèïäéôóñ
÷ îåê, ÷ùðïìîññ ÷óå îåïâèïäéíùå òáâïôù.

        Þôï ÷èïäéô ÷ ñäòï.

ÄÒÁÊ×ÅÒÙ ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×. É ôåè, ëïôïòùå åóôø, é ôåè, ëïôïòùè îåô, îï
íïçõô  âùôø,  á  ôáë  öå  é  ôáëéå,  ëïôïòùå  îéëïçäá  ÷áí   îå
ðïîáäïâñôóñ.

ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÑÀÝÉÅ   ÐÏÄÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ:   þáóôé   ëïäá,   ïô÷åôóô÷åîîùå  úá
ïâåóðåþåîéå  òáâïôù  ðïìøúï÷áôåìøóëéè  ðòïçòáíí  -   òáúäåìåîéå
÷òåíåîé é ðòïþéè òåóõòóï÷ óéóôåíù.

ÓÌÕÖÅÂÎÙÅ ÔÁÂÌÉÃÙ É ÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÑÄÒÁ: ôáâìéãù ôåëõýéè ðòïãåóóï÷, ïô-
ëòùôùè æáêìï÷, õðòá÷ìñàýéå óôòõëôõòù...

ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÅ ×ÙÚÏ×Ù. (Ôï, þôï MS-DOSå îáúù÷áåôóñ "21 ðòåòù÷áîéå" -
íïöîï  óþéôáôø  îåëïôïòïê   áîáìïçéåê/ðáòïäéåê   îá   óéóôåíîùå
÷ùúï÷ù.)   Ó  ôïþëé  úòåîéñ  ðòïçòáííéóôá  üôï  ïâùþîáñ óé-ûîáñ
æõîëãéñ,  ôïìøëï  ÷ùðïìîñåô  ïîá  óéóôåíîï-úá÷éóéíùå  äåêóô÷éñ,
îáðòéíåò:   ðòïþéôáôø   äáîîùå  éú  æáêìá,  õóôáîï÷éôø  óåôå÷ïå
óïåäéîåîéå, óïúäáôø ëáôáìïç, é ô.ä. é ô.ð. ×óå óéóôåíîùå ÷ùúï÷ù
( á ÷óåçï éè âïìåå 1500 ûôõë ) ÷ëïíðéìéòï÷áîù ÷ ôåìï ñäòá unix.
Ðïìøúï÷áôåìøóëéå  ðòïçòáííù,  ÷ùúù÷áàýéå  æõîëãéé,   ñ÷ìñàýéåóñ
óéóôåíîùíé  ÷ùúï÷áíé,  îá  óáíïí äåìå óïäåòöáô ôïìøëï jump'ù îá
óïïô÷åôóô÷õàýéå  áäòåóá  ðáíñôé  ÷  ñäòå.  ×   ðïìøúï÷áôåìøóëõà
ðòïçòáííõ óéóôåíîùå ÷ùúï÷ù îå ÷ìéîëï÷ù÷áàôóñ.

        Þôï îáèïäéôóñ ÷ ïðåòáôé÷îïê ðáíñôé.

ÑÄÒÏ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.

ÂÕÆÅÒÎÙÊ ËÜÛ.  Þáóôø ïðåòáôé÷îïê ðáíñôé òåúåò÷éòõåôóñ ðïä ëüûé-
òï÷áîéå þôåîéñ é úáðéóé îá äéóë. Ìàâáñ ïðåòáãéñ  þôåîéñ ó äéóëá
ðòé÷ïäéô ë ôïíõ,  þôï ðòïþéôáîîùå ó âìïëé ðïíåýáàôóñ ÷ âõæåòîùê
ëüû,  á  éú îåçï õöå ðåòåäáàôóñ úáðòïóé÷ûéí äáîîùå  ðòïçòáííáí.
Åóìé âìïë ðïðáì ÷ ëüû, ôï ÷óå ðïóìåäõàýéå ïâòáýåîéñ ë  îåíõ âõ-
äõô ðïìõþáôø ïâòáú âìïëá éú ëüûá, ðòéþåí îå úá÷éóéíï, ïô ôïçï -
ôá öå óáíáñ ðòïçòáííá, ïâòáýáåôóñ ë âìïëõ, éìé  ëáëáñ-ìéâï äòõ-
çáñ. Ëüûéòõåôóñ ôáë öå é úáðéóø îá äéóë,  ïðñôø öå, òáúäåìñåíáñ
íåöäõ ÷óåíé ÷ùðïìîññåíùíé ðòïçòáííáíé.

ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÙ. Ðòïãåóóïí ÷ Unix'å îáúù÷áåôóñ ÷ùðïìîñàýáñóñ ðòïçòáííá

        Óòåäóô÷á üëïîïíéé ðáíñôé. ×éòôõáìøîáññ ðáíñôø.

ÒÅÅÎÔÅÒÁÂÅÌØÎÏÓÔØ ËÏÄÁ.  Ëïçäá  ïäîá é ôá öå ðòïçòáííá(÷ùðïìîñ-
åíùê æáêì) úáðõýåîá ÷ îåóëïìøëéè üëúåíðìñòáè,  ôï ÷ ïðåòáôé÷îõà
ðáíñôø úáçòõöáåôóñ ôïìøëï ïäîá ëïðéñ ÷ùðïìîñåíïçï áóóåíâìåòîïçï
ëïäá îá ÷óåè. Ëáöäùê  ÷ùðïìîñíùê  ðòïãåóó éóðïìøúõåô ïäéî é ôïô
öå ôåëóô ðòïçòáííù, ðòïóôï õ ëáöäïçï ðòïãåóóá éíååôóñ ó÷ïê óïâ-
óô÷åîîùê õëáúáôåìø îá ôåëõýéê ïðåòáôïò.

ÒÁÚÄÅÌÑÅÍÙÅ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÉ. (×  Windows  åóôø ðïèïöåå ðïîñôéå DLL -
äéîáíéþåóëé ðïäçòõöáåíáñ âéâìéïôåëá). Îåëïôïòïå ëïìéþåóô÷ï þáó-
ôï ÷ùðïìîñåíùè æõîëãéê (îáðòéíåò printf,  äá  é  íîïçï  äòõçéè)
ïæïòíìñåôóñ ÷ ÷éäå óðåãéáìøîùí ïâòáúïí ðïäçïôï÷ìåîîïê âéâìéïôå-
ëé  (SHARED  LIBRARY).  Ðòé ëïíðéìñãéé ðòïçòáííù,  éóðïìøúõàýåê
òáúäåìñåíùå  âéâìéïôåëé,  üôé  æõîëãéé îå ìéîëõàôóñ ÷îõôòø ëïäá
ðòïçòáííù.  Ïîé  "÷ùäåòçé÷áàôóñ"  éú   âéâìéïôåëé   îá   óôáäéé
÷ùðïìîåîéñ  ðòïçòáííù.  Üôéí  íù  üëïîïíéí  íåóôï  îá äéóëå é ÷
ïðåòáôé÷îïê ðáíñôé: ÷ ðòïçòáííáè  ïôóõôóô÷õåô  ëïä  òáúäåìñåíùè
æõîëãéê,  á  ÷  ïðåòáôé÷îïê  ðáíñôé  üôá æõîëãéñ ðòéóõôóô÷õåô ÷
ïäîïí üëúåíðìñòå îá ÷óåè.

SWAPING. Ëáöäùê  Unix-ðòïãåóó æõîëãéïîéòõåô ÷ ó÷ïåí óïâóô÷åîîïí
32-è âéôîïí ÷éòôõáìøîïí áäòåóîïí ðòïóôòáîóô÷å, îå ðåòåóåëáàýåí-
óñ ó äòõçéíé.  Áäòåóîïå  ðòïóôòáîóô÷ï ðòïãåóóá íïöåô âùôø âïìø-
ûéí, þåí æéúéþåóëáñ ïðåòáôé÷îáñ ðáíñôø. ×éòôõáìøîáñ ðáíñôø ðïä-
äåòöé÷áåôóñ ó ðïíïýøà PAGING'á - òáúòåûåîéñ ÷éòôõáìøîùè áäòåóï÷
÷ æéúéþåóëéå  "îá  ìåôõ",  ó  ðïäëáþëïê  ïôóõôóô÷õàýéè  óôòáîéã
ðáíñôé óï swap-ïâìáóôé îá öåóôëïí äéóëå.

Îá óáíïí äåìå SWAPING'á ëáë ôáëï÷ïçï ÷ Unix'å  îåô, ÷íåóôï îåçï
ðòéíåîñåôóñ çïòáúäï âïìåå çéâëéê PAGING. (swaping  - ðï ïðòåäå-
ìåîéà,  üôï  ÐÏÌÎÁÑ ÷ùçòõúëá ðòïçòáííù îá swap-ïâìáóôø ó  ãåìøà
ïó÷ïâïöäåîéñ íåóôá ÷ ïðåòáôé÷îïê ðáíñôé).

Ïâìáóôø ðáíñôé, úáîñôáñ ðòïçòáííïê òáúäåìåîá îá ôòé þáóôé: TEXT
(÷ùðïìîñåíùå ëïäù ðòïçòáííù), DATA (óôáôéþåóëéå äáîîùå ðòïçòáí-
íù), STACK (äéîáíéþåóëéå äáîîùå). Ëïçäá ïðåòáãéïîëá ïó÷ïâïöäáåô
íåóôï ÷  ðáíñôé úá óþåô TEXT'á,  ôï ïîá îå   úáîéíáåôóñ óâòïóïí
åçï îá  äéóë. Ïîá óòáúõ  ðïíåþáåô åçï ëáë   ó÷ïâïäîùê. Äåêóô÷é-
ôåìøîï, ëïçäá ðïôòåâõåôóñ úáçòõúéôø TEXT ïâòáôîï  ÷ ðáíñôø, åçï
íïöîï  âõäåô ÷úñôø éú óáíïçï  ÷ùðïìîñåíïçï  æáêìá ó ðòïçòáííïê.
Ôáëáñ üëïîïíéñ éíååô ïäéî ðïâïþîùê üææåëô.  Æáêì ðòïçòáííù, ëï-
ôïòáñ ÷  äáîîùê íïíåîô ÷ùðïìîñåôóñ, îå÷ïúíïöîï õîéþôïöéôø. Ïðå-
òáãéïîîáñ óéóôåíá óïïâýéô ÷ üôïí  óìõþáå:  "text  file busy", é
ïôëáöåôóñ ÷ùðïìîñôø õäáìåîéå.

ÂÉÔ  ÎÁ×ÑÚÞÉ×ÏÓÔÉ.  (sticky  bit). ×ùðïìîñåíáñ ðòïçòáííá  íïöåô
éíåôø äïðïìîéôåìøîùê áôòéâõô. Ôáë  îáúù÷áåíùê  "âéô îá÷ñúþé÷ïó-
ôé". Ëïçäá ôáëáñ ðòïçòáííá úáëáîþé÷áåô ÷ùðïìîåîéå,  ïðåòáãéïîëá
(ðï ÷ïúíïöîïóôé) óôáòáåôóñ îå úáîéíáôø ðáíñôø,  ÷ ëïôïòïê îáèï-
äéìóñ ôåëóô ðòïçòáííù. Óïïô÷åôóô÷åîîï, ðï÷ôïòîùê åå úáðõóë ðòï-
éúïêäåô ïþåîø âùóôòï  - ÷åäø ðòïçòáííá ÷óå åýå  úáçòõöåîá ÷ ðá-
íñôø, åå îå ôòåâõåôóñ úáþéôù÷áôø ó äéóëá. Îõöîï ðòïóôï ðåòåäáôø
îá îåå õðòá÷ìåîéå.

        &dDÆáêìï÷áñ óéóôåíá Unix&d@.

Æáêìï÷áñ óéóôåíá ÷ Unix -  "äåòå÷ñîîáñ",  óïóôïéô   éú æáêìï÷ é
ëáôáìïçï÷. Îá  ëáöäïí òáúäåìå äéóëá óïúäáåôóñ óïâóô÷åîîáñ îåúá-
÷éóéíáñ æáêìï÷áñ óéóôåíá. Ïôäåìøîùå æáêìï÷ùå óéóôåíù "óãåðìñàô-
óñ"  ÷íåóôå,  ÷ åäéîïå ïâýåå äåòå÷ï äéòåëôïòéê. Ôáëáñ  ïðåòáãéñ
îáúù÷áåôóñ "íïîôéòï÷áîéåí". ×ùçìñäéô üôï ðòéíåòîï ôáë:

   mount -F ufs   /dev/dsk/m197_c0d0s5 /home1
   mount -F ufs   /dev/dsk/m197_c0d0s4 /usr
   df

Ðïìõþéôø äïóôõð  ë  æáêìáí  "îåóíïîôéòï÷áîîïê" æáêìï÷ïê óéóôåíù
îå÷ïúíïöîï. Ðïòïþîáñ ðòáëéëá MS-DOSá - óëïìøëï òáúäåìï÷, óôïìø-
ëï é "äéóëï÷" ( a: b: c: d: e: ... k: l:  m: n:) ÷ Unix îå ðòé-
íåîñåôóñ. × Unix ÷óåçäá åóôø òï÷îï ïäîï ïâýåå äåòå÷ï ëáôáìïçï÷,
é,  ðï  âïìøûïíõ  óþåôõ, ðïìøúï÷áôåìñí óï÷åòûåîîï ÷óå òá÷îï, îá
ëáëïí éíåîîï äéóëå éìé  òáúäåìå  äéóëá  òáóðïìïöåîù  åçï  æáêìù
/usr/spool/moshkow éìé /home1/moshkow/bin/mcopy ...

Æáêìï÷áñ óéóôåíá Unix ëüûéòõåôóñ âõæåòîùí ëüûåí. Ïðåòáãéñ úáðé-
óé îá äéóë ÷ùðïìîñåôóñ îå ôïçäá, ëïçäá üôï ðòéëáúù÷áåô ÷ùðïìîñ-
åíùê  ðòïãåóó,  á ëïçäá ïðåòáãéïîîáñ  óéóôåíá óïþôåô îõöîùí üôï
óäåìáôø.  Üôï òåúëï ðïäîéíáåô üææåëôé÷îïóôø é óëïòïóôø òáâïôù ó
äéóëïí,  é  ðï÷ùûáåô  ïðáóîïóôø  åå  éóðïìøúï÷áîéñ.  ×ùëìàþåîéå
ðéôáîéñ  îá  "çïòñþåê",  òáâïôáàýåê  Unix-íáûéîå   ðòé÷ïäéô   ë
òáúòõûåîéñí  óôòõëôõòù æáêìï÷ïê óéóôåíù.

Ðòé ëáöäïê îáþáìøîïê úáçòõúëå Unix ðòï÷åòñåô - ëïòòåëôîï ìé âù-
ìá ÷ùëìàþåîá  íáûéîá ÷ ðòïûìùê  òáú, é åóìé îåô - á÷ôïíáôéþåóëé
úáðõóëáåô õôéìéôõ fsck  (File System Check) - ðòï÷åòëõ é òåíïîô
æáêìï÷ùè óéóôåí..

        &dD×îõôòåîîññ óôòõëôõòá æáêìï÷ïê óéóôåíù Unix&d@.

Òáúäåì äéóëá, ÷ ëïôïòïí óïúäáîá æáêìï÷áñ óéóôåíá, òáúâéô îá ôòé
þáóôé.

ÓÕÐÅÒÂÌÏË. Úáîéíáåô 1 Kb.
           Óïäåòöéô óìõöåâîõà éîæïòíáãéà:
           Ôéð æáêìï÷ïê óéóôåíù,
           Òáúíåò
           Îáþáìï óðéóëá ó÷ïâïäîùè âìïëï÷.
           . . . þôï-ôï åýå

ÏÂÌÁÓÔØ INOD-ï÷.  Úáîéíáåô  ðòéíåòîï 8% ïâýåçï òáúíåòá òáúäåìá.
inode - Index-node  - ïðéóáôåìø æáêìá. Ïî óïäåòöéô ÷óà éîæïòíá-
ãéà ï æáêìå, úá éóëìàþåîéåí  éíåîé  æáêìá,  é óïâóô÷åîîï äáîîùè
æáêìá. × inod'å èòáîéôóñ:

   ôéð æáêìá (æáêì, ëáôáìïç, éíåîï÷áîîùê ëáîáì, óðåãéáìøîùê æáêì)
   ëôï ÷ìáäåìåã
   ðòá÷á(áôòéâõôù) æáêìá
   ÷òåíñ íïäéæéëáãé/óïúäáîéñ æáêìá
   áäòåóá âìïëï÷, éú ëïôïòùè óïóôïéô æáêì
   þôï-ôï åýå ...

ÏÂÌÁÓÔØ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ. × üôïê ïâìáóôé òáóðïìïöåîù âìïëé ó äáîîùíé æáê-
                ìï÷. Îåúáîñôùå âìïëé ðòï÷ñúáîù ÷ ÓÐÉÓÏË Ó×ÏÂÏÄ-
                ÎÙÈ ÂÌÏËÏ×

Æáêìù âù÷áàô ä÷õè ïóîï÷îùè ôéðï÷. ÆÁÊÌ, ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ.

ÆÁÊÌ - ïî é åóôø æáêì.

ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ - æáêì æéëóéòï÷áîîïçï æïòíáôá:  óïóôïéô  éú  óôòïþåë  ó
éíåîáíé æáêìï÷, ÷èïäñýéè ÷ ëáôáìïç

        éíñ_æáêìá1         Îïíåò_Éîïäá1
        éíñ_æáêìá2         Îïíåò_Éîïäá2
           . . .

Þôïâù ðïìõþéôø äïóôõð ë æáêìõ ðï éíåîé, ïðåòáãéïîîáñ óéóôåíá
 1. îáèïäéô üôï éíñ ÷ ëáôáìïçå, óïäåòöáýåí æáêì,
 2. âåòåô Îïíåò_Éîïäá æáêìá,
 3. ðï îïíåòõ îáèïäéô inod ÷ ïâìáóôé inod'ï÷,
 4. éú inod'á âåòåô áäòåóá âìïëï÷, ÷ ëïôïòùè òáóðïìïöåîù äáîî-
    ùå æáêìá,
 5. ðï áäòåóáí âìïëï÷ óþéôù÷áåô âìïëé éú ïâìáóôé äáîîùè.
×óå.

        Æïòíáô éîäåëóîïçï ïðéóáôåìñ æáêìá.

Ïâìáóôø éîïäï÷ òáúâéôá îá 64-è âáêôîùå óôòõëôõòù - inod'ù.
× inod'å èòáîéôóñ:

  Ôéð æáêìá (æáêì/ëáôáìïç/óðåãéáìøîùê æáêì/fifo/socket)
  Áôòéâõôù (ðòá÷á äïóôõðá)
  ×ìáäåìåã æáêìá
  Çòõððá-÷ìáäåìåã æáêìá
  ×òåíåîá óïúäáîéñ, íïäéæéëáãéé, ðïóìåäîåçï äïóôõðá ë æáêìõ
  Äìéîá æáêìá
  Áäòåó 1-çï âìïëá æáêìá
  Áäòåó 2-çï âìïëá æáêìá
  ...
  Áäòåó 10-çï âìïëá æáêìá
  Áäòåó âìïëá ëïó÷åîîïê áäòåóáãéé (âìïëá ó 256 áäòåóáíé âìïëï÷)
  Áäòåó âìïëá 2-ê ëïó÷åîîïê áäòåóáãéé
     (âìïëá ó 256 áäòåóáíé âìïëï÷ ó áäòåóáíé)
  Áäòåó âìïëá 3-ê ëïó÷åîîïê áäòåóáãéé
     (âìïëá ó áäòåóáíé âìïëï÷ ó áäòåóáíé âìïëï÷ ó áäòåóáíé)

Ôïþîùê æïòíáô óôòõëôõòù æáêìï÷ïê óéóôåíù óí.
man fs
.

        &dDÓðåãéáìøîùå æáêìù&d@.

× Unix ðïíéíï ïâùþîùè æáêìï÷ é ëáôáìïçï÷ óõýåóô÷õàô  åýå é óðå-
ãéáìøîùå æáêìù. Ïîé éóðïìøúõàôóñ äìñ ïâïúîáþåîéñ æéúéþåóëéè õó-
ôòïêóô÷ ëïíðøàôåòá. (Öåìåúïë). × óõýîïóôé, þôï  ôáëïå æáêì? Üôï
"îåþôï", ëõäá íïöîï úáðéóù÷áôø  äáîîùå,  ëáë ðïóìåäï÷áôåìøîïóôø
âáêôï÷,  é  óþéôù÷áôø éè ïôôõäá. É úîáþéô, ÷ðïìîå  åóôåóô÷åîîùí
÷ùçìñäéô, îáðòéíåò,  æáêì  /dev/console  - óïïô÷åôóô÷õàýéê ëïî-
óïìøîïíõ  ôåòíéîáìõ.  ×óå,  þôï  ÷ù÷ïäéôóñ ÷ æáêì /dev/console,
âõäåô ðòïóôï ðïñ÷ìñôøóñ îá üëòáîå ôåòíéîáìá. Ðòé ðïðùôëå þôåîéñ
éú  æáêìá  /dev/console, ÷ù âõäåôå ðïìõþáôø (÷îéíáîéå!), îå ôï,
þôï îáòéóï÷áîï ÷ äáîîùê íïíåîô îá üëòáîå, á ôï, þôï ÷÷ïäéôóñ  ó
ëìá÷éáôõòù. Ðïðòïâõêôå ÷ùðïìîéôø ëïíáîäù

  su
  echo Ðòé÷åô > /dev/console
  cat /dev/console

  Ctrl-C

Äìñ  ëáöäïçï  ôåòíéîáìá  unix-íáûéîù óõýåóô÷õåô óïïô÷åôóô÷õàýéê
åíõ  æáêì.  Ïâùþîùí  ôåòíéîáìáí  óïïô÷åôóô÷õàô  æáêìù,  ëïôïòùå
îáúù÷áàôóñ ðòéíåòîï ôáë:

  /dev/contty01 éìé /dev/tty02 éìé /dev/ttyFD02 éìé /dev/ttyS0
  (é ô.ä., ÷ïúíïöîù ÷áòéáîôù)

Ðóå÷äï-ôåòíéîáìáí (ïîé üíõìéòõàôóñ, ëïçäá ÷ù ÷èïäéôå ÷  óéóôåíõ
ðï óåôé, ðïóòåäóô÷ïí ëïíáîä ôéðá telnet, rlogin), óïïô÷åôóô÷õàô
óðåãéáìøîùå æáêìù

  /dev/pty*, éìé /dev/pty/*

Ëïíáîäá  who,  éìé  who  am  i  óïïâýéô ÷áí, ëáë îáúù÷áåôóñ ÷áû
óïâóô÷åîîùê ôåòíéîáì.

Óõýåóô÷õàô óðåãéáìøîùå æáêìù, óïïô÷åôóô÷õàýéå öåóôëïíõ äéóëõ  ÷
ãåìïí   (/dev/rdsk/m197_c0d0s7),     é   ÷óåí   åçï    òáúäåìáí
(/dev/dsk/m197_c0d0s*). Åóìé  ÷ù  âõäåôå þéôáôø éú üôéè æáêìï÷,
ôï  ðïìõþéôå  ÷óå  âáêôéëé,  ëáë  ïîé ìåöáô îá öåóôëïí äéóëå, ó
îõìå÷ïçï ãéìéîäòá é äï ðïóìåäîåçï... Á  åóìé  ÷ù  ÷  üôïô  æáêì
þôï-îéâõäø  úáðéûåôå,  ôï  ðïìõþéôå  (ðïôïí)  âïçáôùê  ïðùô  ðï
ðåòåæïòíáôéòï÷áîéà é òáúíåôëå öåóôëïçï äéóëá.

/dev/mem   - æáêì, éúïâòáöáàýéê ïðåòáôé÷îõà ðáíñôø.

/dev/audio - åóìé  "úáëáôéôø"  ÷ îåçï  æáêì  ú÷õëï÷ïçï  æïòíáôá
             (*.wav, *.au, ...?) - ôï ïî  âõäåô ïú÷õþåî äéîáíé-
             ëïí  ëïíðøàôåòá,  á  ëïíáîäá cat /dev/audio  âõäåô
             ðòéîéíáôø ÷óå, þôï ðòïéúîïóéôóñ ÷ íéëòïæïî.  ×ðòï-
             þåí  ñ  ïô÷ìåëóñ,  õ  îáó ÷åäø îå PC,  îå  Silicon
             Graphic é îå SPARCstation.

/dev/zero  - éú îåçï íïöîï óþéôáôø óëïìøëï õçïäîï îõìå÷ùè âáêôï÷

/dev/null  - á ÷  îåçï íïöîï ðéóáôø é  þéôáôø éú îåçï   ôïöå, ÷
             îåïçòáîéþåîîùè ëïìéþåóô÷áè, é ó îåéúíåîîùí òåúõìø-
             ôáôïí: NULL - ïî é åóôø null. Á ÷ MSDOS åçï áîáìïç
             îáúù÷áåôóñ    NUL ).

Óðåãéáìøîùå æáêìù âù÷áàô ä÷õè ôéðï÷:

  âìïþîùå  - úáðéóø é  þôåîéå äïðõóëáàôóñ ôïìøëï âìïëáíé.  Îáð-
             òéíåò, òáúäåìù äéóëï÷ ó æáêìï÷ïê óéóôåíïê ñ÷ìñàôóñ
             ôáëï÷ùíé.

  ls -al /dev/fd*
brw-rw----  1 root floppy    2,  28 Jul 18  1994 /dev/fd0H1440
brw-rw----  1 root floppy    2,  32 Jul 18  1994 /dev/fd0H2880
brw-rw----  1 root floppy    2,  12 Jul 18  1994 /dev/fd0H360


 óéí÷ïìøîùå(âåósôòõëôõòîùå, óùòùå, row) - íïöîï þéôáôø é ðéóáôø
           ïôäåìøîùíé âáêôáíé. Ë îéí ïôîïóñôóñ ôåòíéîáìù,  íáç-
           îéôîùå ìåîôù, îåæïòíáôéòï÷áîîùå äéóëé é òáúäåìù äéó-
           ëï÷ âåú æáêìï÷ïê óéóôåíù.

  ls -al /dev/tty*
crw--w--w-   1 moshkow  sys        4,   1 Jan 15 22:00 /dev/tty1
crw--w--w-   1 root     root       4,   2 Jan 15 20:37 /dev/tty2
crw--w--w-   1 root     root       4,   2 Jan 15 20:37 /dev/tty2

Òáúìéþéå - ðåò÷áñ âõë÷á ÷ ìéóôéîçå ëïíáîäù ls  -l

Ðïîñôéñ "òáúíåò" õ óðåãéáìøîïçï æáêìá îå  óõýåóô÷õåô. ×åäø üôïô
æáêì ïâïúîáþáåô æéúéþåóëïå õóôòïêóô÷ï.  Æáëôéþåóëé,  üôï óóùìëá
îá óïïô÷åôóô÷õàýéê äòáê÷åò. ×íåóôï äìéîù, ëïíáîäá ls ðïëáúù÷áåô
äìñ ôáëéè æáêìï÷  ä÷á þéóìá: "íáöïòîùê" é "íéîïòîùê" îïíåòá õó-
ôòïêóô÷. Âõäåí óþéôáôø, äìñ ñóîïóôé, þôï "íáöïò" üôï ðïòñäëï÷ùê
îïíåò äòáê÷åòá õóôòïêóô÷á, á "íéîïò" -  ÷îõôòåîîéê îïíåò õóôòïê-
óô÷á ÷ ôáâìéãå ïâóìõöé÷áàýåçï åçï äòáê÷åòá.
.
        &dDÄéóëé, ìåîôù, æáêìï÷ùå óéóôåíù&d@.

        &dD * Ëáëéå åóôø SCSI õóôòïêóô÷á * &d@

        &dDMOTORÏLA: Ëáëéå åóôø SCSI õóôòïêóô÷á&d@.

     Ðïóìå  ðïäëìàþåîéñ  îï÷ùè  õóôòïêóô÷ ë ëïíðøàôåòõ Motorola
922, ïî óáíïóôïñôåìøîï éè òáóðïúîáåô  ðòé  ïþåòåäîïê  îáþáìøîïê
úáçòõúëå,  é  úáðõóëáåô  ðòïçòáííõ  autoboot,  ëïôïòáñ  óïúäáåô
óðåãéáìøîùå æáêìù, óïïô÷åôóô÷õàýéå üôéí õóôòïêóô÷áí.

   scsiscan             - üôá õôéìéôá óïïâýéô ÷áí,  ëáëéå  SCSI
                          õóôòïêóô÷á  ðïäëìàþåîù, é ëáë ïîé
                          îáúù÷áàôóñ

  óí. ôáëöå ëïíáîäù     prtconf, prtvtoc, hardfmt

        &dDSUN:      Ëáëéå åóôø SCSI õóôòïêóô÷á&d@.

     Îá  ëïíðøàôåòå  Sun  SPARC äìñ ïðòåäåìåîéñ SCSI-õóôòïêóô÷:
Ðåòåêäéôå ÷ BOOT-prom íïîéôïò (Îáöíéôå ëìá÷éûé Stop+A)  ×÷åäéôå
ëïíáîäõ probe-scsi

  ok probe-scsi

        &dDLINUX:    Ëáëéå åóôø SCSI õóôòïêóô÷á é öåóôëéå äéóëé&d@.

     IBM   PC/Linux  óïïâýáåô  ïâ  ïðïúîáîîùè  õóôòïêóô÷áè  ðòé
îáþáìøîïê úáçòõúëå. Ðòåäðïìáçáåôóñ, þôï óïïô÷åôóô÷õàýéê  äòá÷åò
SCSI   (if  exists)  óëïîæéçõòéòï÷áî  ÷  ñäòå.  Þôïâù  åýå  òáú
ðòïóíïôòåôø üôé óïïâýåîéñ, ÷ùðïìîéôå ëïíáîäõ

    dmesg

        &dD * Ïðéóáîéå çåïíåôòéé äéóëá ðòé ðïäëìàþåîéé * &d@

     Äìñ  îïòíáìøîïê  òáâïôù  ó  äéóëïí  ÷ïúíïöîï  (úá÷éóéô  ïô
óéóôåíù) ðòéäåôóñ ðïúáâïôéôøóñ ïâ ïðéóáîéé çåïíåôòéé äéóëá.

     Ðòé   ðïëõðëå   äéóëá  ôòåâõêôå  ó  ðïóôá÷ýéëá  âõíáöëé  ó
èáòáëôåòéóôéëáíé é çåïíåôòéåê äéóëá.
     Seagate îáðòéíåò ÷óå èáòáëôåòéóôéëé äåòöéô îá
http://www.seagate.com ¡ http://www.seagate.com

        &dDLinux, FreeBDS: îéþåçï ïðéóù÷áôø îå îáäï&d@

     Ðåòåèïäéôå ë óìåäõàýåíõ òáúäåìõ.

        &dDMOTOROLA: ïðéóáîéå çåïíåôòéé äéóëá&d@

<!-- îåóõýåóô÷åîîï
     Úáçìñîéôå    ÷   /etc/device-map   -   ôáí   ðòéó÷áé÷áàôóñ
óéí÷ïìéþåóëéå éíåîá éíåàýéíóñ ÷ îáìéþéé öåìåúëáí, îáðòéíåò:

---------------------------------------------------------------
     ctape /dev/rmt/m328_c0d0
     disk  /dev/rdsk/m328_c0d1
---------------------------------------------------------------
-->

      Ôòåâõêôå õ ðïóôá÷ûéëá ðïìîõà éîæïòíáãéà ï çåïíåôòéé äéóëá.
http://www.seagate.com ¡ http://www.seagate.com

     Õöå  éíåàýéåóñ ïðéóáîéñ äìñ "æéòíåîîùè" äéóëï÷ òáóðïìïöåîù
÷ ëáôáìïçå  /etc/dskdefs/

      Ëïíáîäïê  ddefs  úáðéóáôø  çåïíåôòéà  äéóëá  é óïèòáîéôø
åå ðïä  îï÷ùí  éíåîåí.

      ddefs -n filename

       ×  ôáâìéãå /etc/scsifmt.info äïâá÷éôø óôòïþëõ óï óóùìëïê
îá æáêì ó çåïíåôòéåê äéóëá. × ëáþåóô÷å  ëìàþå÷ùè  óìï÷  õëáúáôø
ôï, þôï ÷ù÷ïäéô ëïíáîäá scsiscan

     Éîéãéáìéúáãéñ  äéóëá (îéúëïõòï÷îå÷ùê æïòíáô?, ôåóôéòï÷áîéå
âáä-âìïëï÷, úáçòõúïþîáñ úáðéóø) äåìáåôóñ ëïíáîäïê dinit.

     man dinit
     man scsifmt


        &dDSUN: ïðéóáîéå çåïíåôòéé äéóëá&d@

     Þôïâù   äéóë   ïðïúîá÷áìóñ   Sun'ïí,   äìñ   îåçï   äïìöîï
óõýåóô÷ï÷áôø ïðéóáîéå çåïíåôòéé ÷ æáêìå /etc/format.dat

        &dD * Ëáë îáúù÷áàôóñ äéóëé îá íáûéîå * &d@

     Ëáöäïå "õóôòïêóô÷ï" éíååô óïïô÷åôóô÷õàýéê åíõ "óðåãéáìøîùê
æáêì" Ïô óéóôåíù ë óéóôåíå éíåîá üôé áâóïìàôîï äòõç îá äòõçá îå
ðïèïöé.  Ïäîï, ðïöáìõê, ðïóôïñîîï: ÷óå óðåãéáìøîùå æáêìù ïâùþîï
òáóðïìïöåîù ÷ ëáôáìïçå /dev éìé åçï ðïäëáôáìïçáè.

        × SVR4 õóôòïêóô÷á óïâòáîù ÷ ïôäåìøîùå ëáôáìïçé:

  /dev/rdsk/*  - âåóóôòõëôõòîùå äéóëé é òáúäåìù äéóëï÷
  /dev/dsk/*   - âìïþîùå äéóëé é òáúäåìù äéóëï÷
  /dev/rmt/*   - óôòéííåòîùå îáëïðéôåìé îá íáçîéôîïê ìåîôå
  /dev/term/*  - ìéîéé äìñ ðïäëìàþåîéñ ôåòíéîáìï÷ (dial-in)
  /dev/cua/*   - ìéîéé ó íïäåíîùí õðòá÷ìåîéåí (dial-out)
  /dev/pts/*   - ðóå÷äï-ôåòíéîáìøîùå ìéîéé

        &dDMOTOROLA: Ïâýéê æïòíáô éíåîé:&d@
    controller_cXdYsuffix           çäå:
             controller - ôéð õóôòïêóô÷á
                X       - îïíåò ëïîôòïììåòá
                Y       - ìïçéþåóëéê îïíåò õóôòïêóô÷á
                suffix  - úá÷éóéô  ïô  õóôòïêóô÷á, îáðòéíåò:
                          îïíåò òáúäåìá îá öåóôëïí äéóëå

        Ìïçéþåóëéå äéóëé (òáúäåìù æéúéþåóëïçï SCSI äéóëá)
        ó âìïþîïê óôòõëôõòïê îá óôáîãéé Motorola 922

/dev/dsk/m197_c0d0s1    SCSI ëïîôòïììåò m197 îïíåò 0,
                        SCSI õóôòïêóô÷ï 0
                        ìïçéþåóëéê òáúäåì (slice) 1
/dev/dsk/m328_c0d0s0    SCSI ëïîôòïììåò m328 îïíåò 0,
        . . .           SCSI õóôòïêóô÷ï 0
                        ìïçéþåóëéê òáúäåì (slice) 0

        Æéúéþåóëéê äéóë (ãåìéëïí)

/dev/rdsk/m328_c0d0s7   Õóìï÷îïå  ïâïúîáþåîéå  ÷óåçï   öåóôëïçï
/dev/rdsk/m197_c0d1s7   äéóëá, ãåìéëïí

        Âåóóôòõëôõòîùå (óùòùå)  òáúäåìù

/dev/rdsk/m197_c0d0s1
/dev/rdsk/m197_c0d1s2

        Íáçîéôîùå ìåîôù.

/dev/rmt/ctape1             á ôáëöå
/dev/rmt/m197_c0d4

        CD-ROM.

/dev/rdsk/m197_c0d6s7    - "óùòïê" (æéúéþåóëéê)
/dev/dsk/m197_c0d6s0     -  òáúäåì CD-ROM ó æáêìï÷ïê óéóôåíïê
                            "Íïôïòïìøîïçï" æïòíáôá ufs
/dev/dsk/m197_c0d6s7     -  CD-ROM'á óï óôáîäáòôîïê  æáêìï÷ïê
                            óéóôåíïê iso9660

        &dDSUN:&d@.

        Ìïçéþåóëéå òáúäåìù (âìïþîùå) îá óôáîãéé SPARCstation:
Äéóë íïöåô âùôø òáúâéô îá 8 ìïçéþåóëéè òáúäåìï÷ ó 0 ðï 8.

        Ïâýéê æïòíáô éíåîé SCSI õóôòïêóô÷á:

/dev/dsk/c0t2d0s3       Controller  0  (ïâùþîï 0)
                        Taget       2  (SCSI ID)
                        Disk        0  (LUN Logical Unit Number
                                        - ïâùþîï 0)
                        Slice       3  (Îïíåò òáúäåìá)

        Æéúéþåóëéê äéóë (ãåìéëïí)

/dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s2     ×åóø öåóôëéê äéóë ðòåäóôá÷ìñåôóñ  òáúäåì-
                       ïí 2
                       Úáçòõúïþîùê ÷îõôòåîîéê öåóôëéê äéóë SPARC-
                       station éíååô 3-ê SCSI îïíåò.

        CD-ROM (ãåìéëïí)

/dev/dsk/c0t6d0s2      CD ïâùþîï ÷åûáàô îá 6-ê SCSI îïíåò.
                       Éíååô òï÷îï ïäéî òáúäåì - ÷åóø äéóë.

        Íáçîéôîùå ìåîôù.

/dev/rmt/0            1-ñ ìåîôá (ïâùþîï 150Íâ)
/dev/rmt/1            2-ñ ìåîôá (ïâùþîï DAT 4Çâ)

        Ðïóìå ðïäëìàþåîéñ îï÷ùè õóôòïêóô÷ ë Sun'õ.
Îõöîï ÷ùðïìîéôø "reconfiguration boot". Éú boot proma:

   ok boot -r

        &dDLinux:&d@.

     Äéóë íïöåô âùôø òáúâéô îá 4 primary òáúäåìá ó 1 ðï 4. Ïäéî
éú òáúäåìï÷ íïöåô âùôø extended - ôïçäá ïî íïöåô  âùôôø  òáúâéô
åýå îá 4 òáúäåìá ó 5 ðï 8

        Æéúéþåóëéê äéóë (ãåìéëïí)

/dev/hda        Ðåò÷ùê IDE öåóôëéê äéóë
/dev/hdb        ×ôïòïê IDE öåóôëéê äéóë
/dev/hdc        IDE hd (éìé CD) - master îá ÷ôïòïí éîôåòæåêóå
/dev/hdc        IDE hd (éìé CD) - slave  îá ÷ôïòïí éîôåòæåêóå
/dev/sda        Ðåò÷ùê SCSI öåóôëéê äéóë ...

/dev/sda1, /dev/sda2, ... ,8  Òáúäåìù öåóôëïçï SCSI äéóëá
/dev/hdb1, /dev/hdb2, ... ,8  Òáúäåìù öåóôëïçï IDE äéóëá

        CD-ROM

/dev/sbpcd,/dev/sonycd, ...
/dev/hdc  - IDE CD
          á ìõþûå /dev/cdrom

        Íáçîéôîùå ìåîôù.

/dev/rmt1

        Äéóëåôù.

/dev/fd0             - æìïððé A:
/dev/fd1             - æìïððé B:

        &dD * Ëáë ïôæïòíáôéòï÷áôø SCSI äéóë * &d@.


     Æïòíáôéòï÷áôø  SCSI îá îéúëïí õòï÷îå îå õíååô îé ïäéî unix
÷ íéòå. Æïòíáôáö ïâùþîï úáëìàþáåôóñ ÷ ôåóôéòï÷áîéé bad  blockï÷
é  îáîåóåîéé  ìïçéþåóëïê  òáúíåôëé  äéóëá  -  òáúäåìåîéé åçï îá
ìïçéþåóëéå òáúäåìù.

        &dDMOTOROLA: îéúëïõòï÷îå÷ùê æïòíáôáö äéóëá &d@

       ×  ôáâìéãå /etc/scsifmt.info äïâá÷éôø óôòïþëõ óï óóùìëïê
îá æáêì ó çåïíåôòéåê äéóëá. × ëáþåóô÷å  ëìàþå÷ùè  óìï÷  õëáúáôø
ôï, þôï ÷ù÷ïäéô ëïíáîäá scsiscan
     Îá   Motorole   äìñ  æïòíáôéòï÷áîéñ  äéóëá  ÷ïóðïìøúõêôåóø
ëïíáîäïê scsifmt. Ðòéíåîñåôóñ ïîá  ë  ÂÅÓÓÔÒÕËÔÕÒÎÏÍÕ  ãåìøîïíõ
äéóëõ (ëáôáìïç /dev/rdsk). Îáðòéíåò:

   scsifmt /dev/rdsk/m197_c0d1s7
   scsifmt /dev/rdsk/m328_c1d0s7

     ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ:  ×ù  õöå îáâòáìé üôõ ëïíáîäõ? Óïóþéôáêôå äï 20 é
îåíîïçï ðïäõíáêôå. Ðïäõíáìé? Ôåðåòø îáöíéôå Ctrl-C.  ×ù  îáöáìé
ENTER  ÷íåóôï Ctrl-C ? Õ ÷áó åóôø 30 ó÷ïâïäîùè íéîõô. Íïöåôå úá
üôï  ÷òåíñ  ïúîáëïíéôøóñ  ó  çìá÷ïê  "Éîóôáììñãéñ  Unix".  ×åäø
ëïíáîäá  scsifmt  îéþåçï  îå  ðåòåóðòáûé÷áåô,  é óòáúõ îáþéîáåô
æïòíáôéòï÷áôø õëáúáîîùê äéóë, îå ôòåâõñ îéëáëéè  ðïäô÷åòöäåîéê.

       scsifmt ðòïóôï ÷ùúù÷áåô ëïíáîäõ dinit ó óïïô÷åôóô÷õàýéíé
ëìàþáíé.

        &dDSUN:&d@

     Æéúéþåóëéê  æïòíáôáö  äéóëá îá SunOS îå äåìáàô. Óþéôáåôóñ,
þôï äéóë äïìöîù ïôæïòíáôéòï÷áôø  îá  úá÷ïäå.  Íïöîï  ðïóíïôòåôø
éîæïòíáãéà ï äéóëå.

     prtvtoc /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s2

        &dD * Òáúíåôëá äéóëá îá òáúäåìù. Partition Table * &d@

        &dDLinux: fdisk&d@

     Òáíåôëá  partiotion table ÷ Linux äåìáåôóñ ëïíáîäïê fdisk.
Üôï äéáìïçï÷áñ õôéìéôá  -  âåú  ïóïâùè  éúùóëï÷,  ÷óå  äåìáåôóñ
ðòïóôï.

     fdisk /dev/hda   # éìé sdb ...

     mke2fs /dev/hda1
     # óïúäáåô æáêìï÷õà óéóôåíõ ôéðá ext2 îá ðåò÷ïí òáúäåìå

        &dDSUN: Òáúíåôëá æïòíáôéòï÷áîîïçï äéóëá îá òáúäåìù&d@

     Þôïâù   äéóë   ïðïúîá÷áìóñ   Sun'ïí,   äìñ   îåçï   äïìöîï
óõýåóô÷ï÷áôø ïðéóáîéå ÷ æáêìå /etc/format.dat

Éú ðïä ÓõðåòÐïìøúï÷áôåìñ úáðõóôéôå ëïíáîäõ format, é ÷ äéáìïçï-
÷ïí òåöéíå  óíïöåôå ðòïéîéãéáìéúéòï÷áôø é ðòïôåóôéòï÷áôø äéóë é
òáúâéôø åçï îá òáúäåìù.

     format

Boot-íïîéôïò ðòé úáçòõúëå ïðåòáãéïîîïê óéóôåíù éýåô îá ëïòîå÷ïí
òáúäåìå boot-âìïë. Ïî úáðéóù÷áåôóñ ëïíáîäïê installboot éìé dd

     installboot /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s0
     dd if=/usr/lib/fs/ufs/bootblk bs=1k skip=1 of=/dev/dsk/c0t3d0s0

        &dDSUN: Óïúäáîéå æáêìï÷ïê óéóôåíù&d@.

     newfs /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7

        SUN: ÷éäù æáêìï÷ùè óéóôåí.

     ufs        Unix File System
                ïóîï÷îïê ôéð æáêìï÷ùè óéóôåí äìñ öåóôëéè äéóëï÷
     hsfs       High Sierra, ISO 9660, Rock Rige Extension
                æáêìï÷áñ óéóôåíá îá CD-ROM'áè
     pcfs       MS-DOS FAT äìñ äéóëåô 3"

     nfs        Network File System
                îáéâïìåå ðïðõìñòîáñ óåôå÷áñ æáêìï÷áñ óéóôåíá
     rfs        Remote File System
                ôñöåìïå îáóìåäéå System V - åýå ïäîá óåôå÷áñ FS

     tmpfs      äìñ èòáîåîéñ ×òåíåîîïê Æáêìï÷ïê óéóôåíù éóðïìøúõåôóñ
                ó÷ïâïäîïå íåóôï swap-ïâìáóôé
     lofs       Loop Back FS
                æáëôéþåóëé mount -F nfs localhost:/ /mnt

     procfs     Process FS - "äìñ ëáöäïçï ðòïãåóóá éíååôóñ æáêì"
     fifofs     FIFO FS
     fdfs       File Descriptors FS
     namefs

        &dDMOTOROLA: Òáúíåôëá æïòíáôéòï÷áîîïçï äéóëá îá òáúäåìù&d@.

ðòïéú÷ïäéôóñ Disk Slice Editorom dse. Îá äéóëå íïöåô âùôø äï 15
slice'ï÷ (òáúäåìï÷). Ïîé îõíåòõàôóñ þéóìáíé ïô 0 äï 6, ïô  8 äï
f. Îïíåò 7 úáòåúåò÷éòï÷áî, þôïâù ïâïúîáþáôø ÷åóø äéóë ãåìéëïí.

  dse   éíñ_âåóóôòõëôõòîïçï_äéóëá       #       îáðòéíåò:
  dse /dev/rdsk/m197_c0d0s7

Ïî éíååô üëòáîîùê éîôåòæåêó, óèïöéê ó òåäáëôïòïí VI
        Ëïíáîäù:

   :q!     ÷ùêôé âåú ÷îåóåîéñ éúíåîåîéê ÷ ôáâìéãõ òáúäåìï÷
   :wq     óïèòáîéôø éúíåîåîéñ é ÷ùêôé
 h,j,k,l   ëïíáîäù ðåòåíåýåîéñ ðï üëòáîõ (üôï åóìé õ ÷áó îå òá-
           âïôáàô óôòåìïþëé)
   C       óïúäáôø òáúäåì îá ó÷ïâïäîïí íåóôå
   dw      óôåòåôø ðïìå
   dd      õîéþôïöéôø òáúäåì
   cw      éúíåîéôø úîáþåîéå ðïìñ

×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ:  óáíùê  ðåò÷ùê òáúäåì äïìöåî îáþéîáôøóñ ó âìïëá îïíåò
648 (éìé âïìøûå), ðïóëïìøëõ îá äéóëå  äïìöîï  ïóôá÷áôøóñ  íåóôï
äìñ èòáîåîéñ òáúíåôëé äéóëá VTOC (Volume Table Of Contents).

Îá  óïúäá÷áåíïí òáúäåìå äïìöîá âùôø óïúäáîá æáêìï÷áñ óéóôåíá. ×
SVR4/88 éóðïìøúõàôóñ 3 òáúîùè ôéðá - ufs,  s5,  bfs.  ×ùâéòáêôå
"UFS".

        Motorola: ÷éäù æáêìï÷ùè óéóôåí.

     ufs        Unix File System
                ïóîï÷îïê ôéð æáêìï÷ùè óéóôåí äìñ öåóôëéè äéóëï÷
     s5         System V. Õóôáòåìùê ôéð æáêìï÷ïê óéóôåíù, éóðïìø-
                úï÷áìóñ ÷ óôáòùè ÷åòóéñè SV 3.1. Âïìåå íåäìåîîáñ,
                îï úáîéíáåô íåîøûå íåóôá ðïä óìõöåâîõà éîæïòíáãéà
     bfs        Boot File System
		Óìõöåâîáñ "ïþåîø ðòïóôáñ" æáêìï÷áñ óéóôåíá. × îåê
                ìåöáô æáêìù îáþáìøîïê úáçòõúëé boot é unix
     cdfs       CD File System
                Óôáîäáòôîáñ äìñ CD ROM'ï÷ òáúíåôëá ISO 9660

Ðïóìå ðåòåòáúíåôëé äéóëá dse á÷ôïíáôéþåóëé úáðõóôéô ëïíáîäõ mkî
fs óï ÷óåíé îåïâèïäéíùíé  ðáòáíåôòáíé  -  äìñ  óïúäáîéñ  þéóôùè
æáêìï÷ùè óéóôåí îá îï÷ùè òáúäåìáè, ðïüôïíõ ðõîëô, ïôîïóñýéêóñ ë
ëïíáîäå mkfs, éíååô óëïòåå áëáäåíéþåóëéê éîôåòåó.

        &dD * Ëáëïçï ôéðá õ îáó æáêìï÷ùå óéóôåíù * &d@.

  fstyp éíñ_äéóëï÷ïçï_òáúäåìá

òåëïíåîäõåíùê ôéð äìñ îåóðåãéáìéúéòï÷áîîùè  (ô.å. îå ôåè, ëïôï-
òùå /stand, /boot é îåëïôïòùå  äòõçéå)   æáêìï÷ùè  óéóôåí óôáî-
äáòôîùê Unix'ï÷óëéê "ufs" - Unix File System.  Üôï âùóôòáñ æáê-
ìï÷áñ óéóôåíá  BSD-ðïäïâîïçï  ôéðá  ó  óéí÷ïìéþåóëéíé  ìéîëáíé,
äìéîîùíé éíåîáíé æáêìï÷ (äï 256 âáêô), éúíåîñåíùí òáúíåòïí âìï-
ëá, "òáúíáúáîîïê" ôáâìéãåê inod'ï÷ (ïðéóáôåìé æáêìï÷ òáóðïìïöå-
îù çòõððáíé, ëïôïòùå òá÷îïíåòîï òáóðòåäåìåîù ðï äéóëõ)

        &dDmkfs - óïúäáåô ðõóôõà æáêìï÷õà óéóôåíõ&d@.

# óïúäáåí æáêìï÷õà óéóôåíõ ôéðá s5 îá 4-ïí òáúäåìå äéóëá,  òáú-
# íåòïí 200 Íâ !!! Òáúíåò õëáúù÷áåôóñ ÷ 512-âáêôîùè âìïëáè

  mkfs -F s5   /dev/rdsk/m328_c2d0s4  400000


# óïúäáåí æáêìï÷õà óéóôåíõ ôéðá ufs  îá 5-ïí òáúäåìå äéóëá

  mkfs -F ufs  -o bsize=4096,nsect=36,ntrack=9,free=1 \
  /dev/rdsk/m328_c2d0s5

        &dD * Íïîôéòï÷áîéå æáêìï÷ùè óéóôåí * &d@.

Þôïâù  óäåìáôø  "÷éäéíùíé"  æáêìù, ìåöáýéå îá äéóëï÷ïí òáúäåìå,
Unix éóðïìøúõåô  ëïíáîäõ  mount.  Mount  "ðïäãåðìñåô"  æáêìï÷õà
óéóôåíõ  ë ïâýåíõ äåòå÷õ æáêìï÷. Ðòé íïîôéòï÷áîéé îõöîï õëáúáôø
"ôïþëõ íïîôáöá" - ëáôáìïç, ë ëïôïòïíõ "ðïäãåðìñåôóñ" îáûá îï÷áñ
æáêìï÷áñ óéóôåíá. Îáðòéíåò:

    mount -F ufs   /dev/dsk/m197_c0d0s8    /home1

Þôïâù ðïóíïôòåôø, ëáëéå æáêìï÷ùå óéóôåíù õ îáó óíïîôéòï÷áîù
÷ùðïìîéôå ëïíáîäõ

    df

Þôïâù îáûé æáêìï÷ùå óéóôåíù íïîôéòï÷áìéóø, á swap ïâìáóôé áëôé-
÷éúéòï÷áìéóø  á÷ôïíáôéþåóëé  ðòé  ëáöäïê  úáçòõúëå,  îåïâèïäéíï
÷óôá÷éôø óïïô÷åôóô÷õàýéå  óôòïëé  ÷  æáêì  /etc/vfstab . Æïòíáô
óôòïþåë íïöîï ðïóíïôòåôø ÷ üôïí öå æáêìå.

        &dDMOTOROLA: Íïîôéòï÷áîéå CD-ROM&d@.

Åóìé îá CDROM'å  úáðéóáîá æáêìï÷áñ óéóôåíá æïòíáôá "ufs" - ô.å.
üôï  "òïäîïê",  íïôïòïìøîùê cdrom, ôï íïîôéòï÷áôø åçï îõöîï  ðï
ôåí öå ðòá÷éìáí, þôï é ïâùþîùê öåóôëéê äéóë, ôïìøëï "read only"

  mount -F ufs -r  /dev/dsk/m197_c0d6s0    /cdrom

Åóìé öå üôï ïâùþîùê "game'ï÷ùê" äéóë äìñ MSDOSá, á ôïþîåå, CDROM
óôáîäáòôîïçï æïòíáôá iso9660, ôï íïîôéòï÷áôø åçï îáäï ôáë:

  mount -F cdfs -o ro  /dev/dsk/m197_c0d6s7    /cdrom

(éóðïìøúï÷áîéå ëìàþåê  -r é  -o ro  - òá÷îïúîáþîï)

        &dDÏôíïîôéòï÷áîéå æáêìï÷ùè óéóôåí&d@.

  umount /home1

        &dD * Bad-âìïëé * &d@.

        &dDÆéòíåîîùå ïðåòáãéïîëé: ìåþéôóñ, îï ó ôòõäïí-ó&d@

     Ìõþûå âõäåô, åóìé ÷ù ïúîáëïíéôåóø ó äïëõíåîôáãéåê - òáúäåì
"Bad blocks" ÷ Ôïíå "Disks and Tapes Managment"

  óí. ôáëöå man ðï   ddefs, mvme328, scsi1x7, dinit, ...

        &dDLinux: Bad-âìïëé&d@


     Linux'ï÷óëéê fsck ó ëìàþåí "-c" õíååô ìåþéôø ïô bad-âìïëï÷
(ïîé óïâéòáàôóñ ÷ ïôäåìøîùê bad-block inode)

      # -y yes îá ÷óå ÷ïðòïóù,  -f force checking, -c bad-blocks
      e2fsck -c -y -f /dev/hda3


        &dD * Äéáçîïóôéëá ïâïòõäï÷áîéñ * &d@

        &dDMOTOROLA: Õôéìéôá ôåóôéòï÷áîéñ ïâïòõäï÷áîéñ GOLD&d@.

     Äìñ  ôåóôéòï÷áîéñ  é  äéáçîïóôéëé ïâïòõäï÷áîéñ óôáîãéé Moî
torola 922  íïöîï  ÷ïóðïìøúï÷áôøóñ  õôéìéôïê  gold.  Ïîá  éíååô
óéóôåíõ íåîà, ïþåîø ðïèïöõà îá óéóôåíõ íåîà õôéìéôù sysadm.

        &dDSUN:  Õôéìéôá ôåóôéòï÷áîéñ ïâïòõäï÷áîéñ sundiag&d@

     Sundiag   -   íîïçïæõîëãéïîáìøîáñ   õôéìéôá   ôåóôéòï÷áîéñ
ïâïòõäï÷áîéñ îá Sun
.
        &dD×ùäåìåîéå òáúäåìï÷ ðïä swap&d@

     Ðïä  swap  ïâìáóôø  òåëïíåîäõåôóñ ÷ùäåìñôø îå âïìåå ïäîïçï
òáúäåìá (ðòåäðïþôéôåìøîåå óáíïçï  ðåò÷ïçï)  îá  ëáöäïí  öåóôëïí
äéóëå.

       Ðïä  swap  òåëïíåîäõåôóñ ÷ùäåìñôø 1*RAM - 2*RAM íåóôá, á
åóìé îá íáûéîå áëôé÷îï éóðïìøúõåôóñ X-Windows, ôï 3*RAM.

     ×  óìõþáå óòïþîïê îåïâèïäéíïóôé, ðïä swap íïöîï ÷ùäåìéôø é
ïâùþîùê  æáêì.  Óïúäáêôå  æáêì  âïìøûïçï   òáúíåòá,   á   úáôåí
ðïäëìàþéôå åçï ðïä swapping. Ðòéíåò: ÷ùäåìñåí 20 Mb-ï÷ùê æáêì

  dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/swapfile bs=1k count=20480

     Þôïâ swap ðïäëìàþáìóñ á÷ôïíáôéþåóëé ðòé îáþáìøîïê úáçòõúëå
îáäï ÷ðéóáôø óôòïëõ ÷ /etc/fstab - þôï îéâõäø ôéðá:

---------------------------------------------------------------
# device     mountpoint  type  flags
/dev/hdb2     none       swap   sw
---------------------------------------------------------------

        &dDMOTOROLA: swap&d@

     Ðïóìå ÷ùäåìåîéñ òáúäåìá ðïä swap åçï îáäï áëôé÷éúéòï÷áôø:

  swap -a /dev/rdsk/m328_c2d0s0 0 0  # ðïäëìàþáåí òáúäåì

  swap -a /var/swapfile 0 40960      # ðïäëìàþáåí æáêì
  # ×îéíáîéå  - úäåóø äìéîá õëáúù÷áåôóñ ÷ 512-âáêôîùè âìïëáè

        &dDLinux: swap&d@

# òáúíåþáåí ðáòôéãéà,
# õóôáîá÷ìé÷áåí åê partition ID == 82 "Linux-swap"

  fdisk /dev/hda

# Swap-æáêì äìñ Linux _ÏÂÑÚÁÎ_ ìåöáôø ÷ ëáôáìïçå /dev/

  dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/swapfile bs=1k count=40000

# Ðïóìå ÷ùäåìåîéñ òáúäåìá éìé æáêìá ðïä swap åçï îáäï ðòïðéóáôø:

  mkswap /dev/hda2 40000 ; sync # òáúíåò ÷ ëéìïâáêôáè

  swapon /dev/hda2       # ðïäëìàþáåí swap-òáúäåì

  free                   # óíïôòéí

  swapoff /dev/swapfile  # ïôëìàþáåí swap-æáêì

Äìñ ðïóôïñîîïçï ÷ëìàþåîéñ äïâá÷éôø óôòïþëõ
÷ /etc/fstab :
---------------------------------------------------------------
/dev/hdb2       none  swap   sw
---------------------------------------------------------------

        &dDHP-UX 10.20: swap&d@

     Äõûëá HP-UX  ðïú÷ïìñåô ÷óå úáðòïóôï óäåìáôø íåîàûëáíé SAM.

     Óðåãéæéëá: swap ÷ æáêìï÷ïê óéóôåíå îáúù÷áåôóñ üëúïôéþåóëéí
óìï÷ïí "File system swap",  ïòçáîéúõåôóñ  ÷  ÷éäå  ëáôáìïçá,  é
è÷áôáåô  îå  ÷óå  óòáúõ,  ëáë  éíååô íåóôï ó swap-æáêìïí, á "ðï
ôòåâï÷áîéà", þåí üëïîïíéô íåóôï îá äéóëå.

     × HP-UX ïôëìàþéôø îá ìåôõ swap-ïâìáóôø îåìøúñ - ïôëìàþåîéå
swap æïòóéòõåô ðåòåúáçòõúëõ ëïíðøàôåòá

Primary-swap õëáúù÷áåôóñ ÷ ëïîæéçõòáãéé ñäòá, ïóôáìøîùå ÷ æáêìå
/etc/fstab

  swapon                # ðïäëìàþáåí

  swapinfo              # óíïôòéí

        &dDSUN (Solaris é SunOS)&d@

   swap -l              # ìéóôéîç
   swap -s              # ìéóôéîç

   mkfile 40m swap-file # óïúäáôø ó÷áðæáêì ÷ 40 Íâ

   swap -a swap-file    #  áëôé÷éúéòï÷áôø åçï.

Äìñ ðïóôïñîîïçï ÷ëìàþåîéñ äïâá÷éôø óôòïþëõ
÷ /etc/vfstab:

/swap/file    -   -   swap  -   no   -
.
        &dDÉîóôáììñãéñ ïðåòáãéïîîïê óéóôåíù&d@

       Äìñ  éîóôáììñãéé  ïðåòáãéïîîïê óéóôåíù îá Unix-ëïíðøàôåò
éóðïìøúõåôóñ úáçòõúïþîùå äéóëåôù, úáçòõúïþîùå íáçîéôîùå  ìåîôù,
á ôáëöå CD-ROM'ù.
      Ó äéóôòéâõôé÷îïçï îïóéôåìñ úáçòõöáåôóñ íéîéíáìøîáñ ÷åòóéñ
ïðåòáãéïîîïê óéóôåíù  UNIX,  é  ðïä  õðòá÷ìåîéåí  üôïçï  UNIX-á
úáðõóëáåôóñ   ðòïçòáííá   éîóôáììñãéé,   ëïôïòáñ   éú÷ìåëáåô  é
õóôáîá÷ìé÷áåô ó îïóéôåìñ ðáëåôù.

        &dDMotorola 922. Úáçòõúëá ó íáçîéôîïê ìåîôù&d@

       ×óôá÷éôø  ìåîôõ  ó  äéóôòéâõôé÷ïí Unix SVR4/88. ×ëìàþéôø
ðéôáîéå. Ðïóìå  ôïçï,  ëáë  îá  ëïîóïìøîïí  ôåòíéîáìå  ðïñ÷éôóñ
óïïâýåîéå

"Idle MPU: none"

îáöáôø îá ëìá÷éûõ "ÐÒÏÂÅÌ"
Ðïñ÷éôóñ íåîà éú îåóëïìøëéè ðõîëôï÷.

×ùâéòáåí  "3" (System debugger) , ENTER
× ïô÷åô îá ðòéçìáûåîéå    197-Diag>  ÷÷ïäéí   "bo 0 40"   ENTER
(0: úáçòõúéôø ó 0-çï SCSI ëïîôòïììåòá, 40 - íáçîéôîáñ ìåîôá)  é
öäåí 5 íéîõô.

197-Diag> bo 0 40

     Boot-prom   ïòçáîéúõåô   ÷  ïðåòáôé÷îïê  ðáíñôé  RAM-äéóë,
óþéôù÷áåô îá îåçï ó íáçîéôîïê ìåîôù îáþáìøîùå 8(?) Mb  -  ïâòáú
æáêìï÷ïê   óéóôåíù,   úáçòõöáåô   ñäòï   ïðåòáãéïîîïê  óéóôåíù,
íïîôéòõåô RAMäéóë  ÷  ëáþåóô÷å  ëïòîå÷ïê  æáêìï÷ïê  óéóôåíù,  é
úáðõóëáåô  ó  îåçï  ðòïçòáííõ  éîóôáììñãéé,  õðòá÷ìñåíõà  íåîà.
Äáìøûå îáäï ïô÷åôéôø îá îåëïôïòïå  ëïìéþåóô÷ï  ÷ïðòïóï÷,  ðïóìå
þåçï  ðòïçòáííá  ðòéóôõðéô  ë õóôáîï÷ëå ðáëåôï÷ Unix'á, ëïôïòùå
òáúíåýåîù îá ìåîôå ÷óìåä  úá  ïâòáúïí  úáçòõúïþîïçï  RAM-äéóëá.
Óïâóô÷åîîï  éú÷ìåþåîéå  æáêìï÷  ó ìåîôù úáîéíáåô 20-40 íéîõô, ÷
úá÷éóéíïóôé  ïô  ôïçï,  óëïìøëï  é  ëáëéå  ðáëåôù   ÷ù   òåûéìé
õóôáîá÷ìé÷áôø.

Ðåò÷ùí ÷ïðòïóïí óéóôåíá óðòïóéô, ëáëïê õ  ÷áó ôåòíéîáì. Ïô÷åôø-
ôå, þôï õ îåçï 24 óôòïëé, é ïî éíååô ðïúéãéïîéòï÷áîéå ëõòóïòá ÷
óôéìå vt100.

   Ðòïçòáííá éîóôáììñãéé éíååô ôòé ïóîï÷îùè  òåöéíá:

 1. install
 2. upgrade
 3. maintance mode

       ×ôïòùí  ó÷ïéí  ÷ïðòïóïí  ðòïçòáííá éîóôáììñãéé ðòåäìïöéô
÷ùâòáôø ïäéî éú îéè.

INSTALL   -   ðòåäõóíáôòé÷áåô   ðïìîõà  õóôáîï÷ëõ  ïðåòáãéïîîïê
óéóôåíù.  ×óå  æáêìï÷ùå   óéóôåíù   îá   äéóëå   âõäõô   úáîï÷ï
ðåòåòáúíåþåîù  -  é, óìåäï÷áôåìøîï, ×ÓÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ, ëïôïòùå äï üôïçï
óõýåóô÷ï÷áìé îá äéóëå, ÂÕÄÕÔ ÓÔÅÒÔÙ.

UPGRADE  - ïâîï÷ìåîéå "óôáòéîîïê" (ïâòáúãá 1988 çïäá é äòå÷îåå)
óéóôåíù äï  óï÷òåíåîîïê  ÷åòóéé.  Óôáòùå  äáîîùå  ðòé  üôïí  îå
õîéþôïöáàôóñ. (Úá éóëìàþåîéåí ôåè, åóôåóô÷åîîï, ëïôïòù ÷ëìàþåîù
÷ îï÷ïõóôáîá÷ìé÷áåíùå ðáëåôù).  Îáó  üôïô  òåöéí  îå  ëáóáåôóñ,
ðïóëïìøëõ  õ  îáó  é  ôáë  îï÷áñ  óéóôåíá  õóôáîï÷ìåîá ó óáíïçï
îáþáìá.

MAINTANCE     MODE    -    ïäîïðïìøúï÷áôåìøóëéê    shell    äìñ
óõðåòðïìøúï÷áôåìñ.   Ðïäçïôï÷ìåîîùê    áäíéîéóôòáôïò    óíïöåô,
úáçòõúé÷ûéóø  ó  ìåîôù, ÷òõþîõà úáîñôóñ òåíïîôïí é éóðòá÷ìåîéåí
îåéóðòá÷îïóôåê ÷ ïðåòáãéïîîïê óéóôåíå, ëïôïòùå åíõ  îå  õäáìïóø
âù  ïôòåíïîôéòï÷áôø, úáçòõúéóø ïî ó äéóëá. (É ÷ïïâýå, îå ÷óåçäá
öå õäáåôóñ úáçòõúéôøóñ ó äéóëá).

        &dDÂåóôá-88. Úáçòõúëá ó íáçîéôîïê ìåîôù.&d@

×óôá÷éôø íáóôåò-ìåîôõ Unix'á. ×ëìàþéôø  ðéôáîéå.  Îá ëïîóïìøîïí
ôåòíéîáìå ðïñ÷éôóñ óïïâýåîéå:

boot:

×÷ïäéí "t:unix" ENTER (Úáçòõúéôø unix ó íáçîéôîïê ìåîôù)

boot: t:unix

RAM-äéóë õ Bestix'á úáîéíáåô  1000  Ëâ, ÷óìåä úá îéí òáóðïìïöåî
áòèé÷ æïòíáôá  cpio ó äéóôòéâõôé÷ïí ïðåòáãéïîîïê óéóôåíù. Ïóôá-
åôóñ ïô÷åôéôø îá îåóëïìøëï ÷ïðòïóï÷,  é  úáôåí  öäáôø íéîõô 20,
ðïëá ÷óå óïäåòöéíïå ìåîôù âõäåô éú÷ìåþåîï îá äéóë.

        &dDSun SPARCstation. Úáçòõúëá ó CD-ROM.&d@

×óôá÷éôø CD-ROM. ×ëìàþéôø ðéôáîéå. Ðïäïöäáôø, ðïëá óôáîãéñ "òá-
úïçòååôóñ". Îáöáôø STOP+A. (STOP - ìå÷áñ ÷åòèîññ ëìá÷éûá îá ìå-
÷ïê äïðïìîéôåìøîïê ëìá÷éáôõòå). Ðïñ÷éôóñ boot-rom prompt Ok:

÷÷ïäéí "boot cdrom". Åóìé SPARC óôáòïê íïäåìé - SS1, SS1+, SS2,
ðòéäåôóñ ÷÷ïäéôø "boot sd(0,6,2)"

Ok boot sd(0,6,2)

Åóìé  ðòéçìáûåîéå éíååô äòõçïê ÷éä: "> " (??), ôï ÷íåóôï "boot"
îáäï îáâòáôø "b"

> b sd(0,6,2)

Ðïóìå úáçòõúëé UNIX úáðõóôéôå ëïíáîäõ "suninstall",  ëïôïòáñ  é
ðòï÷åäåô éîóôáììñãéà.

# suninstall

        &dDLinux Slackware. Úáçòõúëá ó äéóëåô.&d@

×  Linux'å äìñ éîóôáììñãéé îõöîï éíåôø ä÷å úáçòõúïþîùå äéóëåôù:
BOOT (ó îåå úáçòõöáàôóñ, îá îåê îáèïäéôóñ ñäòï), é ROOT (îá îåê
îáèïäéôóñ    íéîéíáìøîáñ    æáêìï÷áñ   óéóôåíá   ó   ðòïçòáííïê
éîóôáììñãéé). Ïâòáúù üôéè  äéóëåô  ÷  óöáôïí  ÷éäå  èòáîñôóñ  ÷
æáêìáè   boot*/*.gz  é  root*/*.gz  óïïô÷åôóô÷åîîï.  ×áí  îõöîï
÷ùâòáôø  ðï  ïäîïíõ  æáêìõ  éú  ëáöäïçï   íîïöåóô÷á   (îáðòéíåò
boot12/net.gz   é  root144/color144.gz)  é  éúçïôï÷éôø  éú  îéè
äéóëåôù. Ðòïçòáííá GZIP.EXE -D ÉÌÉ  GUNZIP.EXE  "òáúïöíåô"  üôé
æáêìù,  á  RAWRITE.EXE  "úáìøåô"  éè  îá äéóëåôù. Óáíé ðáëåôù ó
äéóôòéâõôé÷ïí Linux íïçõô ìåöáôø îá DOS-ðáòôéãéé éîóôáììéòõåíïê
íáûéîù,  îá  NFS-óåò÷åòå,  îá äéóëåôáè, îá CD-ROM, îá íáçîéôîïê
ìåîôå.

Úáçòõúéôåóø  ó  boot-äéóëåôù,  ÷  ïô÷åô  îá prompt "Lilo boot:"
÷÷åäéôå óïïô÷åôóô÷õàýéê ðáòáíåôò é  Enter,  ðïäïöäéôå  îåíîïçï.

×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ:   Åóìé  ÷áûá  íáûéîá  ó  Ethernet'îïê  ëáòôïê  ne2000
"úá÷éóáåô" ðòé ðïðùôëå úáçòõúéôø  ñäòï,  ðï÷ôïòéôå  úáçòõúëõ  ó
äïðïìîéôåìøîùíé ðáòáíåôòáíé, ðòéíåòîï ôáëéíé:

  Lilo boot: ether=10,0x320,eth0

×óôá÷øôå  ROOT  äéóëåôõ, îáöíéôå Enter. Ëïçäá ðïñ÷éôóñ "Console
login:" úáìïçéîøôåóø ëáë root é úáðõóôéôå:


 # fdisk /dev/hda
 # setup

        &dDLinux RedHat. Úáçòõúëá ó äéóëåôù&d@

×  Linux ÷åòóéé RedHat ïäîá úáçòõúïþîáñ äéóëåôá. Çòõúéíóñ ó îåå
- á äáìøûå ÷óå äåìáåí ðï íåîàûëáí.

        &dDHP-UX 10.20. Úáçòõúëá ó CD-ROM&d@

Ðåòåè÷áôù÷áåí îáþáìøîùà úáçòõúëõ ëìá÷éûåê ESC é éú PDC-ðòïíôá
äáåí ëïíáîäõ "îáýõðáôø cdrom"

BOOT-ADMIN> search scsi

....
   scsi.2.0     ... CDROM ....

Éú ÷ùäáþé ÷ùìá÷ìé÷áåí "scsi ID CD" é çòõúéí åçï

BOOT-ADMIN> boot scsi.2.0

Äáìøûå  äåêóô÷ï÷áôø  ðï  ïâóôáîï÷ëå,  ïô÷åþáñ  îá ÷ïúîéëáàýéå ÷
íåîàûëáè ÷ïðòïóù.
.
        &dDÅýå îåóëïìøëï ðïìåúîùè ëïíáîä Unix. (Óåôø)&d@

        &dD1.&d@ finger. Ëôï òáâïôáåô ÷ óéóôåíå.

Æïòíáô éóðïìøúï÷áîéñ:

  finger [-l]   ðïìøúï÷áôåìø@óåôå÷ïå.éíñ.ëïíðøàôåòá

Ëôï òáâïôáåô îá íáûéîå ðï éíåîé ipsun.ras.ru :

  finger @ipsun.ras.ru

Ëáë ðïöé÷áåô ðïìøúï÷áôåìø Íïûëï÷ îá üôïê íáûéîå:

  finger -l moshkow@ipsun.ras.ru

        &dD2.&d@ talk.   ×ùú÷áôø ðïìøúï÷áôåìñ îá òáúçï÷ïò

  talk  moshkow           éìé
  talk moshkow@fedfond -  ÷ùú÷áôø  õëáúáîîïçï  ðïìøúï÷áôåìñ  îá
                          õëáúáîîïê íáûéîå îá òáúçï÷ïò.

Õ üôïçï ðïìøúï÷áôåìñ îá üëòáîå ðïñ÷éôóñ ðòéçìáûåîéå ðïçï÷ïòéôø:

  Message from Talk_Daemon@ipsun at 23:29 ...
  talk: connection requested by ivanov@server.fedfond.msk.su
  talk: respond with:  talk  ivanov@server.fedfond.msk.su

É åóìé ïî îáâåòåô ïô÷åôîõà ëïíáîäõ

  talk ivanov@server.fedfond.msk.su

Ôï ÷ù óíïöåôå ðïçï÷ïòéôø  äòõç  ó äòõçïí. Ïëïîþáîéå òáúçï÷ïòá -
Ctrl-C

        &dD3.&d@ mailx.  Ðïóìáôø ëïíõ îéâõäø üìåëôòïîîõà ðïþôõ.

  mailx  username@host.name
Subject: Ôåíá ðéóøíá
Ôåëóô óïïâýåîéñ
   . . .
Ïëïîþáîéå ôåëóôá óïïâýåîéñ
<Ctrl-D>


Þôïâù ïëïîþéôø ÷÷ïä ôåëóôá ðéóøíá, ÷ ðõóôïê óôòïëå îáöíéôå
Ctrl-D. Éìé ðïóôá÷øôå ôïþëõ "." ÷ îáþáìå óôòïëé é îáöíéôå ENTER.

  Åóìé ðéóøíï õöå çïôï÷ï é îáèïäéôóñ ÷  æáêìå  let.txt, ôï ïôð-
òá÷éôø åçï íïöîï ôáë:

mailx -s "Ðòï÷åòëá ðïþôù" semen@server.fedfond.spb.su < let.txt

        &dD4.&d@ mailx.  Ðòïþéôáôø ðòéûåäûõà îá íïê áäòåó ðïþôõ.

mailx,  úáðõýåîîùê  âåú áòçõíåîôï÷, ðåòåèïäéô ÷ ëïíáîäîùê òåöéí
þôåîéñ ðïóôõðé÷ûåê ðïþôù.  ×  üôïí  òåöéíå  íïöîï  ðïìøúï÷áôøóñ
ôáëéíé ëïíáîäáíé:

        ?              - ÷ùäáôø help ðï ÷óåí äïóôõðîùí ëïíáîäáí
        h 12           - úáçïìï÷ëé ðéóåí îáþéîáñ ó 12-çï îïíåòá
        6              - þéôáôø 6-ïå ðéóøíï
        d              - õîéþôïöéôø ôåëõýåå ðéóøíï
        s fajl         - óïèòáîéôø ðéóøíï ÷ æáêìå "fajl"
        r              - ïô÷åôéôø îá ðéóøíï

äìñ îáóôòïåë ðòïçòáííù mailx éóðïìøúõåôóñ æáêì .mailrc, ëïôïòùê
äïìöåî ìåöáôø ÷ äïíáûîåí ëáôáìïçå ðïìøúï÷áôåìñ. × îåí öåìáôåìø-
îï éíåôø óôòïþëé ôáëïçï ðòéíåòîï óïäåòöáîéñ:

########### ÷óôá÷øôå üôé óôòïëé ÷ ó÷ïê æáêì   .mailrc    !!!!
set crt
set record='/home/moshkow/Mail.sended'
##############################################################
# þôïâù äìéîîùå ðéóøíá "ìéóôáìéóø" ðïóôòáîéþîï ëïíáîäïê more ;
# óïèòáîñôø  ëïðéé ÷óåè ïôðòá÷ìåîîùè  ðéóåí
# ÷ æáêìå /home/moshkow/Mail.sended ;

alias max    moshkow@ipsun.ac.msk.su
alias kafedra petrov smirnov@nic.com lapin@sovim.mit.edu
# ðïþôï÷ùå áìéáóù - íïöîï úáäáôø óéîïîéíù äìñ äìéîîùè  ðïþôï÷ùè
# áäòåóï÷ éìé çòõððù áäòåóï÷, é éóðïìøúï÷áôø üôé óéîïîéíù ÷íåó-
# ôï áäòåóá ðòé ïôðòá÷ëå ðïþôù

Åóìé  ÷ù  èïôéôå úá÷åóôé óåâå âìáçïú÷õþîïå éíñ äìñ áäòåóá ó÷ïåê
üìåëôòïîîïê ðïþôù, ÷óôá÷øôå ÷ æáêì /etc/aliases ðòéíåòîï  ôáëéå
óôòïþëé:

Maksim.Moshkow: moshkow
moshkov:        moshkow

        é ÷ùðïìîéôå ëïíáîäõ

    newaliases

É ôåðåòø íîå íïöîï ïôðòá÷ìñôø ðéóøíá ðï ôáëéí áäòåóáí:

        moshkow@moshkow.ips.ras.ru
        moshkov@moshkow.ips.ras.ru
        Maksim.Moshkow@moshkow.ips.ras.ru


Åóìé éóðïìøúõåôóñ Linux, ôï íïöîï ðïìøúï÷áôøóñ óéóôåíïê procmail
Þôïâù  ðéóøíá  ðòéóìáîîùå ÷áí ðï óðéóëõ òáóóùìëé óëìáäù÷áìéóø ÷
ïôäåìøîùê folder, ðïíåóôéôå ÷ ó÷ïê $HOME/.procmailrc :
###############################################################
:0                           # WDL mailing list
* ^To.*wdl.*
folder_WDL
###############################################################

Åóìé  ðéóøíï  îåâïìøûïçï  òáúíåòá  é  îå ëáóáåôóñ mailing-ìéóôá
"zhurnal@sharat.co.il" ôï ëïðéà ðåòåóùìáôø îá íïê äïíáûîéê email.
$HOME/.procmailrc :
###############################################################
:0 c
* < 10000
* !^To: .*zhurnal
! moshkow@moshkow.ips.ras.ru
###############################################################


        &dD5.&d@ telnet. Úáìïçéîéôøóñ îá õäáìåîîõà íáûéîõ.

  telnet host.name

Ëïíáîäá telnet ðïú÷ïìñåô ÷áí úáìïçéîéôøóñ îá õäáìåîîõà íáûéîõ,
é òáâïôáôø îá îåê, ëáë-âõäôï ÷ù óéäéôå úá ôåòíéîáìïí, ðïäëìà-
þåîîùí îåðïóòåäóô÷åîîï ë îåê.

Õ ëïíáîäù telnet åóôø "çïòñþéê ëìàþ" "Ctrl-]" , ëïôïòùê ðåòå÷ï-
äéô  telnet ÷ ëïíáîäîùê òåöéí. × üôïí òåöéíå íïöîï íåîñôø ðáòá-
íåôòù òáâïôù telnet'á. ×ùèïä éú ëïíáîäîïçï òåöéíá - ENTER.
Óòåäé ðïìåúîùè ëïíáîä îáúï÷õ ôáë öå "exit" é "help"

        &dD6.&d@ ftp.    File Trasfer Protocol. Ðåòåóùìëá æáêìï÷.

Þôï äåìáôø, åóìé îõöîï "ðåòåôáýéôø  æáêì"  ó  þõöïê  íáûéîù  îá
ó÷ïà  (éìé  îáïâïòïô), á NFS íåöäõ îéíé îå úáðõýåî? Éóðïìøúõêôå
ðòïçòáííõ ftp. Üôï ðòïóôåîøëáñ ëïíáîäá, ðïú÷ïìñàýáñ  ðåòåóùìáôø
æáêìù íåöäõ íáûéîáíé ðï ðòïôïëïìõ TCP/IP.

    ftp host.name

User name (moshkow): ivanov
Passwd:

        Õäáìåîîáñ  íáûéîá  óðòïóéô õ ÷áó ÷áûå ÷èïäîïå éíñ é ðá-
òïìø (ðïä ëïôïòùíé ÷ù úáòåçéóôòéòï÷áîù  ÎÁ  ÕÄÁÌÅÎÎÏÊ  íáûéîå).
Åóìé  ÷ù îá îåê îå úáòåçéóôòéòï÷áîù, ðïðòïâõêôå õëáúáôø ÷èïäîïå
éíñ "anonymous", á ÷ ëáþåóô÷å ðáòïìñ - ó÷ïê email-áäòåó.

Ðïóìå üôïçï ftp ðåòåèïäéô ÷ ëïíáîäîùê òåöéí. × üôïí  òåöéíå  ÷ù
íïöåôå "ðåòåíåýáôøóñ" ðï ëáôáìïçáí õäáìåîîïê íáûéîù, ðï ëáôáìï-
çáí ó÷ïåê íáûéîù, ðòïóíáôòé÷áôø éè ïçìá÷ìåîéå, é úáâéòáôø æáêìù
ïôôõäá ë óåâå, éìé ëìáóôø éè ïô óåâñ - ôõäá.

ftp> help       - çï÷ïòéô óáíï úá óåâñ
ftp> quit       - úá÷åòûéôø òáâïôõ
ftp> bin        - õóôáîï÷éôø òåöéí ðåòåóùìëé âéîáòîùè æáêìï÷
                  (îáóôïñôåìøîï òåëïíåîäõà)

ftp> cd katalog - ðåòåíåýáôøóñ ðï "ôáíïûîéí" ëáôáìïçáí
ftp> ls         - ÷ùäáôø "ôáíïûîåå" ïçìá÷ìåîéå

ftp> lcd katalog - ðåòåíåýáôøóñ ðï "úäåûîéí" ëáôáìïçáí
ftp> !dir       - ÷ùäáôø "úäåûîåå" ïçìá÷ìåîéå
ftp> !ls -al    - ÷ùäáôø "úäåûîåå" ïçìá÷ìåîéå

ftp> get  file-tam  [ file-name-zdes ]  - ÷úñôø æáêì ïôôõäá
ftp> put  file-zdes [ file-name-tam ]   - ðïìïöéôø æáêì ôõäá

        &dD7.&d@ ping. "Ðòïú÷ïîéôø" õäáìåîõà íáûéîõ.

Ðòï÷åòñåô, ïôëìéëáåôóñ ìé õëáúáîîáñ íáûéîá ðï óåôé:

  ping host.name

×ëìàþéôø îåðòåòù÷îõà "ðòïú÷ïîëõ" (ó éîôåò÷áìïí ÷ 1 óåë.):

  ping -s host.name

Ðòåò÷áôø  "ðòïú÷ïîëõ"  - Ótrl-Ó .
.
        ETHERNET'Ï× ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ 3 ÔÉÐÁ.

10-base-T       Îåüëòáîéòï÷áîîáñ ÷éôáñ ðáòá, òáú®åí RJ45
Twisted pair    (Äìéîîá ïäîïê ðáòù äï 100í)

AUI             Ôïìóôùê  Ethernet. 15 ðéîï÷ùê ëïîîåëôïò óï óôï-
Thick ethernet  òïîù hosta. "Ëòáâ" - äìñ ðïäëìàþåîéñ ë ïóîï÷îï-
                íõ ëáâåìà. Îá ëïîãáè - N-ôåòíéîáôïòù.(L<= 500í)

Thin ethernet   Ôïîëéê Ethernet ó ëïáëóéáìøîùí 50-ïíîùí ëáâåìåí
Ïî öå 10-base-2 é BNC ëïîîåëôïòáíé.
                Ïæéãéáìøîáñ äìéîá ëáâåìñ 185 m (<=300m)
                30 èïóôï÷ îá ïäîïí óåçíåîôå
+-----+
|Host o------------------.                     "Ú÷åúäá"
+-----+                   \
                           \  ___
+-----+                     \o   | Hub
|Host o----------------------o   |             10-base-T
+-----+                      o___|
                           /
+-----+                   /
|Host o------------------'
+-----+

+-----+         +-----+         +-----+        "Ïâýáñ ûéîá"
|Host |         |Host |         |Host |
+--+--+         +--+--+         +--+--+        Thin
 z-+---------------+---------------+-z

+-----+         +-----+         +-----+
|Host |         |Host |         |Host |
+--û--+         +--û--+         +--û--+        Ôïìóôùê ethernet
   n               n               n    ^
   n               n               n    |äï 50í
 "ëòáâ"            n               n    v
n==M===============M===============M=======n

        &dDUnshielded twisted pair&d@.

1 ïòáîö    Tx+      | +-1---8-+ |      Rx+  3
2 ÏÒÁÎÖ    Tx-      | |       | |      Rx-  6
3 úåìåî    Rx+      |  |_____|  |      Tx+  1
4 ÓÉÎÉÊ             |           |
5 óéîéê	            |           |
6 ÚÅÌÅÎ    Rx-      |___________|      Tx-  2
7 ëïòéþ
8 ËÏÒÉÞ
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Äìñ óïåäéîåîéñ ä÷õè áäáðôåòï÷ îáðòñíõà, âåú HUB'á (point-to-point)
éóðïìøúõåôóñ "ðåòå÷åòîõôùê" ðòï÷ïä. Tx+<-->Rx+, Tx-<-->Rx-,...
.
                                           Óåôø      "Office"
  +--------+         +--------+            Network   195.1.2.0
  |        |         |        |            Netmask   255.255.255.0
  +--------+         +--------+            Broadcast 195.1.2.255
     | 195.1.2.3         | 195.1.2.10
 ----+-------------------+--------------------------+-------------
          |195.1.2.1                                | 195.1.2.2
  +--------+                                     +--------+
|-|GatewayD|                                     |GatewayO|
| +--------+                                     +--------+
| 198.8.2.1                                     SLIP : 122.5.6.9
|              Óåôø      "Developers"                :
| +-------+    Network   198.8.2.0                   :
|-|       |    Netmask   255.255.255.0             Modem
| +-------+    Broadcast 198.8.2.255               . . .
| 198.8.2.2
|                                                  Modem
| +-------+                                        . . .
|-|       |                                          :
| +-------+                                      SLIP: 122.5.6.10
| 198.8.2.3                                     +--------+
                                                |GatewayF|
                                       122.5.6.3+----+---+
   --------------------------------------------------+--------
     | 122.5.6.1         | 122.5.6.2       Óåôø      "Filial"
  +--------+         +--------+            Network   122.5.6.0
  |        |         |        |            Netmask   255.255.255.192
  +--------+         +--------+            Broadcast 122.5.6.63

           Óôáôéþåóëéå ôáâìéãù íáòûòõôéúáãéé

Ïâùþîùê Host        IP       198.8.2.2
óåôé "Developers"   Net:     198.8.2.0 -- 198.8.2.255
198.8.2.0           Default: 198.8.2.1

Íïóô "GatewayD"     ifconfig eth0 198.8.2.1
                    ifconfig eth1 195.1.2.1
                        route add net 198.8.2.0 198.8.2.1  0
                        route add net 195.1.2.0 195.1.2.1  0
                        route add       default 195.1.2.2  1

Íïóô "GatewayO"     ifconfig eth0 195.1.2.2
                    ifconfig sl0 122.5.6.9 pointopoint 122.5.6.10
                        route add net 195.1.2.0 195.1.2.2  0
                        route add net 198.8.2.0 195.1.2.1  1
                        route add      default 122.5.6.10  1

Ïâùþîùê Host        IP       195.1.2.3
óåôé "Office"       Net:     195.1.2.0 -- 195.1.2.255
195.1.2.0           Default: 195.1.2.2
                        route add net 198.8.2.0 195.1.2.1  1
.

        &dDÓÅÔØ TCP/IP&d@.

Ðòïôïëïì  TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Proto-
col) ñ÷ìñåôóñ  âáúï÷ùí   ôòáîóðïòôîùí   óåôå÷ùí   ðòïôïëïìïí  ÷
UNIX'å. × úáçïìï÷ëå TCP/IP ðáëåôá õëáúù÷áåôóñ:

IP-áäòåó ïôðòá÷éôåìñ
IP-áäòåó ðïìõþáôåìñ
Îïíåò ðïòôá      (Æáëôéþåóëé - îïíåò ðòéëìáäîïê ðòïçòáííù,
                 ëïôïòïê üôïô ðáëåô ðòåäîáúîáþåî)

TCP/IP-éûîùå ðáëåôù éíåàô éîôåòåóîõà ïóïâåîîïóôø:  ïîé óðïóïâîù
"äïâòáôøóñ" äï  áäòåóáôá,  ðòïêäñ  óë÷ïúø òáúîïòïäîùå ìïëáìøîùå
óåôé, éóðïìøúõñ òáúîïïâòáúîùå æéúéþåóëéå îïóéôåìé. "Íáòûòõôéúá-
ãéà" IP-ðáëåôá  (ðåòåâòïóëõ  åçï ÷ ôòåâõåíõà óåôø) ïóõýåóô÷ìñàô
"îá äïâòï÷ïìøîùè îáþáìáè" ëïíðøàôåòù, ÷èïäñýéå ÷ TCP/IP óåôø.

        &dD×óåíéòîáñ óåôø Internet&d@.

×óå ëïíðàôåòù íéòá, ðïääåòöé÷áàýéå ðòïôïëïì TCP/IP é ëáëéí-ìéâï
ïâòáúïí  ðïäëìàþåîîùå  äòõç  ë   äòõçõ,   ïâòáúõàô   çìïâáìøîõà
÷óåíéòîõà  óåôø  TCP/IP  "Internet".  Ôåíðù  òïóôá  "Internet":
100000 IP-áäòåóï÷ ÷ íåóñã. × îáóôïñýéê íïíåîô (ëïîåã 1994 çïäá)
ë Internet'õ ðïäëìàþåîï ïëïìï:

      20,000  óåôåê
   4,000,000  ëïíðøàôåòï÷
  35,000,000  ðïìøúï÷áôåìåê

        &dD1. IP-áäòåó&d@.

Ëáöäáñ íáûéîá ÷ íéòå éíååô ó÷ïê õîéëáìøîùê IP-áäòåó.

IP-áäòåó - 32-âéôîïå þéóìï, ëïôïòïå ðòéîñôï úáðéóù÷áôø ÷ óíå-
ûáîîïí 16-òéþîï-äåóñôéþîïí æïòíáôå, ÷ ÷éäå 4 þéóåì, òáúäåìåîîùè
ôïþëáíé. Îáðòéíåò:

  193.124.148.73
  128.8.2.1

Ëáöäïå äåóñôéþîïå þéóìï úäåóø ðòåäóôá÷ìñåô îá  óáíïí  äåìå  ä÷á
ûåóôîáäãáôåòéþîùè  òáúòñäá.  Íïöåô  ðòéîéíáôø  úîáþåîéñ ïô 0 äï
255. Äïðõóôéíá ôáëöå ûåóôîáäãáôåòéþîáñ úáðéóø:

  c1.7c.94.49  éìé 0xC17C9449
  80.08.02.01  éìé 0x80080201

× õóìï÷éñè ëïòòåëôîï óëïîæéçõòåîîïê ìïëáìøîïê óåôé, é ðòé õóìï-
÷éé  ðïäëìàþåîéñ åå  ë ÷óåíéòîïê óåôé Internet, ðòïôïëïì TCP/IP
ðïú÷ïìñåô ÷áûåê óåôå÷ïê ðòïçòáííå òáâïôáôø ó ÌÀÂÙÍ  ëïíðøàôåòïí
÷ íéòå, ëáë åóìé âù ïî îáèïäéìóñ ÷ ÷áûåê ìïëáìøîïê óåôé.

Õîéëáìøîïóôø IP-áäòåóï÷  ðïääåòöé÷áåôóñ  ðòïóôï.  Ïîé  ÷ùäáàôóñ
ãåîôòáìéúï÷áîîï.  Ëïîôïòá,  ëïôïòáñ üôéí úáîéíáåôóñ, îáúù÷áåôóñ
NIC - Network Informational Center. Å÷òïðåêóëïå  ïôäåìåîéå  NIC
òáóðïìïöåîï  ÷  Áíóôåòäáíå.  Ïîá  ×ÙÄÁÅÔ IP-áäòåóá. × áäòåó NIC
îõöîï ðïóìáôø æïòíõ-úáðòïó õóôáîï÷ìåîîïçï ïâòáúãá, é þåòåú  îå-
ëïôïòïå  ÷òåíñ  ÷áí  ðòéûìàô "ðáþëõ" IP-áäòåóï÷, ÷ùäåìåîîùè äìñ
÷áûåê óåôé. E-mail áäòåó, ðï ëïôïòïíõ îõöîï ðïóìáôø úáðòïó:

  hostmaster@sri-nic.net

Íïóëï÷óëéê õúåì, òáúäáàýéê IP-áäòåóá, á ôáë öå äïíåîù *.ru
äïóôõðåî ðï áäòåóõ

  ÒïóÎÉÉÒÏÓ         xSU/RU NetworkInformationalCenter
  ncc@ripn.net      éìé      ncc@ussr.eu.net
  www.ripn.net/nic/ripn-docs/ ¡ http://www.ripn.net/nic/ripn-docs/

        &dDIP-óåôø, ðïäóåôø.&d@

IP-óåôø -  "ðáþëá"  éú  2**n  IP-áäòåóï÷,  ÉÄÕÝÉÈ ÐÏÄÒÑÄ. Óáíùê
íìáäûéê - òåúåò÷éòõåôóñ. Üôïô áäòåó îáúù÷áåôóñ áäòåóïí IP-óåôé.
Îáðòéíåò 128.8.0.0, éìé 193.125.149.64 . Áäòåó óåôé éóðïìøúõåô-
óñ, ëïçäá ôòåâõåôóñ  õëáúáôø  ÷óà óåôø ãåìéëïí, îáðòéíåò, ëïçäá
úáäáåôóñ íáòûòõôéúáãéñ äï üôïê óåôé.

Íáóëá óåôé - æáëôéþåóëé òáúíåò óåôé, úáäáåô þéóìï áäòåóï÷ ÷ óå-
ôé. Úáäáåôóñ ìéâï ëïìéþåóô÷ïí âéôï÷ ÷ íáóëå óåôé (îáðòéíåò 8âéô
- 256 áäòåóï÷, 6 âéô - 64 áäòåóá), ìéâï âéôï÷ïê íáóëïê ÷éäá

   b'111...11100...00'
         þéóìï^^   ^^ âéôï÷

ëïôïòõà ôïöå ðòéîñôï úáðéóù÷áôø  ÷  äåóñôéþîï-ðïâáêôîïê úáðéóé,
îáðòéíåò:

  255.255.255.192 - íáóëá îá 64 áäòåóá
  255.255.255.0   - íáóëá îá 256 áäòåóï÷
  255.255.0.0     - íáóëá îá 64Kb áäòåóï÷

Broadcast  áäòåó  óåôé   - óáíùê óôáòûéê áäòåó ÷ óåôé. Òåúåò÷é-
òõåôóñ äìñ ðåòåäáþé óïïâýåîéê ôéðá "÷óå-÷óåí-÷óåí" (÷ óåôé).

  128.8.255.255

Óåôé äåìñôóñ îá ëìáóóù:

Ëìáóó A.    "Ïçòïíîùå" óåôé.
        Áäòåóá üôéè óåôåê ìåöáô ÷ ðòïíåöõôëå: 1 - 126.
        Íáóëá óåôé: 255.0.0.0
        Óïäåòöéô äï 16777216 áäòåóï÷ (256*256*256).
        Áäòåóá èïóôï÷ ÷ üôéè óåôñè ÷éäá: 125.*.*.*

Ëìáóó B.  "Óòåäîéå" óåôé.

        Áäòåóá üôéè óåôåê ìåöáô ÷ ðòïíåöõôëå: 128.0 - 191.255
        Íáóëá óåôé: 255.255.0.0
        Óïäåòöéô äï 65536 áäòåóï÷ (256*256).
        Áäòåóá èïóôï÷ ÷ üôéè óåôñè ÷éäá: 136.12.*.*

Ëìáóó C.  "Íáìåîøëéå" óåôé.

        Áäòåóá óåôåê ìåöáô ÷ éîôåò÷áìå: 192.0.0 - 255.254.255
        Íáóëá óåôé: 255.255.255.0
        Óïäåòöéô 254 áäòåóá.
        Áäòåóá èïóôï÷ ÷ üôéè óåôñè ÷éäá: 195.136.12.*

        &dD2.1. Private Address Space&d@

     Åóìé   ÷áûá   óåôø   âõäåô  éóðïìøúï÷áôøóñ  ôïìøëï  ÷îõôòé
ïòçáîéúáãéé, é íáûéîù îå âõäõô éíåôø îåðïóòåäóô÷åîîïçï ÷ùèïäá ÷
éîôåòîåô, ôï áäòåóá äìñ îåå íïöîï âòáôø "ó ðïôïìëá".

× äïëõíåîôå RFC 1597 "Address Allocation for Private Internets"
March 1994:

The  Internet  Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) úáòåúåò÷éòï÷áì
ôòé âìïëá IP áäòåóï÷ äìñ éóðïìøúï÷áîéñ ÷ï ÷îõôòåîîéè óåôñè:

        10.0.0.0        -   10.255.255.255
        172.16.0.0      -   172.31.255.255
        192.168.0.0     -   192.168.255.255

        &dD2. Ïâ®ñ÷ìñåí IP-áäòåó îá îáû ethernet'îùê ëïîôòïììåò&d@.

Ëïîæéçõòáãéñ óåôé îá UNIX-íáûéîå ïâùþîï äåìáåôóñ  á÷ôïíáôéþåóëé
ðòé îáþáìøîïê úáçòõúëå. ×ëòáôãå åå íïöîï ïðéóáôø ôáë:

Ïâ®ñ÷ìñåí,   þôï   îáû  IP-áäòåó  198.8.2.1  é  ïî  ðïäîñô   îá
ethernet'îõà ëáòôõ ðï éíåîé elx70 . × óìõþáå  Motorol'ù ôáë îá-
úù÷áåôóñ ethernet, ôïòþáýéê éú çìá÷îïê óéóôåíîïê  ðìáôù - ðìáôù
ó ðòïãåóóïòïí.

   ifconfig  e1x70  198.8.2.1  up

Ïâ®ñ÷ìñåí, þôï îáû ÷ôïòïê ëïîôòïììåò  ó  éíåîåí  m3760  (îéöîññ
ðìáôá) éíååô IP-áäòåó 198.8.3.1

   ifconfig  m3760  198.8.3.1  up

        &dD3. Íáòûòõôéúáãéñ ìïëáìøîïê óåôé&d@.

Ïâ®ñ÷ìñåí, þôï íáûéîù ó áäòåóáíé ÷éäá 198.8.2.* *=1,...,254 óé-
äñô îá îáûåí ÷åòèîåí ìïëáìøîïí óåçíåîôå  ethernet, é òáúçï÷áòé-
÷áôø ó îéíé îáäï îáðòñíõà, þåòåú ÷åòèîéê ethernet, óïïô÷åôóô÷õ-
àýéê îáûåíõ áäòåóõ 198.8.2.1 - ô.å. - elx70. Á ó íáûéîáíé, éíå-
àýéíé áäòåóá ÷éäá 198.8.3.* - þåòåú îéöîéê ethernet - ó áäòåóïí
198.8.3.1

   route add  net  198.8.2.0  198.8.2.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 0
   route add  net  198.8.3.0  198.8.3.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 0

Óåôå÷ùå ðáëåôù äìñ IP-áäòåóï÷, ëïôïòùå îå ìåöáô ÷ îáûåê ìïëáìø-
îïê óåôé, ðåòåðòá÷ìñôø îá íáûéîõ ó  óåôå÷ùí áäòåóïí 198.8.2.107
- á  õö ïîá óáíá âõäåô òáúâéòáôøóñ,  þôï ó  îéíé äåìáôø, é  ëáë
äïóôá÷éôø éè äï ëïîëòåôîùè áäòåóáôï÷.

   route add default      198.8.2.107  1

Ðïóìåäîéê áòçõíåîô ëïíáîäù route - íåôòéëá.  Åå íïöîï éîôåòðòå-
ôéòï÷áôø ëáë "òáóóôïñîéå" äï "ôïçï" gateway'ñ, éìé "óëïìøëï ðå-
òåóáäïë íåöäõ  gateway'ñíé ðòéäåôóñ óäåìáôø IP-ðáëåôõ ðï äïòïçå
ôõäá. Ðïóëïìøëõ IP-áäòåóá 198.8.2.1  é  198.8.3.1 óïïô÷åôóô÷õàô
îáûéí óïâóô÷åîîùê ðìáôáí ethernet, ôï é íåôòéëá (òáóóôïñîéå) äï
îéè 0. 198.8.2.107 - äòõçáñ íáûéîá - "òáóóôïñîéå äï îåå" 1.

Óíïôòéí, þôï õ îáó ðïìõþéìïóø

  netstat -rn             # òáóðåþáôáôø ôáâìéãõ íáòûòõôéúáãéé

  ping -s fedfond         # "ðòïú÷ïîéôø" õúìù óåôé
  ping -s fedfond-gate
  ping -s 198.8.2.107

  netstat  -i        # óôáôéóôéëá ï òáâïôå óåôå÷ùè éîôåòæåêóï÷

Îáóôáìá ðïòá ïâ®ñóîéôø, þôï ôáëïå lo0 é localhost.  Üôï ôáë îá-
úù÷áåíùê Loop-back  éîôåòæåêó.  Ïî  éíéôéòõåô óåôå÷ïê éîôåòæåêó
ìïëáìøîï, îå ÷ùèïäñ úá çòáîéãù îáûåçï ëïíðøàôåòá. Loop-back éî-
ôåòæåêóõ  óïïô÷åôóô÷õåô   úáòåúåò÷éòï÷áîîùê  úá  îéí   IP-áäòåó
127.0.0.1

        &dD4.&d@ Ëïîæéçõòéòï÷áîéå TCP/IP îá Íïôïòïìå 922.

Ðòéäõíáêôå  óåôå÷ïå éíñ ÷áûåçï ëïíðøàôåòá. Ðõóôø ÷ù òåûéìé, þôï
÷áû ëïíðøàôåò  äïìöåî  îáúù÷áôøóñ  fedfond,  é  éíåôø  IP-adres
198.8.2.1  .  Ïäîáëï  îå  úáâù÷áêôå,  þôï õ Íïôïòïìù Ä×Á etherî
net-ëïîôòïììåòá, é ËÁÖÄÙÊ éú îéè ÄÏÌÖÅÎ éíåôø  ó÷ïê  ÕÎÉËÁÌØÎÙÊ
IP-áäòåó.  Íù  òåûáåí,  þôï  ÷ôïòïê  îáû  ethernet  âõäåô éíåôø
IP-áäòåó 198.8.3.1, îõ é üôïíõ áäòåóõ  íïöîï  îáúîáþéôø  ÷ðïìîå
þåìï÷åþåóëïå  éíñ,  îáðòéíåò  "fedfond-gate".

×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ:  åóìé  ÷ù  ÷îéíáôåìøîï  òáóóíïôòéôå  óïäåòöáîéå æáêìá
/etc/inet/rc.inet, ïóïâåîîï óôòïëõ ÷éäá

    /usr/sbin/ifconfig e1x70 `uname -n`-gate $net_mask up

ôï  ðïêíåôå,  þôï  ÷ôïòïê  ethernet  äïìöåî  îáúù÷áôøóñ  éíåîîï
fedfond-gate , é îéëáë éîáþå.

Éôáë, þôïâù õóôáîï÷éôø óåôå÷ïå éíñ é IP-áäòåóá îáûåçï host'á

1. ëïíáîäïê  sysadm  õóôáîï÷éôå  "nodename" . ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ:  éíåîîï
nodename (éíñ õúìá) á îå systemname (éíñ ïðåòáãéïîîïê óéóôåíù)

2.  × æáêì /etc/hosts ÷óôá÷øôå óôòïþëé, ðòé÷ñúù÷áàýéå IP-áäòåóá
ë éíåîé fedfond é, ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ!, fedfond-gate

198.8.2.1    fedfond
198.8.3.1    fedfond-gate

3. Ðåòåúáçòõúéôåóø.


        &dDËïîæéçõòéòï÷áîéå 2-çï ethernet ÷ Linux&d@

Ðåò÷ùê-ôï ethernet ëïîæéçõòéôóñ ó òáúäáþé - óìïöîïóôø ðïñ÷éôóñ,
ëïçäá   íù   úáèïôéí   õ÷éäåôø   ÷ôïòïê.   Îáðòéíåò   íïöîï   ÷
/etc/rc.d/rc.local ðïóôá÷éôø ôáëéå ëïíáîäù:

# ðïäçòõúëá äòá÷åòá ó äåëï÷óëéí þéðïí 2140
insmod /lib/modules/2.0.18/de4x5.o io=0
# ÷ùäåìåîéå IP # óôáôéþåóëéê òïõôéîç îá ÷ôïòõà óåôëõ
ifconfig eth1  10.232.172.1
route add -net 10.232.172.0 gw 10.232.172.1

Åóìé   äòá÷åò   2-çï   ethernet'á   ÷ëïíðéìéòï÷áî  ÷  ñäòï,  ôï
áëôé÷éúéòï÷áôø åçï íïöîï ôáë: ÷ æáêì /etc/lilo.conf ÷ðéóáôø

append="ether=0,0,eth0 ether=0,0,eth1"    # åóìé óòáâïôáåô autoprobe
# ÷ óìõþáå ñ÷îïçï úáäáîéñ ðáòáíåôòï÷ ëáòô
append="ether=10,0x300,0xe800,eth0 ether=12,0x280,eth1"

        &dD5. Ðòéëìáäîùå éîôåòæåêóù&d@.

Þôïâù  ðéóáôø ðòïçòáííù, òáâïôáàýéå ó óåôøà, ðòïçòáííéóô äïìöåî
ðïìøúï÷áôøóñ ëáëéí-ìéâï îáâïòïí óéóôåíîùè ÷ùúï÷ï÷ é æõîëãéê. Ïô
BSD-Unix'á  ÷  öéúîø  ÷ïûåì ðïìõþé÷ûéê âïìøûõà ðïðõìñòîïóôø API
Berkålåy-sockets. AT&T System V ðïòïäéìá TLI  (Transport  Level
Interface) - ðïóôòïåîîùê îá ôåèîïìïçéé "ðïôïëï÷" (streams).

SVR4   ðïääåòöé÷áåô   é   ôï,   é   äòõçïå.  Ðïääåòöëõ  óïëåôï÷
ïâåóðåþé÷áåô äåíïî inetd (Internet Super Server), ðïääåòöëõ TLI
ïâåóðåþé÷áåô äåíïî listen (Network Listener).

        &dD6.&d@ Ëïîæéçõòáãéñ TLI

Äåíïî listen  õðòá÷ìñåôóñ  óðåãéáìøîïê  âáúïê äáîîùè, ÷ ëïôïòõà
îåïâèïäéíï ÷ðéóáôø  IP-áäòåó  îáûåçï host'á. Äåìáåôóñ üôï "ïäéî
òáú ÷ öéúîé". IP-áäòåó úáäáåôóñ ÷  èéôòïê ûåóôîáäãáôåòéþîïê úá-
ðéóé.

Éôáë, åóìé îáûé IP-áäòåóá 198.8.2.1 é  198.8.3.1, éè ûåóôîáäãá-
ôåòéþîáñ úáðéóø C6080201, C6080301 , ôï íù äïìöîù åäéîï÷òåíåîîï
÷ùðïìîéôø ôòé ëïíáîäù:

nlsadmin -i tcp
nlsadmin -l  '\x00020acec60802010000000000000000' tcp
nlsadmin -l  '\x00020acec60803010000000000000000' tcp
            "÷ïìûåâîïå  ^^^^^^^^ûåóôîáäãáôø îõìåê
            óìï÷ï 0acå"    |
                           |
             óàäá ÷ðéóù÷áåôóñ îáû æáëôéþåóëéê IP-áäòåó


        &dD7.&d@ Ëïîæéçõòáãéñ BSD óïëåôï÷.

Äìñ   üôïçï  îéþåçï  äåìáôø  îå  îáäï.  ×òïþåí,  ÷  äáìøîåêûåí,
÷ïúíïöîï, ÷áí ðòéäåôóñ üôéí úáîéíáôøóñ. Îáóôòïêëé inetd ìåöáô ÷
æáêìáè:

/etc/inetd.conf      îáú÷áîéå óåôå÷ïçï  --> éíñ ïâóìõöé÷áàýåê
                        óåò÷éóá                ðòïçòáííù

/etc/services        îïíåò ðïòôá --> îáú÷áîéå óåôå÷ïçï óåò÷éóá

Óïóôïñîéå ôåëõýéè óïåäéîåîéê íïöîï ðïóíïôòåôø ëïíáîäïê:

      netstat    (éìé     netstat -ta - åóìé õ ÷áó Linux)

        &dDÅýå îåóëïìøëï ðòïôïëïìï÷&d@

ARP - Address Resolution Protocol
Ðòïôïëïì  îéúëïçï  õòï÷îñ. Ðïääåòöé÷áåôóñ  îá õòï÷îå ñäòá é/éìé
äòá÷åòá óåôå÷ïê  ðìáôù.  Äìñ  ïðòåäåìåîéñ,  ëáëïê  ethernet'îùê
áäòåó  éíååô   íáûéîá,  åóìé  éú÷åóôåî åå IP-áäòåó. Òáâïôáåô ðï
ðòéîãéðõ  broadcást:  "üê,  ÷óå,  ÷óå,  ÷óå:   IP-ôáëïê_ôï    -
ïôúï÷éóø", é ïî ïäéî ïôúù÷áåôóñ.

  arp -a  # òáóðåþáôáôø éú÷åóôîùå îáí IP-áäòåóá é éè eth-áäòåóá

RARP - Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
Äìñ ïðï÷åýåîéñ âåúäéóëï÷ùè  ëìéåîôï÷,  ëáëïê õ îéè IP-áäòåó. Îá
óåò÷åòå úáðõóëáåôóñ  äåíïî  rarpd.  Õ  îåçï  åóôø æáêì-ôáâìéãá:
ether-áäòåó  ->  IP-áäòåó. Ðï  úáðòïóõ-broadcast'õ âåúäéóëï÷ïçï
ëìéåîôá  ÷éäá:  "üê, ÷óå,÷óå,÷óå,  íïê eth-áäòåó ôáëïê-ôï.  Ëáë
íåîñ úï÷õô?" rarpd óïïâýáåô åíõ, ëáëïê õ îåçï IP (á  äòõçïê äå-
íïî bootparamd óïïâýáåô åíõ äïðïìîéôåìøîõà éîæïòíáãéà - çäå åíõ
âòáôø ó÷ïà ëïòîå÷õà æáêìï÷õà óéóôåíõ, îáðòéíåò).

Äìñ ïâíåîá éîæïòíáãéåê ï òïõôéîçå (íáòûòõôéúáãéé)  éóðïìøúõàôóñ
ðòïôïëïìù RIP, BGP, EGP, ICMP.

RIP - Routing Information Protocol
×îõôòåîîéê ðòïôïëïì  òïõôéîçá (÷îõôòé  á÷ôïîïíîïê óéóôåíù). Åçï
ðïääåòöé÷áàô äåíïîù routed é/éìé gated.

BGP - Border Gateway Protocol
EGP - External Gateway Protocol
Òïõôéîç  íåöäõ  á÷ôïîïíîùíé óéóôåíáíé.  Éè  ðïääåòöé÷áåô  äåíïî
gated

ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol
ðåòåäáåô  óïïâýåîéñ   ïâ   ïûéâëáè  ÷  TCP/IP  (îáðòéíåò  "port
unreachable"), éóðïìøúõåôóñ ðòïçòáííáíé ping, traceroute, íïöåô
ðåòåäá÷áôø óïïâýåîéå ï îåòáãéïîáìøîïí òïõôéîçå ôéðá "redirect":
"÷ïïâýå-ôï íïöîï îáðòá÷ìñôø ðáëåôù þåòåú íåîñ, ïäîáëï åóôø é âï-
ìåå ëïòïôëéê ðõôø".

Äìñ   ïâíåîá   éîæïòíáãéåê   ï  óéí÷ïìéþåóëéè  éíåîáè  host'ï÷,
ðïìøúï÷áôåìåê,  çòõðáè   ðïìøúï÷áôåìåê   é   ðò.   éóðïìøúõàôóñ
ðòïôïëïìù DNS é NIS/YP

DNS - Domain Name System.
Ðïú÷ïìñåô éóðïìøúï÷áôø óéí÷ïìéþåóëéå éíåîá èïóôï÷ ðïíéíï ãéæòï-
÷ùè IP-îïíåòï÷, é ïòçáîéúï÷ù÷áôø "äåòå÷ñîîõà" óôòõëôõòõ  îáéíå-
îï÷áîéñ  äïíåîï÷  (ôéðá pc101.fedfond.msk.su  ,  ftp.sco.com  é
ô.ð.) Óåò÷åò DNS - èïóô, îá ëïôïòïí úáðõýåî äåíïî bind,  é èòá-
îñôóñ éíåîá èïóôï÷  ÷ úïîå(äïíåîå). Îá ïóôáìøîùè èïóôáè äìñ ïð-
òåäåìåîéñ IP-áäòåóá ðï éíåîé éóðïìøúõàôóñ âéâìéïôåþîùå  æõîëãéé
âéâìéïôåëé "resolver"  - gethostbyname, gethostbyaddr,  ëïôïòùå
ïâòáýáàôóñ ðï óåôé ë âìéöáêûåíõ óåò÷åòõ DNS, é  ÷ùñóîñàô õ îåçï
IP-áäòåó íáûéîù ðï åå éíåîé (domain-name).

NIS/YP  -  Network  Information  System  (éóðïìøúõåôóñ  ôáë  öå
îáú÷áîéå, ðòéûåäûåå ïô æéòíù Sun  -  Yellow  Pages).  Ðïú÷ïìñåô
èòáîéôø  îá  ïäîïí  NIS-óåò÷åòå  (ó äåíïîïí ypserv) éîæïòíáãéà,
åäéîõà äìñ ÷óåê ìïëáìøîïê óåôé: éíåîá  èïóôï÷,  éíåîá  é  ðòá÷á
ðïìøúï÷áôåìåê,   çòõðð   ðïìøúï÷áôåìåê,  îáú÷áîéå  éè  äïíáûîéè
ëáôáìïçï÷, óéí÷ïìéþåóëéå éíåîá ðïòôï÷ é ô.ä. é ô.ð.

Åýå òáú ïâ ïôìéþéñè DNS ïô NIS/YP: DNS - óéóôåíá "çìïâáìøîáñ" -
äåêóô÷õåô  ÷  òáíëáè ÷óåçï Éîôåòîåôá, îï óïäåòöéô ÔÏÌØËÏ  éíåîá
èïóôï÷. NIS/YP -  óïäåòöéô  ðïíéíï éíåî èïóôï÷ îåóëïìøëï äòõçéè
éîæïòíáãéïîîùè âáú, îï úáôï ðïääåòöé÷áåôóñ ôïìøëï ÷ òáíëáè óåôé
ïäîïê ïòçáîéúáãéé.
.
        &dDÏòçáîéúáãéñ TCP/IP ðï ðïóìåäï÷áôåìøîùí ìéîéñí&d@

     Ðòïôïëïì  TCP/IP  îå  ïâñúáôåìøîï  ôòåâõåô  îáìéþéñ etherî
net'îïê óåôé. ×ðïìîå äïðõóôéíù é  äòõçéå  æéúéþåóëéå  îïóéôåìé,
îáðòéíåò:

  Ðïóìåäï÷áôåìøîùå ìéîéé ó ðïäëìàþåîéåí þåòåú ðïòôù RS-232,

  Óëïòïóôîùå ìéîéé ó ðïäëìàþåîéåí þåòåú ðáòáììåìøîùå ðïòôù,
  éìé óëïòïóôîùå óéîèòïîîùå ðïòôù (îáðòéíåò 485, V.435).

Üôé ÷ïúíïöîïóôé ïâåóðåþé÷áàôóñ óðåãéáìéúéòï÷áîîùíé òåáìéúáãéñíé
ðòïôïëïìá IP:

     äìñ ðïäëìàþåîéñ þåòåú RS-232
SLIP  - Serial  Line IP - óáíáñ ðåò÷áñ òåáìéúáãéñ  TCP/IP  "äìñ
        âåäîùè", ûéòïëï éóðïìøúõåôóñ äï óéè ðïò.
CSLIP - Compressed  SLIP - íïäéæéëáãéñ ðòïôïëïìá SLIP.
        Óöáôéà ðïä÷åòçáàôóñ úáçïìï÷ëé  IP-ðáëåôï÷. ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ: îï
        îå óáíé äáîîùå! × óôáîäáòôîïí IP-ðáëåôå IP-úáçïìï÷ëé óï
        óìõöåâîïê  éîæïòíáãéåê  úáîéíáàô  ðïòñäëá  40  âáêô.  ×
        CSLIP'å üôé úáçïìï÷ëé õöéíáàôóñ äï 3 âáêô. Ðòé ðåòåóùì-
        ëå âïìøûïçï þéóìá íåìëéè ðáëåôï÷ ðïìõþáåôóñ  óõýåóô÷åî-
        îùê ÷ùéçòùû ÷ óëïòïóôé. Åóìé ðáëåôù ëòõðîùå, ôï ÷ùéçòù-
        ûá îå âõäåô îéëáëïçï.
PPP   - Point-to-Point Protocol
        Åýå ïäîá,  óï÷òåíåîîáñ òåáìéúáãéñ TCP "äìñ âåäîùè". Ñ÷-
        ìñåôóñ óôáîäáòôîùí äìñ SVR4. Âïìåå õîé÷åòóáìåî.  Ðïú÷ï-
        ìñåô ôáëöå  ïòçáîéúï÷áôø  ðåòåäáþõ  ðï ðïóìåäï÷áôåìøîïê
        ìéîéé ðòïôïëïìá IPX. Ðïääåòöé÷áåô òåöéíù üíõìñãéé  slip
        é cslip - äìñ óï÷íåóôéíïóôé.

     äìñ ðïäëìàþåîéñ þåòåú Centronix-ðáòáììåìøîùê ðïòô
PLIP  - Parallel  Line IP - îåëïôïòùå óëáöõô - üëúïôéëá.
        Îéþõôø  îå  âù÷áìï.  ×åóøíá òáóðòïóôòáîåîîáñ ÷åýø.  ×ïô
        ëïçäá TCP/IP ðï SCSI-ûéîå - üôï äá, üôï - üëúïôéëá.

        &dDTCP/IP ðï óðõôîéëï÷ïê ó÷ñúé&d@.

Ôåïòåôéþåóëéè   ôòõäîïóôåê   ïòçáîéúáãéñ   ó÷ñúé  TCP/IP  þåòåú
óðõôîéëï÷õà áîôåîîõ îåô - ÷óå ÷ùçìñäéô ôáëöå, ëáë ðòé  íïäåíîïê
ó÷ñúé  ðï  ôåìåæïîõ.  Ôåèîïìïçéñ  ðòéíåòîï óìåäõàýáñ: ó áîôåîîù
÷ùèïäéô  ÷ùóïëïþáóôïôîùê  óéçîáì,  óéçîáì  ðòïçïîñåôóñ   óë÷ïúø
óðõôîéëï÷ùê  íïäåí,  éú  íïäåíá ÷ùèïäéô ðïôïë äáîîùè ðï æïòíáôõ
High Speed Interface - úá÷åóôé  ÷  ëïíðøàôåò  åçï  íïöîï  þåòåú
óëïòïóôîïê  ðïòô,  îáðòéíåò  V.435  (ìïçéþåóëé  ïî  ÷åäåô  óåâñ
ðòéâìéúéôåìøîï ëáë ïâùþîùê ðïóìåäï÷áôåìøîùê ðïòô), é óï óôïòïîù
èïóôá  -  ðïäîéíáåôóñ ðòïôïëïì PPP. Åóôåóô÷åîîï, îá "ôïí ëïîãå"
ðòåäðïìáçáåôóñ ôá öå óèåíá ðïäëìàþåîéñ.

+-------------------+	     +-----------------+           (
|     ðòïôïëïì  ðïòô| äáîîùå |ðïòô  óðõôîéëï÷ùê| óéçîáì   ( ><
|Host   PPP    V.435|========|V.435 íïäåí      | ~~~~~~    (
|    -TCP/IP->      |        |                 | ~~~~~~    /\
+-------------------+        +-----------------+        Áîôåîîá

×íåóôï Èïóôá  óï  óëïòïóôîùí  ðïòôïí,  íïäåí íïöîï ðïäëìàþéôø ë
óðåãéáìéúéòï÷áîîïíõ õóôòïêóô÷õ  -  "Òïõôåòõ",  ÷îõôòé  ëïôïòïçï
"úáûéô" ðòïôïëïì TCP/IP (PPP, Ether), é éíåàôóñ ðïòôù Ethernet,
é High Speed Interface. Äïóôáôïþîï ðïðõìñòîù  äìñ  ôáëéè  ãåìåê
òïõôåòù "Cisco router", "NetBlaser".

+-------------------+	     +-----------------+           (
|     ðòïôïëïì  ðïòô| äáîîùå |ðïòô  óðõôîéëï÷ùê| óéçîáì   ( ><
|Router   PPP  V.435|========|V.435 íïäåí      | ~~~~~~    (
|    -TCP/IP->      |        |                 | ~~~~~~    /\
+-------+-----------+        +-----------------+        Áîôåîîá
	|
 ... -Ethernet------ ...


        &dDÓëïòïóôø, ëïôïòõà íïöîï ðïìõþéôø&d@.

Óëïòïóôø çìá÷îùí ïâòáúïí  úá÷éóéô ïô ôéðá é ëáþåóô÷á ìéîéé ó÷ñ-
úé, éóðïìøúõåíùè íïäåíï÷, é ôéðá  ðïòôá,  ÷  ëïôïòùê üôïô íïäåí
÷ïôëîõô.

Ðòáëôéþåóëéå ïçòáîéþåîéñ îá óëïòïóôø:

Óëïòïóôø äáîîùè íåöäõ íïäåíáíé V32bis/V42 ðï çïòïäóëïíõ ôåìåæï-
îõ, éìé íåöäõçïòïäîåê ìéîéé "Éóëòá" äï 16800 âéô/óåë. Òåáìøîï ~
12000 âéô/ó.  Îáìéþéå  ÷óôòïåîîïçï  ðòïôïëïìá V42 óöáôéñ äáîîùè
ðïú÷ïìñåô ðïäîñôø òåáìøîõà (úáíåòåîîõà õöå îå íåöäõ íïäåíáíé, á
íåöäõ  ðïòôáíé)  óëïòïóôø ðåòåäáþé îåóöáôùè äáîîùè ÷ 2-4  òáúá,
ô.å. äï 38400-57600 âéô/ó

Íáëóéíáìøîáñ     óëïòïóôø     ðòéåíá/ðåòåäáþé     äáîîùè     îá
ðïóìåäï÷áôåìøîïí  ðïòôõ  RS-232  úá÷éóéô  ïô  îáìéþéñ  ÷   ïîïí
íéëòïóèåí UART (Universal Asyncronous Receiver-Transmitter)

  16450  - 19200 bit/s.
  16550  - 19200 bit/s. (ïôóõôóô÷éå âõëï÷ëé "A" - æáôáìøîï)
  16550A - 38400 bit/s.
  16550A äï 115200 bit/s. (Åóìé ïðåòáãéïîîáñ óéóôåíá "ôñîåô")
                      (÷ þáóôîïóôé - Solaris, Unixware  - îåô,
                       FreeBSD, Netblaser, Cisco router - äá)

   × éôïçå òåáìøîáñ óëïòïóôø ðåòåóùìëé äáîîùè:

Ôåìåæïî/"Éóëòá",          V32bis/V42 - 19200  âéô/ó.
×ùäåìåîîáñ 2-è ðòï÷ïäëá,  V32bis/V42 - 38400  âéô/ó.
×ùäåìåîîáñ 4-è ðòï÷ïäëá,  RAID,????? - 115200 âéô/ó.
Æéúéþåóëáñ 4-è ðòï÷ïäëá<=4ëí,  ?????     äï 1 Íâéô/ó.
Ïðôï÷ïìïëîï            <=?ëí,  ?????     ?? 2 Íâéô/ó.
Áîôåîîá. Óðõôîéëï÷ùê íïäåí. Ðïòô V.435. PPP 64, 128, 256 Ëâéô/ó

        &dD * Ëïîæéçõòéòï÷áîéå SLIP/CSLIP * &d@.

Äìñ  üôïçï  óïåäéîñåí  ä÷á  host'á  îõìøíïäåíîùí  ëáâåìåí þåòåú
ðïóìåäï÷áôåìøîùå ðïòôù, é úáðõóëáåí æïîïí  ðòïçòáííõ  slattach,
ðåòå÷ïäñýõà   ðïòôù    ÷    òåöéí  ðåòåäáþé  ðòïôïëïìá  TCP/IP.
Åóôåóô÷åîîï, þôï SLIP îáäï úáðõóëáôø  ó  ïâïéè  ëïîãï÷,  ðòéþåí
"ïäéîáëï÷ùê".

        SVR4, slip

slattach /dev/comport  NASH-IP-ADRES  IH-IP-ADRES 19200 &
  # ðåòå÷ïäéô ðïòô /dev/comport ÷ òåöéí "slip" îá óëïòïóôé 19200
  # é õóôáîá÷ìé÷áåô IP-áäòåó îá slip-éîôåòæåêó

        SVR4, cslip

slattach -c /dev/comport  NASH-IP-ADRES  IH-IP-ADRES 38400 &
  # ðåòå÷ïäéô ðïòô /dev/comport ÷ òåöéí "Compressed-slip"
  # îá óëïòïóôé 38400
  # é õóôáîá÷ìé÷áåô IP-áäòåó îá C-slip-éîôåòæåêó

slattach -e /dev/comport  NASH-IP-ADRES  IH-IP-ADRES 38400 &
  # ðåòå÷ïäéô ðïòô ÷ òåöéí slip éìé cslip,
  # á÷ôïíáôéþåóëé ïðòåäåìññ, ëáëïê éíåîîï ðòïôïëïì úáðõýåî
  # "îá ôïí ëïîãå", é õóôáîá÷ìé÷áåô óï ó÷ïåê óôïòïîù ôáëïê öå


        Linux, SLIP.

slattach -p slip /dev/modem & # ðåòå÷ïäéô ðïòô ÷ òåöéí "slip"
ifconfig sl0 NASH-IP-ADRES  pointopoint  IH-IP-ADRES
route add IH-IP-ADRES
route add default gw IH-IP-ADRES

        Linux, CSLIP.

# óðåò÷á ðåòå÷ïäéí ðïòô ÷ òåöéí "cslip"
slattach -p cslip /dev/modem &
ifconfig cs0 NASH-IP-ADRES  pointopoint  IH-IP-ADRES
route add IH-IP-ADRES
route add default gw IH-IP-ADRES

        Linux, PLIP.

ifconfig plip1 NASH-IP-ADRES  pointopoint  IH-IP-ADRES
route add IH-IP-ADRES
route add default gw IH-IP-ADRES

        Õóôáîï÷ëá SLIP ðï ôåìåæïîîïê ìéîéé þåòåú íïäåí.

Îáäï úáóôá÷éôø îáû íïäåí óïú÷ïîéôøóñ ó "ôåí" íïäåíïí.
Ðïóìå  üôïçï íù ðïìõþáåí ðòïúòáþîïå óïåäéîåîéå íåöäõ
ðïóìåäï÷áôåìøîùíé ðïòôáíé, ðï ëïôïòïíõ é "ðïäîéíáåí"
SLIP, óí. ðòåäùäõýéå ðõîëôù.

  ( stty 19200 ; echo atdp9120123 ) < /dev/modem > /dev/modem
  sleep 55

×ùäáåí îá íïäåí ëïíáîäõ atdp - îáâòáôø ôåìåæïîîùê îïíåò, é öäåí
55 óåëõîä. Îáäåàóø, íïäåíáí  è÷áôéô üôïçï ÷òåíåîé, þôïâù  "óîà-
èáôøóñ".

        ×ïóóôáîï÷ìåîéå ó÷ñúé ÷ óìõþáå ïâòù÷á.

Ëáë  õúîáôø, þôï ó÷ñúø ðïò÷áìáóø? Ping'áîõôø "ôïô" ëïîåã ìéîëá.
Ðòåöäå,  þåí  îáâéòáôø  íïäåíïí  îïíåò  äìñ   îï÷ïê   äïú÷ïîëé,
îåïâèïäéíï   "óîñôø"  slip  ó  îáûåçï  ðïóìåäï÷áôåìøîïçï  ðïòôá
(ðïóëïìøëõ   ÷   òåöéíå   slip   ïî   æõîëãéïîéòõåô   îå    ëáë
ðïóìåäï÷áôåìøîùê  ðïòô, á ëáë ëáîáì ðåòåäáþé TCP/IP). Ëáë óîñôø
slip? Ëéìøîõôø slattach.

while true   # × ÷åþîïí ãéëìå
do sleep 60  # Ðïäïöäáôø íéîõôëõ

  if  ping 107.65.8.254 | grep 'is alive' ;
    then   echo Ok > /dev/null   # Åóìé IH-IP-ADRES ïôúù÷áåôóñ
    else
         # Éîáþå úáòõâáåí slattach
         slip_pid=`ps -ef | grep slattach | cut -c1-6`
         kill -9 $slip_pid
         # îáâéòáåí ôáíïûîéê ôåìåæïîîùê îïíåò
        (stty 19200; echo atdp9120123) < /dev/modem > /dev/modem
         sleep 55
         # ðïäîéíáåí slattach
         slattach -e /dev/modem  195.8.2.3  107.65.8.254 19200 &
  fi
done

        &dD * PPP * &d@

        &dDMOTOROLA: PPP&d@

/etc/inet/ppphosts - ðåòåþéóìñåô ppp-èïóôù

     Ðòá÷éìá  äïú÷ïîëé é óïåäéîåîéñ ó üôéíé èïóôáíé ïðéóù÷áàôóñ
óôáîäáòôîùíé ïðéóáîéñíé éú UUCP

     Õâåäéôøóñ,    þôï    ðïääåòöëá    ppp    ðòéóõôóô÷õåô    ÷
ëïîæéçõòáãéïîîïí æáêìå /etc/strcf

     Õâåäéôøóñ,    þôï    ðòé úáçòõúëå úáðõóëáåôóñ ëïíáîäá slink

        Îåðïóòåäóô÷åîîïå   ppp-óïåäéîåîéå   áëôé÷éúéòõåôóñ  ðòé
ïâòáýåîéé ("ðï ôòåâï÷áîéà").

    Ðïäòïâîïóôé éóëáôø ÷

    man ppp
    man pppd
    man ppphosts

        &dDLinux&d@

     ×óå   äåìáåôóñ  ëïíáîäïê  pppd.  ×  ëïíðìåëô  pppd  ÷èïäéô
ëïíáîäïþëá chat,  ÷  áòçõíåîôáè  öå  pppd  úáäáàôóñ  IP-áäòåóá,
ôåìåæïîîùå  îïíåòá,  éîéãéáìéúáãéñ  íïäåíá,  chat-ï÷ùê äéáìïç ó
íáûéîïê ðòï÷áêäåòá.

Ðòéíåò: (Ðïþôé éú öéúîé) ñ÷îï úáäáåí îáû IP=123.456.789.12

pppd connect 'chat -v ABORT "NO DIALTONE" ABORT BUSY "" ATZ OK \
              atdp9386933 Username: ppmoshkow Passwd: mypasswd mode ;' \
    crtscts defaultroute modem noipdefault -detach mru 1500 \
    123.456.789.12:194.85.105.1 /dev/modem 38400

Ðòéíåò: ÷úñôø áäòåóá úáäáîîùå óåò÷åòïí

pppd connect 'chat -v ABORT "NO DIALTONE" ABORT BUSY "" ATZ OK \
              atdp9386933 Username: ppmoshkow Passwd: mypasswd mode ;' \
    crtscts defaultroute modem noipdefault -detach mru 1500 \
    0.0.0.0: /dev/modem 38400
.
        &dDÓÅÔÅ×ÁÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ NFS&d@
            - Network File System.

Óôáîäáòôîïê  óåôå÷ïê æáêìï÷ïê óéóôåíïê äìñ UNIX'á ñ÷ìñåôóñ NFS.
Ìàâáñ Unix-íáûéîá õíååô íïîôéòï÷áôø ðï ðòïôïëïìõ NFS  õäáìåîîùå
æáêìï÷ùå  óéóôåíù é éóðïìøúï÷áôø éè ëáë ó÷ïé óïâóô÷åîîùå, á ôáë
öå íïöåô ÷ùäåìñôø ó÷ïé ëáôáìïçé äìñ äòõçéè íáûéî. ×ùçìñäéô  üôï
ðòéíåòîï ôáë:

   mount -F nfs udalennaq.mashina:/katalog_tam  /katalog

éìé, åóìé õ ÷áó BSD éìé Linux

   mount -o rsize=8192,wsize=8192 mashina:/katalog_tam  /katalog

   ls -al /katalog

Èïôñ NFS âùì ëïçäá-ôï òáúòáâïôáî äìñ Unix'á, éíååôóñ òåáìéúáãéñ
NFS äìñ MSDOS-ï÷óëéè PC. Üôé ðáëåôù  ðòéîñôï  îáúù÷áôø  ó÷ïäîùí
éíåîåí  PC/NFS (Îå ðõôáôø ó îáú÷áîéåí "PC-NFS" - üôï òåáìéúáãéñ
PC/NFS ïô æéòíù "Sun Select"). Ô.å. PC'àë, îá  ëïôïòïí  úáðõýåî
NFS  äìñ  PC,  íïöåô  íïîôéòï÷áôø  ÷  ëáþåóô÷å  óåôå÷ùè  äéóëï÷
ëáôáìïçé Unix'ï÷óëïê íáûéîù, ëïôïòùå  ïîá  ÷ùäåìñåô  ÷  NFS.  -
Æáëôéþåóëé,  PC/NFS  äáåô äìñ PC ôå öå óáíùå ÷ïúíïöîïóôé, þôï é
Netware - õäáìåîîùê óåôå÷ïê äéóë é õäáìåîîùê  óåôå÷ïê  ðòéîôåò.
Òáúîéãá  ìéûø  ÷ ôïí, þôï Unix-host, ðïíéíï ðïú÷ïìåîéñ NFS-åîéñ
óåâñ, ÷ óïóôïñîéé úáîéíáôøóñ é ó÷ïéíé óïâóô÷åîîùíé úáäáþáíé,  á
óåò÷åò   Netware   îéþåí  ëòïíå  ïâóìõöé÷áîéñ  ó÷ïéè  ëìéåîôï÷,
éúïâòáöáñ  äìñ  îéè   äéóë   ó   ethernet'ïí,   úáîéíáôøóñ   îå
ðòéóðïóïâìåî,  îï  òáâïôáåô âùóôòåå òáúá ÷ 1.5-2. Îõ é úáîéíáàô
NFS-îùå òåúéäåîôù ðïòñäëá 100 Kb ïðåòáôé÷îïê ðáíñôé, ÷ ôï ÷òåíñ
ëáë Netwar'îùå - ðïòñäëá 50.

        &dD2.&d@ Ïãåîïþîùå óëïòïóôé ðáëåôï÷ PC/NFS òáúìéþîùè ðòïéú÷ï-
äéôåìåê: 486dx2/66, áäáðôåò wd8013 16 bit:

Ðáëåô:         þôåîéå Kb/óåë   úáðéóø
      NFS for PC
PC-NFS 4.0      220             120
PC-NFS 5.0(**)  220             120
Pathway         350             170
PCTCP 3.0       350             200
TSOFT (*)       200             100
XFS   (*)       500              50
Chameleon NFS(**) 2-å íåóôï ðï òåúõìøôáôáí ôåóôï÷
      Unix for PC
Linux/NFS(*)    400             350
FreeBSD/NFS(*)  900             300
Unixware/NFS    400             300
      Ðòïþéå
Netware 3.11    500             600
NW Lite         400             500
WFW (Samba)     150             150
Lantastic       ?               ?

        (*)  - õóìï÷îï-âåóðìáôîùå éìé âåóðìáôîùå ðáëåôù
        (**) - úáýéýåî ïô îåìéãåîúéòï÷áîîïçï ëïðéòï÷áîéñ

Äìñ óòá÷îåîéñ: óëïòïóôø þôåîéñ/úáðéóé NFS íåöäõ ä÷õíñ
 SUN SPARCstation é/éìé IBM/RS6000   900/400 Kb/óåë

        &dD3. Äìñ ôïçï, þôïâù Unix-íáûéîá óìõöéìá NFS óåò÷åòïí&d@

Îá  îåê  äïìöîù  âùôø úáðõýåîù óìåäõàýéå äåíïîù:

rpc.portmap     - äåíïî ðïòôï÷ RPC (Remote Procedure Call)
                  (ðïóëïìøëõ NFS éóðïìøúõåô RPC)
                  (Îá Motorole îå ôòåâõåôóñ.)

mountd          - ïâóìõöé÷áîéå ëïíáîä íïîôéòï÷áîéñ (ïî òåûáåô -
                  òáúòåûéôø/ îå òáúòåûéôø)

nfsd            - îåðïóòåäóô÷åîîïå ïâóìõöé÷áîéå ðòïôïëïìá NFS

biod            - ëüûéòï÷áîéå NFS-þôåîéê îá ëìéåîôå
                  (ôïìøëï ÷ SunOS)

pcnfsd          - ðòï÷ïäéô äïðïìîéôåìøîõà "á÷ôïòéúáãéà" ðïìøúï-
                  ÷áôåìåê  îá  PC/NFS ëìéåîôáè. Ðïóëïìøëõ MSDOS
                  îå úáîéíáåôóñ õþåôïí é òåçéóôòáãéåê ðïìøúï÷á-
                  ôåìñ,  pcnfsd  óáí  óðòáûé÷áåô  õ   PC-éûîïçï
                  user'á åçï éíñ é ðáòïìø.
                  (îå ïâñúáôåìåî, îï öåìáôåìåî)

Ïâùþîï ÷óå üôé  äåíïîù úáðõóëáàôóñ îá õòï÷îå ÷ùðïìîåîéñ 3. Ðïó-
íïôòéôå, ó âïìøûïê  ÷åòïñôîïóôøà  ÷ù ïâîáòõöéôå îá ó÷ïåê íáûéîå
æáêì ó îáú÷áîéåí îáðïäïâéå:

  /etc/rc3.d/S22nfs - ðòåäîáúîáþåî äìñ úáðõóëá NFS-óåò÷åòá

Äïìöîï âùôø  õëáúáîï,  ëáëéå  éíåîîï ëáôáìïçé, òáúòåûáåôóñ "÷é-
äåôø" ðï NFS, é ëáëéí éíåîîï íáûéîáí üôï òáúòåûáåôóñ.

Üôé ëáôáìïçé õëáúù÷áàôóñ ÷ æáêìå

/etc/dfs/dfstab         é    üëóðïòôéòõàôóñ    ñ÷îïê   ëïíáîäïê
shareall éìé share (åóìé õ ÷áó SVR4)

    éìé ÷ æáêìå
/etc/exports      é üëóðïòôéòõàôóñ ñ÷îï ëïíáîäïê
exportfs -a     (åóìé õ ÷áó ëáëïê ìéâï äòõçïê UNIX)

        &dD4.&d@ Áëôé÷éúáãéñ NFS.

Ïâùþîï, îá íáûéîå  óï  ó÷åöåõóôáîï÷ìåîîùí Unix'ïí NFS óåò÷åò îå
áëôé÷éúéòï÷áî. Þôïâù ïî  úáðõóôéìóñ,  óéóôåíîùê   áäíéîéóôòáôïò
äïìöåî ïâåóðåþéôø ÷ùðïìîåîéå õóìï÷éê ðåòåþéóìåîîùè ÷ ðòåäùäõýåí
ðõîëôå. Äìñ üôïçï äïóôáôïþîï:

        &dDMotorola 922&d@

Ðïóìå úáçòõúëé ðåòåèïäéôø îá õòï÷åîø ÷ùðïìîåîéñ 3.
× æáêìå /etc/inittab éóðòá÷éôø óôòïëõ

is:2:initdefault:
        îá óôòïëõ
is:3:initdefault:

Úáðõóëáôø pcnfsd - äåíïîá "á÷ôïòéúáãéé" PCNFS'îùè ðïìøúï÷áôåìåê
× æáêì /etc/rc3.d/S22nfs ÷óôá÷éôø ëïíáîäõ úáðõóëá äåíïîá:

        /usr/lib/nfs/pcnfsd

Éú  íåîà   sysadm   ÷   network_services   /   remote_files   /
local_recources / share  / nfs úáäáôø ëáôáìïçé, ëïôïòùå ÷ù òáú-
òåûáåôå "òáúäá÷áôø" ðï NFS. Îáðòéíåò, ðòïüëóðïòôéòõêôå  ëáôáìïç
/home

Þôïâù  éóðòá÷ìåîéñ  ÷ /etc/inittab ðïäåêóô÷ï÷áìé, ðåòåúáçòõúéôå
unix ëïíáîäïê

    shutdown -y -g0 -i6

        &dDLinux&d@

× æáêìå /etc/rc.d/rc.inet2 òáóëïííåîôéòõêôå óôòïëé, úáðõóëáàýéå
äåíïîï÷
        rpc.portmap
        rpc.nfsd
        rpc.mountd
        rpc.ugidd

× æáêì /etc/exports ÷óôá÷øôå óôòïëõ
/ (rw)

Ðåòåúáçòõúéôåóø

        &dDSun Solaris 1.1&d@.

× æáêì /etc/exports ÷óôá÷øôå óôòïëé...

  /home
  /usr

Ðåòåúáçòõúéôåóø

        &dDSun Solaris 2.3&d@.

× æáêìå /etc/dfs/dfstab ÷óôá÷øôå óôòïëé äìñ üëóðïòôéòõåíùè æáê-
ìï÷ùè óéóôåí. (Æïòíáô õëáúáî ÷ ëïííåîôáòéñè ÷ üôïí æáêìå)

Ðåòåúáçòõúéôåóø

        &dD5.&d@ ÅÝÅ ÏÄÎÁ ÓÅÔÅ×ÁÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ. RFS. DFS.

RFS - Remote File Sharing. Ôïöå óåôå÷áñ æáêìï÷áñ óéóôåíá. NFS -
ðïòïöäåîéå  BSD Unix'á, RFS - System V Unix'á. Îáúîáþåîéå ôáëïå
öå, ëáë é õ NFS. Ëáëéè ìéâï ðòåéíõýåóô÷ ðï óòá÷îåîéà ó  NFS  îå
éíååô. Ñòëï ÷ùòáöåîîùè îåäïóôáôëï÷, ðïöáìõê, ôïöå.  Úîáþéôåìøîï
íåîåå òáóðòïóôòáîåîá, þåí NFS. Îå éíååô automounter'á. Ëìéåîôï÷
RFS for MSDOS PC îåô. Úáôï RFS ðïääåòöé÷áåô úáè÷áô é âìïëéòï÷ëõ
æáêìï÷, é óðåãéáìøîùå æáêìù. Áëôé÷éúéòï÷áôø RFS  ÷òñä ìé  éíååô
óíùóì. Äåêóô÷éôåìøîï, úáþåí îáí ÷ôïòïê Çåîåòáìøîùê óåëòåôáòø?

DFS  -  Distributed File System. Ôïöå óåôå÷áñ æáêìï÷áñ óéóôåíá.
×ïô é ÷óå, þôï ñ íïçõ ðòï îåå óëáúáôø.
.

        &dDËïîæéçõòéòï÷áîéå automount-äåíïîá&d@.

Á÷ôï-íïîôéòï÷ýéë  -   äåíïî,  úáðõýåîîùê  îá  NFS-ëìéåîôå. Üôïô
äåíïî íïîôéòõåô  õäáìåîîùå  ëáôáìïçé "ÐÏ  ÔÒÅÂÏ×ÁÎÉÀ"  -  ô.å.,
ëïçäá    ë  îéí  ðòïéóèïäéô  ïâòáýåîéå.  Åóìé  ë  á÷ôïíáôéþåóëé
óíïîôéòï÷áîîïíõ   ëáôáìïçõ    äïìçï    îå    âùìï    ïâòáýåîéê,
á÷ôïíïîôéòï÷ýéë  åçï á÷ôïíáôéþåóëé ïôíïîôéòõåô.

Á÷ôï-íïîôéòï÷áîéå ðïääåòöé÷áåôóñ äåíïîïí automountd. Üôïô äåíïî
úáðõóëáåôóñ   ðòé  îáþáìøîïê  úáçòõúëå   ïðåòáãéïîîïê  óéóôåíù.
Úáðõóëáåôóñ ïî ÷ ëïíáîäîïí æáêìå

    /etc/rc2.d/S20nfs.client

     automountd          #  åóìé ÷óå ëáòôù âõäõô âòáôøóñ éú NIS
       éìé
     automountd -m -f /etc/auto.master   # âòáôø ôïìøëï ìïëáìøîùå
                                         # ëáòôù

Õðòá÷ìñåôóñ automountd îåóëïìøëéíé "ëáòôáíé" - æáêìáíé ó ïðéóá-
îéåí ëïçï é ëõäá îáäï  íïîôéòï÷áôø.  ×  ðòïóôåêûåí óìõþáå îõöîï
éíåôø ôòé æáêìá:

/etc/auto_master     - çïìï÷îïê ëïîæéçõòáãéïîîùê æáêì

               Óóùìáåôóñ îá:
/etc/auto_direct     - õëáúù÷áåô, ëáëéå ëáôáìïçé ëõäá íïîôéòï÷áôø

/etc/auto_home       - úáäáåô ðòá÷éìá íïîôéòï÷áîéñ äïíáûîéè
                       ëáôáìïçï÷ ðïìøúï÷áôåìåê, òáóðïìïöåîîùè îá
                       õäáìåîîùè íáûéîáè.

/etc/auto_master :---------------------------------------------
#
# Master map for automounter
#
/net        -hosts
# úáäáåô: ëïòîå÷ïê ëáôáìïç ëïíðøàôåòá ðï éíåîé imyarek íïîôéòï-
# ÷áôø îá ëáôáìïç       /net/imyarek
#
/-          /etc/auto_direct
/home       /etc/auto_home


/etc/auto_direct :---------------------------------------------
#
#
/usr/informix    -ro,soft    classic00:/usr/informix
/usr/local       -rw,soft    classic00:/usr/local
#
#      Óíïîôéòï÷áôø ó ðåò÷ïçï ïôëìéëîõ÷ûåçïóñ óåò÷åòá.
#
/usr/share/man   -ro,soft    classic00:/usr/share/man \
                 -ro,soft    sun21:/usr/share/man \
                 -ro,soft    sun22:/usr/share/man


/etc/auto_home :---------------------------------------------
moshkow           s08:/udd/moshkow
leo               classic00:/export/home/leo
# á ìõþûå îáðéóáôø ôáë:
*                 classic00:/export/home/&
*                 sun21:/export/home/&

Ëáöäùê ðïìøúï÷áôåìø polxzowatelx îá üôïê íáûéîå äïìöåî âùôø úá-
òåçåóôòéòï÷áî ó äïíáûîéí ëáôáìïçïí /home/polxzowatelx
.
        &dDDNS - Domain Name Service&d@

        &dDËïîæéçõòéòï÷áîéå DNS-ëìéåîôá&d@

&dDÕëáúù÷áåí îáû dns-server&d@

/etc/resolv.conf :
domain          fedfond.msk.su
search          sosed.msk.ru
nameserver      127.0.0.1
;nameserver     194.8.2.1

&dDÐïòñäïë ðòïóíïôòá éîæïòíáãéé ï éíåîáè èïóôï÷ úáäáåôóñ ÷ &d@

/etc/host.conf     :           (Linux, BSD)
order bind, hosts, nis
multi on

/etc/nsswitch.conf :           (× Solaris, HP-UX)

. . .
hosts:  files bind nis
. . .

&dDÉíñ äïíåîá îáûåçï èïóôá&d@    (Îå ÷óåçäá, îï þáóôï)
/etc/defaultdomain :
fedfond.msk.su


        &dDËáë ðïóíïôòåôø úïîù DNS&d@

 nslookup -ty=ns  msk.ru
 zzz=msk.ru ; named-xfer -z $zzz -f filename ns.$zzz
 egrep '^[a-z]' filename | egrep -v A | grep NS| cut -f1 | sort -u| wc

éìé óèïäéôø ÷ RIPE:

ftp://ftp.ripe.net/ripe/hostcount ¡ ftp://ftp.ripe.net/ripe/hostcount
ftp://ftp.ripe.net/ripe/dbase     ¡ ftp://ftp.ripe.net/ripe/dbase

  &dDÒåúõìøôáô îá æå÷òáìø 1997:&d@

ru     1400
msk.ru  217
spb.ru  490
ras.ru  20
msu.su  19
rssi.ru 42

        &dDËïîæéçõòéòï÷áîéå DNS-óåò÷åòá&d@

/etc/named.boot
; äïíåî fedfond.msk.su          IP-óåôø - 194.8.2
;
;    boot file for name server
;
directory /var/named
cache      .                     named.root

; type     domain                source host/file          backup file
primary    fedfond.msk.su        fedfond.msk.su
primary    0.0.127.in-addr.arpa  127.0.0.0
primary    2.8.128.in-addr.arpa  194.8.2.0

----------------¡   /var/named/named.local  --------------------------------
; local dns file 127.0.0.0      0.0.127.in-addr.arpa
;
@   IN    SOA   ns.fedfond.msk.su.      moshkow.fedfond.msk.su. (
                94092101; 	Serial
		10800;		Refresh
		1800;		Retry
		3600000;	Expire
		86400 );	Minimum
    IN          NS	ns.fedfond.msk.su.
1   IN          PTR	localhost.

===========================¡   /var/named/fedfond.msk.su : =========
; fedfond.msk.su zone hosts file for server ns.fedfond.msk.su
;
@		IN  SOA ns.fedfond.msk.su. moshkow.fedfond.su. (
					94092501; 	Serial
					10800;		Refresh
					1800;		Retry
					3600000;	Expire
					86400 );	Minimum
			NS	ns.fedfond.msk.su.
			NS	ipsun.ac.msk.su.
;
			MX	0	mail.fedfond.msk.su.
			MX	20	ipsun.ac.msk.su.
			MX	30	mailhost.cs.msu.su.
			MX	40	mail.gmd.de.
			MX	50	sunic.sunet.se.
; localhost		A	127.0.0.1

$INCLUDE /var/named/fedfond-hosts-spisok
----------------¡   /var/named/fedfond-hosts-spisok
; Hosts in fedfond.msk.su zone
mail      	CNAME	fedfond1
ns      	CNAME	fedfond1
mailrelay	CNAME	fedfond1
mailhost	CNAME	fedfond1
mailserver	CNAME	fedfond1
newshost	CNAME	fedfond1
ftp		CNAME	fedfond1
www		CNAME	fedfond1
gopher		CNAME	fedfond1
master		CNAME	fedfond1
server		CNAME	fedfond1
;
; Host fedfond1
;
fedfond1	A	194.8.2.1
		MX	0	mailrelay
		HINFO	Motorola88110 "SVR4.1/88"
		WKS	194.8.2.1	UDP ( time domain name )
		WKS	194.8.2.1	TCP ( echo telnet discard
						sunrpc uucp-path systat
						daytime netstat nntp
						link chargen ftp time
						whois pop-2 rje finger smtp
						supdup hostnames domain )
;
; Host s20
;
s20		A	194.8.2.20
		MX	0	mailrelay
		HINFO	Besta/31 UNIX-V.3
besta		CNAME	s20
prilipko	CNAME	s20
;
; Host s30
;
s30		A	194.8.2.30
		A	194.9.2.30
		A	194.124.148.59
		MX	0	mailrelay
		HINFO	PC486/66DX2 UnixWare_1.1
		WKS	194.8.2.30		UDP ( time domain name )
		WKS	194.8.2.30		TCP ( echo telnet discard
						sunrpc uucp-path systat
						daytime netstat nntp
						link chargen ftp time
						whois pop-2 rje finger smtp
						supdup hostnames domain )
unixware		CNAME	s30
;
; Host pcat101
;
pcat101		A	194.8.2.101
 		MX	0	mailrelay
 		HINFO	PC486/66DX2 "MSDOS 6.2"
pc101		CNAME	pcat101
guest01		CNAME	pcat101
;
; Host pcat101
;
pcat102		A	194.8.2.102
 		MX	0	mailrelay
 		HINFO	PC486/66DX2 "MSDOS 6.2"
pc102		CNAME	pcat102
guest02		CNAME	pcat102

===========================¡   /var/named/named.root ==============
; Initial cache data for root domain servers
;
; list of servers ...
;
        99999999        IN      NS      NS.INTERNIC.NET.
        99999999        IN      NS      NS.NIC.DDN.MIL.
        99999999        IN      NS      NS1.ISI.EDU.
        99999999        IN      NS      AOS.ARL.ARMY.MIL.
        99999999        IN      NS      C.NYSER.NET.
        99999999        IN      NS      TERP.UMD.EDU.
        99999999        IN      NS      NS.NASA.GOV.
        99999999        IN      NS      NIC.NORDU.NET.
; ... and their adresses
;
NS.INTERNIC.NET.        99999999        IN      A       198.41.0.4
NS.NIC.DDN.MIL.         99999999        IN      A       192.112.36.4
NS1.ISI.EDU.      	99999999        IN      A       128.9.0.107
AOS.ARL.ARMY.MIL.       99999999        IN      A       128.63.4.82
AOS.ARL.ARMY.MIL.       99999999        IN      A       192.5.25.82
C.NYSER.NET.            99999999        IN      A       192.33.4.12
TERP.UMD.EDU.           99999999        IN      A       128.8.10.90
NS.NASA.GOV.            99999999        IN      A       128.102.16.10
NS.NASA.GOV.            99999999        IN      A       192.52.195.10
NIC.NORDU.NET.          99999999        IN      A       192.36.148.17

===========================¡   /var/named/194.8.2.0 : ==============

@	IN	SOA ns.fedfond.msk.su. moshkow.fedfond.msk.su. (
					94102501; 	Serial
					10800;	Refresh
					1800;	Retry
					3600000;	Expire
					86400 );	Minimum
				NS	ns.fedfond.msk.su.
				NS	s08.fedfond.msk.su.
				NS	ipsun.ac.msk.su.
				NS	ns.itep.ru.
				NS	suncom.itep.ru.
				NS	ns.cs.msu.su.

				PTR	s30.fedfond.msk.su.;	Gateway
;
; Reverse-name   [ttl]		PTR	Real-name-dot
;
1				PTR	fedfond1.fedfond.msk.su.
20				PTR	s20.fedfond.msk.su.
30				PTR	s30.fedfond.msk.su.
101				PTR	pcat101.fedfond.msk.su.
102				PTR	pcat102.fedfond.msk.su.


        &dDÐòéíåò úïîù&d@

wireless.msk.ru.   IN   SOA     ns.elvis.ru.    andrei\\.arkhipov.elvis.ru. (
                1994110801      ;Serial
                86400   ;Refresh
                7200    ;Retry
                2592000 ;Expire
                345600) ;Minimum

        IN      NS      ns.elvis.ru.
        IN      NS      ns2.elvis.ru.
        IN      NS      ns.spb.su.
        IN      NS      ns.ussr.eu.net.


&dDÐïñóîåîéñ:&d@

&dDÐåò÷áñ óôòïëá óïäåòöéô: &d@

     éíñ úïîù ó ïâñúáôåìøîïê ôïþëïê ÷ ëïîãå
     ðòåäïðòåäåìåîîùå ðïìñ IN é SOA
     éíñ  óåò÷åòá,  îá ëïôïòïí óïäåòöéôóñ úá÷åäïíï ðòá÷éìøîáñ
     éîæïòíáãéñ ï úïîå, ó
     ïâñúáôåìøîïê ôïþëïê îá ëïîãå. Ðòé îåïâèïäéíïóôé òáúíåýåîéñ ÷ôïòéþîùè
     óåò÷åòï÷ íù âõäåí âòáôø éîæïòíáãéà ï úïîå éíåîîï ó üôïçï óåò÷åòá.
     ðïþôï÷ùê  áäòåó ïô÷åôóô÷åîîïçï úá óåò÷åò, ÷ ëïôïòïí úîáë @
     úáíåîåî îá . á åóìé
     ôòåâõåôóñ éóðïìøúï÷áôø . ÷ ìå÷ïê þáóôé áäòåóá, ïîá äïìöîá
     âùôø ðòåæéëóéòï÷áîá
     ä÷õíñ úîáëáíé \ Éíåîîï ðï üôïíõ áäòåóõ âõäåô ïôðòá÷ìåîï óïïâýåîéå ÷ óìõþáå
     õóðåûîïçï äåìåçéòï÷áîéñ úïîù. Áäòåó ÷ ðòé÷åäåîîïí ðòéíåòå âõäåô ÷ùçìñäåôø
     ëáë
     andrei.arkhipov@elvis.ru
     ïôëòù÷áàýáñ ëòõçìáñ óëïâëá

Îá óìåäõàýéè 5 óôòïëáè ïðéóù÷áàôóñ ÷áöîùå äìñ úïîù ðáòáíåôòù:

&dDSerial&d@

Ïðòåäåìñåô  ðïòñäëï÷ùê  îïíåò  òåäáëãéé æáêìá ó ïðéóáîéåí úïîù.
Üôï þéóìï äïìöîï  éúíåîñôøóñ  ôïìøëï  ÷  óôïòïîõ  õ÷åìéþåîéñ  é
éúíåîñôøóñ  ïîï  äïìöîï  ðòé  ëáöäïí  ÷îåóåîéé éúíåîåîéñ ÷ æáêì
ïðéóáîéñ úïîù. Òåëïíåîäõåíùê æïòíáô:

&dDYYYYMMDDNN&d@

çäå  YYYY  -  çïä, MM - íåóñã, DD - äåîø, NN - ðïòñäëï÷ùê îïíåò
÷îåóåîéñ éúíåîåîéñ ÷ õëáúáîîùê äåîø.

&dDRefresh&d@

Ëáöäùå "refresh" óåëõîä ÷ôïòéþîùå óåò÷åòá ðòï÷åòñàô ïóîï÷îïê îá
ðòåäíåô õ÷åìéþåîéñ úîáþåîéñ  "serial",  é  åóìé  üôï  ðòïéúïûìï
ïâîï÷ìñàô  õ  óåâñ  úïîõ.  Òåëïíåîäõåíïå  úîáþåîéå:  86400, þôï
óïóôá÷ìñåô 24 þáóá.

&dDRetry&d@

Åóìé   ïóîï÷îïê   óåò÷åò   âùì   îåäïóôõðåî,   ÷ôïòéþîùê  âõäåô
ðòïéú÷ïäéôø   ðï÷ôïòîùå   ðïðùôëé   ëáöäùå   "retry"    óåëõîä.
Òåëïíåîäõåíïå úîáþåîéå: 7200, þôï óïóôá÷ìñåô 2 þáóá.

&dDExpire&d@

Åóìé  ÷  ôåþåîéå  "expire"  óåëõîä  ÷ôïòéþîùê  óåò÷åò  îå  óíïç
óïåäéîéôøóñ ó ïóîï÷îùí é ïâîï÷éôø éîæïòíáãéà ï úïîå, ïî óþéôáåô
óåâñ îåóðïóïâîùí äá÷áôø ïô÷åôù îá úáðòïóù ï úïîå. Òåëïíåîäõåíïå
úîáþåîéå: 2592000, þôï óïóôá÷ìñåô 30 óõôïë.

&dDMinimum TTL&d@

Úîáþåîéå  ðï  õíïìþáîéà  äìñ ÷òåíåîé, ÷ ôåþåîéå ëïôïòïçï óåò÷åò
äåòöéô úáðéóø ÷  ëüûå.   Òåëïíåîäõåíïå  úîáþåîéå:  345600,  þôï
óïóôá÷ìñåô 4 óõôïë.

Äáìåå éäåô ïðéóáîéå ÷óåè óåò÷åòï÷ úïîù, ðòéþåí óåò÷åò õëáúáîîùê
÷   ðåò÷ïê   óôòïëå   (÷   úáðéóé   SOA)   ïâñúáôåìøîï   äïìöåî
ðòéóõôóô÷ï÷áôø  ÷  üôïí  óðéóëå,  á  åóìé îåïâèïäéíï òáúíåýåîéå
÷ôïòéþîùè  óåò÷åòï÷  îá  íáûéè  ÁÏ  Òåìëïí   (ns.spb.su   é/éìé
ns.ussr.eu.net),  ôï  é  ïîé  äïìöîù ðòéóõôóô÷ï÷áôø ÷ óðéóëå, á
ôáëöå ÷ úáñ÷ëå.

×  ðòé÷åäåîîïí  ðòéíåòå  õô÷åòöäáåôóñ, þôï úïîá ðòéóõôóô÷õåô îá
óåò÷åòáè ns.elvis.ru  é  ns2.elvis.ru  é  ôòåâõåôóñ  òáúíåýåîéå
÷ôïòéþîùè óåò÷åòï÷ îá ns.spb.su é ns.ussr.eu.net

Ïâòáôéôå ÷îéíáîéå, þôï ÷óå éíåîá óåò÷åòï÷ úáëáîþé÷áàôóñ ôïþëïê.

===================================== EOF ===========================

[ Article crossposted from comp.protocols.tcp-ip.domains ]
[ Author was Craig Richmond - division (craig@ecel.uwa.edu.au) ]
[ Posted on 3 Aug 1993 10:53:51 GMT ]


                Setting up a basic DNS server for a domain
                            Revision 1.1.1

                            Craig Richmond
                         craig@ecel.uwa.edu.au
                            3rd August 1993


About this document

I have written this file because it seems that the same questions seem to
pop up time and time again and when I had to install DNS from scratch the
first time, we found very little to help us.

This document covers setting up a Domain Name Server with authority over
your domain and using a few of the more useful but less well known
(hopefully this document will take care of that) features of nslookup to
get information about the DNS and to work out why yours isn't working.

If you are using a Sun Workstation and you want to make NIS interact with
the DNS, then this is not the FAQ for you (but it may well be when you try
to set up the DNS).  Mark J. McIntosh <Mark.McIntosh@engr.UVic.CA> points
out that it is included in the comp.sys.sun.admin FAQ and for the benefit
of those of you who can't get that (it is posted in comp.sys.sun.admin,
comp.sys.sun.misc, comp.unix.solaris, comp.answers and news.answers) I have
included the relevant parts at the bottom in appendix C.

Contents:

   Contents
   An Overview of the DNS
   Installing the DNS
    *The Boot File
    *The Cache File
    *The Forward Mapping File
    *The Reverse Mapping File
   Delegating authority for domains within your domain
   Troubleshooting your named
    *Named doesn't work!  What is wrong?
    *I changed my named database and my local machine has noticed,
     but nobody else has the new information?
    *My local machine knows about all the name server information,
     but no other sites know about me?
    *My forward domain names work, but the backward names do not?
   How to get useful information from nslookup
    *Getting number to name mappings.
    *Finding where mail goes when a machine has no IP number.
    *Getting a list of machines in a domain from nslookup.
   Appendicies
    *Appendix A  sample root.cache file
    *Appendix B  Excerpt from RFC 1340 - Assigned Numbers - July 1992
    *Appendix C  Installing DNS on a Sun when running NIS


An Overview of the DNS:

The Domain Name System is the software that lets you have name to number
mappings on your computers.  The name decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au is the number
130.95.4.2 and vice versa.  This is achieved through the DNS.  The DNS is a
heirarchy.  There are a small number of root domain name servers that are
responsible for tracking the top level domains and who is under them.  The
root domain servers between them know about all the people who have name
servers that are authoritive for domains under the root.

Being authoritive means that if a server is asked about something in that
domain, it can say with no ambiguity whether or not a given piece of
information is true.  For example.  We have domains x.z and y.z.  There are
by definition authoritive name servers for both of these domains and we
shall assume that the name server in both of these cases is a machine
called nic.x.z and nic.y.z but that really makes no difference.

If someone asks nic.x.z whether there is a machine called a.x.z, then
nic.x.z can authoritively say, yes or no because it is the authoritive name
server for that domain.  If someone asks nic.x.z whether there is a machine
called a.y.z then nic.x.z asks nic.y.z whether such a machine exists (and
caches this for future requests).  It asks nic.y.z because nic.y.z is the
authoritive name server for the domain y.z.  The information about
authoritive name servers is stored in the DNS itself and as long as you
have a pointer to a name server who is more knowledgable than yourself then
you are set.

When a change is made, it propogates slowly out through the internet to
eventually reach all machines.  The following was supplied by Mark Andrews
Mark.Andrews@syd.dms.csiro.au.

        If both the primary and all secondaries are up and talking when
        a zone update occurs and for the refresh period after the
        update the old data will live for max(refresh + mininum)
        average (refresh/2 +mininum) for the zone. New information will
        be available from all servers after refresh.

So with a refresh of 3 hours and a minimum of a day, you can expect
everything to be working a day after it is changed.  If you have a longer
minimum, it may take a couple of days before things return to normal.

There is also a difference between a zone and a domain.  The domain is the
entire set of machines that are contained within an organisational domain
name.  For example, the domain uwa.edu.au contains all the machines at the
University of Western Australia.  A Zone is the area of the DNS for which a
server is responsible.  The University of Western Australia is a large
organisation and trying to track all changes to machines at a central
location would be difficult.  The authoritive name server for the zone
uwa.edu.au delegates the authority for the zone ecel.uwa.edu.au to
decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au.  Machine foo.ecel.uwa.edu.au is in the zone that
decel is authoritive for.  Machine bar.uwa.edu.au is in the zone that
uniwa.uwa.edu.au is authoritive for.

Installing the DNS:

First I'll assume you already have a copy of the Domain Name Server
software.  It is probably called named or in.named depending on your
flavour of unix.  I never had to get a copy, but if anyone thinks that
information should be here then by all means tell me and I'll put it in.
If you intend on using the package called Bind, then you should be sure
that you get version 4.9, which is the most recent version at this point in
time.

The Boot File:

First step is to create the file named.boot.  This describes to named
(we'll dispense with the in.named.  Take them to be the same) where the
information that it requires can be found.  This file is normally found in
/etc/named.boot and I personally tend to leave it there because then I know
where to find it.  If you don't want to leave it there but place it in a
directory with the rest of your named files, then there is usually an
option on named to specify the location of the boot file.

Your typical boot file will look like this if you are an unimportant leaf
node and there are other name servers at your site.

directory	/etc/namedfiles

cache		.	       				root.cache
primary		ecel.uwa.edu.au				ecel.uwa.domain
primary		0.0.127.in-addr.arpa			0.0.127.domain
primary		4.95.130.in-addr.arpa			4.95.130.domain
forwarders      130.95.128.1

Here is an alternative layout used by Christophe Wolfhugel
<Christophe.Wolfhugel@grasp.insa-lyon.fr>  He finds this easier because of
the large number of domains he has.  The structure is essentially the same,
but the file names use the domain name rather than the IP subnet to
describe the contents.

directory       /usr/local/etc/bind
cache     .                      p/root
forwarders      134.214.100.1 192.93.2.4
;
; Primary servers
;
primary   fr.net                        p/fr.net
primary   frmug.fr.net                  p/frmug.fr.net
primary   127.in-addr.arpa              p/127
;
; Secondary servers
;
secondary ensta.fr                 147.250.1.1     s/ensta.fr
secondary gatelink.fr.net          134.214.100.1   s/gatelink.fr.net
secondary insa-lyon.fr             134.214.100.1   s/insa-lyon.fr
secondary loesje.org               145.18.226.21   s/loesje.org
secondary nl.loesje.org            145.18.226.21   s/nl.loesje.org
secondary pcl.ac.uk                161.74.160.5    s/pcl.ac.uk
secondary univ-lyon1.fr            134.214.100.1   s/univ-lyon1.fr
secondary wmin.ac.uk               161.74.160.5    s/wmin.ac.uk
secondary westminster.ac.uk        161.74.160.5    s/westminster.ac.uk
;
;
; Secondary for addresses
;
secondary 74.161.in-addr.arpa      161.74.160.5    s/161.74
secondary 214.134.in-addr.arpa     134.214.100.1   s/134.214
secondary 250.147.in-addr.arpa     147.250.1.1     s/147.250
;
; Classes C
;
secondary 56.44.192.in-addr.arpa   147.250.1.1     s/192.44.56
secondary 57.44.192.in-addr.arpa   147.250.1.1     s/192.44.57

The lines in the named.boot file have the following meanings.

directory

This is the path that named will place in front of all file names
referenced from here on.  If no directory is specified, it looks for files
relative to /etc.

cache

This is the information that named uses to get started.  Named must know
the IP number of some other name servers at least to get started.
Information in the cache is treated differently depending on your version
of named.  Some versions of named use the information included in the cache
permenantly and others retain but ignore the cache information once up and
running.

primary

This is one of the domains for which this machine is authorative for.  You
put the entire domain name in.  You need forwards and reverse lookups.  The
first value is the domain to append to every name included in that file.
(There are some exceptions, but they will be explained later)  The name at
the end of the line is the name of the file (relative to /etc of the
directory if you specified one).  The filename can have slashes in it to
refer to subdirectories so if you have a lot of domains you may want to
split it up.

BE VERY CAREFUL TO PUT THE NUMBERS BACK TO FRONT FOR THE REVERSE LOOK UP
FILE.  The example given above is for the subnet ecel.uwa.edu.au whose IP
address is 130.95.4.*.  The reverse name must be 4.95.130.in-addr.arpa.
It must be backwards and it must end with .in-addr.arpa.  If your reverse
name lookups don't work, check this.  If they still don't work, check this
again.

forwarders

This is a list of IP numbers for forward requests for sites about which we
are unsure.  A good choice here is the name server which is authoritive for
the zone above you.

secondary (This line is not in the example, but is worth mentioning.)

A secondary line indicates that you wish to be a secondary name server for
this domain.  You do not need to do this usually.  All it does is help make
the DNS more robust.  You should have at least one secondary server for
your site, but you do not need to be a secondary server for anyone else.
You can by all means, but you don't need to be.  If you want to be a
secondary server for another domain, then place the line

secondary         gu.uwa.edu.au   130.95.100.3 130.95.128.1

in your named.boot.  This will make your named try the servers on both of
the machines specified to see if it can obtain the information about those
domains.  You can specify a number of IP addresses for the machines to
query that probably depends on your machine.  Your copy of named will upon
startup go and query all the information it can get about the domain in
question and remember it and act as though it were authoritive for that
domain.

Next you will want to start creating the data files that contain the name
definitions.

The cache file:

You can get a copy of the cache file from FTP.RS.INTERNIC.NET.  The current
copy can be found in Appendix A.

The Forward Mapping file:
The file ecel.uwa.edu.au. will be used for the example with a couple of
machines left in for the purpose of the exercise.  Here is a copy of what
the file looks like with explanations following.

; Authoritative data for ecel.uwa.edu.au
;
@		IN     SOA decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au. postmaster.ecel.uwa.edu.au. (
				93071200	; Serial (yymmddxx)
				10800		; Refresh 3 hours
				3600		; Retry   1 hour
				3600000 	; Expire  1000 hours
				86400 )		; Minimum 24 hours
		IN	A		130.95.4.2
		IN	MX	100  	decel
		IN	MX	150	uniwa.uwa.edu.au.
		IN	MX	200	relay1.uu.net.
		IN	MX	200	relay2.uu.net.

localhost	IN	A		127.0.0.1

decel		IN	A		130.95.4.2
		IN	HINFO	SUN4/110	 UNIX
		IN	MX	100	decel
		IN	MX	150	uniwa.uwa.edu.au.
		IN	MX	200	relay1.uu.net
		IN	MX	200	relay2.uu.net

gopher		IN	CNAME		decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au.

accfin		IN	A		130.95.4.3
		IN	HINFO	SUN4/110	 UNIX
		IN	MX	100	decel
		IN	MX	150	uniwa.uwa.edu.au.
		IN	MX	200	relay1.uu.net
		IN	MX	200	relay2.uu.net

chris-mac	IN	A		130.95.4.5
		IN	HINFO	MAC-II	MACOS

The comment character is ';' so the first two lines are just comments
indicating the contents of the file.

All values from here on have IN in them.  This indicates that the value is
an InterNet record.  There are a couple of other types, but all you need
concern yourself with is internet ones.

The SOA record is the Start Of Authority record.  It contains the
information that other nameservers will learn about this domain and how to
treat the information they are given about it.  The '@' as the first
character in the line indicates that you wish to define things about the
domain for which this file is responsible.  The domain name is found in the
named.boot file in the corresponding line to this filename.  All
information listed refers to the most recent machine/domain name so all
records from the '@' until 'localhost' refer to the '@'.  The SOA record
has 5 magic numbers.  First magic number is the serial number.  If you
change the file, change the serial number.  If you don't, no other name
servers will update their information.  The old information will sit around
for a very long time.

Refresh is the time between refreshing information about the SOA (correct
me if I am wrong).  Retry is the frequency of retrying if an authorative
server cannot be contacted.  Expire is how long a secondary name server
will keep information about a zone without successfully updating it or
confirming that the data is up to date.  This is to help the information
withstand fairly lengthy downtimes of machines or connections in the
network without having to recollect all the information.  Minimum is the
default time to live value handed out by a nameserver for all records in
a zone without an explicit TTL value. This is how long the data will live
after being handed out.  The two pieces of information before the 5 magic
numbers are the machine that is considered the origin of all of this
information.  Generally the machine that is running your named is a good
one for here.  The second is an email address for someone who can fix any
problems that may occur with the DNS.  Good ones here are postmaster,
hostmaster or root.  NOTE: You use dots and not '@' for the email address.

eg  root.decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au is correct
     and
    root@decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au is incorrect.

We now have an address to map ecel.uwa.edu.au to.  The address is
130.95.4.2 which happens to be decel, our main machine.  If you try to find
an IP number for the domain ecel.uwa.edu.au it will get you the machine
decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au's IP number.  This is a nicety which means that
people who have non-MX record mailers can still mail fred@ecel.uwa.edu.au
and don't have to find the name of a machine name under the domain to mail.

Now we have a couple of MX records for the domain itself.  The MX records
specify where to send mail destined for the machine/domain that the MX
record is for.  In this case we would prefer if all mail for
fred@ecel.uwa.edu.au is sent to decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au.  If that does not
work, we would like it to go to uniwa.uwa.edu.au because there are a number
of machines that might have no idea how to get to us, but may be able to get
to uniwa.  And failing that, try the site relay1.uu.net.  A small number
indicates that this site should be tried first.  The larget the number the
further down the list of sites to try the site is.  NOTE: Not all machines
have mailers that pay attention to MX records.  Some only pay attention to
IP numbers, which is really stupid.  All machines are required to have
MX-capable Mail Transfer Agents (MTA) as there are many addresses that can
only be reached via this means.

There is an entry for localhost now.  Note that this is somewhat of a
kludge and should probably be handled far more elegantly.  By placing
localhost here, a machine comes into existance called
localhost.ecel.uwa.edu.au.  If you finger it, or telnet to it, you get your
own machine, because the name lookup returns 127.0.0.1 which is the special
case for your own machine.  I have used a couple of different DNS packages.
The old BSD one let you put things into the cache which would always work,
but would not be exported to other nameservers.  In the newer Sun one, they
are left in the cache and are mostly ignored once named is up and running.
This isn't a bad solution, its just not a good one.

Decel is the main machine in our domain.  It has the IP number 130.95.4.2
and that is what this next line shows.  It also has a HINFO entry.  HINFO
is Host Info which is meant to be some sort of an indication of what the
machine is and what it runs.  The values are two white space seperated
values.  First being the hardware and second being the software.  HINFO is
not compulsory, its just nice to have sometimes.  We also have some MX
records so that mail destined for decel has some other avenues before it
bounces back to the sender if undeliverable.

It is a good idea to give all machines capable of handling mail an MX
record because this can be cached on remote machines and will help to
reduce the load on the network.

gopher.ecel.uwa.edu.au is the gopher server in our division.  Now because
we are cheapskates and don't want to go and splurge on a seperate machine
just for handling gopher requests we have made it a CNAME to our main
machine.  While it may seem pointless it does have one main advantage.
When we discover that our placing terrabytes of popular quicktime movies
on our gopher server (no we haven't and we don't intend to) causes an
unbearable load on our main machine, we can quickly move the CNAME to
point at a new machine by changing the name mentioned in the CNAME.  Then
the slime of the world can continue to get their essential movies with a
minimal interuption to the network.  Other good CNAMEs to maintain are
things like ftp, mailhost, netfind, archie, whois, and even dns (though the
most obvious use for this fails).  It also makes it easier for people to
find these services in your domain.

We should probably start using WKS records for things like gopher and whois
rather than making DNS names for them.  The tools are not in wide
circulation for this to work though.  (Plus all those comments in many DNS
implementation of "Not implemented" next to the WKS record)

Finally we have a macintosh which belongs to my boss.  All it needs is an
IP number, and we have included the HINFO so that you can see that it is in
fact a macII running a Mac System.  To get the list of preferred values,
you should get a copy of RFC 1340.  It lists lots of useful information
such as /etc/services values, ethernet manufacturer hardware addresses,
HINFO defualts and many others.  I will include the list as it stands at
the moment, but if any RFC superceeds 1340, then it will have a more
complete list.  See Appendix B for that list.

NOTE:  If Chris had a very high profile and wanted his mac to appear like a
fully connected unix machine as far as internet services were concerned, he
could simply place an MX record such as

	IN	MX	100  decel

after his machine and any mail sent to chris@chris-mac.ecel.uwa.edu.au
would be automatically rerouted to decel.

The Reverse Mapping File

The reverse name lookup is handled in a most bizarre fashion.  Well it all
makes sense, but it is not immediately obvious.

All of the reverse name lookups are done by finding the PTR record
associated with the name w.x.y.z.in-addr.arpa.  So to find the name
associated with the IP number 1.2.3.4, we look for information stored in
the DNS under the name 4.3.2.1.in-addr.arpa.  They are organised this way
so that when you are allocated a B class subnet for example, you get all of
the IP numbers in the domain 130.95.  Now to turn that into a reverse name
lookup domain, you have to invert the numbers or your registered domains
will be spread all over the place.  It is a mess and you need not understand
the finer points of it all.  All you need to know is that you put the
reverse name lookup files back to front.

Here is the sample reverse name lookup files to go with our example.

0.0.127.in-addr.arpa
--
;  Reverse mapping of domain names 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa
;  Nobody pays attention to this, it is only so 127.0.0.1 -> localhost.
@		IN	SOA decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au. postmaster.ecel.uwa.edu.au. (
				91061801	; Serial (yymmddxx)
				10800		; Refresh 3 hours
				3600		; Retry   1 hour
				3600000 	; Expire  1000 hours
				86400 )		; Minimum 24 hours
;
1		IN	PTR	    localhost.ecel.uwa.edu.au.
--

4.95.130.in-addr.arpa
--
;	reverse mapping of domain names 4.95.130.in-addr.arpa
;
@		IN	SOA decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au. postmaster.ecel.uwa.edu.au. (
				92050300	; Serial (yymmddxx format)
				10800		; Refresh	3hHours
				3600		; Retry		1 hour
				3600000		; Expire	1000 hours
				86400 )		; Minimum	24 hours
2		IN	PTR	decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au.
3		IN	PTR	accfin.ecel.uwa.edu.au.
5		IN	PTR	chris-mac.ecel.uwa.edu.au.
--

It is important to remember that you must have a second start of authority
record for the reverse name lookups.  Each reverse name lookup file must
have its own SOA record.  The reverse name lookup on the 127 domain is
debatable seeing as there is likely to be only one number in the file and
it is blatantly obvious what it is going to map to.

The SOA details are the same as in the forward mapping.

Each of the numbers listed down the left hand side indicates that the line
contains information for that number of the subnet.  Each of the subnets
must be the more significant digits.  eg the 130.95.4 of an IP number
130.95.4.2 is implicit for all numbers mentioned in the file.

The PTR must point to a machine that can be found in the DNS.  If the name
is not in the DNS, some versions of named just bomb out at this point.

Reverse name lookups are not compulsory, but nice to have.  It means that
when people log into machines, they get names indicating where they are
logged in from.  It makes it easier for you to spot things that are wrong
and it is far less cryptic than having lots of numbers everywhere.  Also if
you do not have a name for your machine, some brain dead protocols such as
talk will not allow you to connect.

Since I had this I had one suggestion of an alternative way to do the
localhost entry.  I think it is a matter of personal opinion so I'll
include it here in case anyone things that this is a more appropriate
method.

The following is courtesy of jep@convex.nl (JEP de Bie)

  The way I did it was:

  1) add in /etc/named.boot:

     primary   .                             localhost
     primary   127.in-addr.ARPA.             IP127

(Craig: It has been suggested by Mark Andrews that this is a bad practice
 particularly if you have upgraded to Bind 4.9.  You also run the risk of
 polluting the root name servers.  This comes down to a battle of idealogy
 and practicality.  Think twice before declaring yourself authorative for
 the root domain.)

  So I not only declare myself (falsely? - probably, but nobody is going to
  listen anyway most likely [CPR]:-) athorative in the 127.in-addr.ARPA domain
  but also in the . (root) domain.

  2) the file localhost has:

     $ORIGIN .
     localhost       IN      A       127.0.0.1

  3) and the file IP127:

     $ORIGIN 127.in-addr.ARPA.
     1.0.0   IN      PTR     localhost.

  4) and I have in my own domain file (convex.nl) the line:

     $ORIGIN convex.nl.
     localhost       IN      CNAME   localhost.

  The advantage (elegancy?) is that a query (A) of localhost. gives the
  reverse of the query of 1.0.0.127.in-addr.ARPA. And it also shows that
  localhost.convex.nl is only a nickname to something more absolute.
  (While the notion of localhost is of course relative :-)).

  And I also think there is a subtle difference between the lines

    primary   127.in-addr.ARPA.             IP127
      and
    primary   0.0.127.in-addr.ARPA.         4.95.130.domain
                                        =============
                                         JEP de Bie
                                        jep@convex.nl
                                        =============



Delegating authority for domains within your domain:

When you start having a very big domain that can be broken into logical and
seperate entities that can look after their own DNS information, you will
probably want to do this.  Maintain a central area for the things that
everyone needs to see and delegate the authority for the other parts of the
organisation so that they can manage themselves.

Another essential piece of information is that every domain that exists
must have it NS records associated with it.  These NS records denote the
name servers that are queried for information about that zone.  For your
zone to be recognised by the outside world, the server responsible for the
zone above you must have created a NS record for your machine in your
domain.  For example, putting the computer club onto the network and giving
them control over their own part of the domain space we have the following.

The machine authorative for gu.uwa.edu.au is mackerel and the machine
authorative for ucc.gu.uwa.edu.au is marlin.

in mackerel's data for gu.uwa.edu.au we have the following

@		IN	SOA ...
		IN	A	130.95.100.3
		IN	MX	mackerel.gu.uwa.edu.au.
		IN	MX	uniwa.uwa.edu.au.

marlin		IN	A	130.95.100.4

ucc		IN	NS	  marlin.gu.uwa.edu.au.
		IN	NS	mackerel.gu.uwa.edu.au.

Marlin is also given an IP in our domain as a convenience.  If they blow up
their name serving there is less that can go wrong because people can still
see that machine which is a start.  You could place "marlin.ucc" in the
first column and leave the machine totally inside the ucc domain as well.

The second NS line is because mackerel will be acting as secondary name
server for the ucc.gu domain.  Do not include this line if you are not
authorative for the information included in the sub-domain.


Troubleshooting your named:

Named doesn't work!  What is wrong?

Step 1:  Run nslookup and see what nameserver it tries to connect you to.
If nslookup connects you to the wrong nameserver, create a /etc/resolv.conf
file that points your machine at the correct nameserver.  If there is no
resolv.conf file, the the resolver uses the nameserver on the local
machine.

Step 2:  Make sure that named is actually running.

Step 3:  Restart named and see if you get any error messages on the
console and in also check /usr/adm/messages.

Step 4:  If named is running, nslookup connects to the appropriate
nameserver and nslookup can answer simple questions, but other programs
such as 'ping' do not work with names, then you need to install resolv+
most likely.


I changed my named database and my local machine has noticed, but nobody
else has the new information?

Change the serial number in the SOA for any domains that you modified and
restart named.  Wait an hour and check again.  The information propogates
out.  It won't change immediately.


My local machine knows about all the name server information, but no other
sites know about me?

Find an upstream nameserver (one that has an SOA for something in your
domain) and ask them to be a secondary name server for you.  eg if you are
ecel.uwa.edu.au, ask someone who has an SOA for the domain uwa.edu.au.
Get NS records (and glue) added to your parent zone for your zone. This is
called delegating. It should be done formally like this or you will get
inconsistant answers out of the DNS.  ALL NAMSERVERS FOR YOUR ZONE SHOULD
BE LISTED IN THIS MANNER.


My forward domain names work, but the backward names do not?

Make sure the numbers are back to front and have the in-addr.arpa on the
end.
Make sure you reverse zone is registered. For Class C nets this can be done
by mailing to hostmaster@internic.net. For class A & B nets make sure that
you are registeres with the primary for your net and that the net itself
is registered with hostmaster@internic.net.


How to get useful information from nslookup:

Nslookup is a very useful program but I'm sure there are less than 20
people worldwide who know how to use it to its full usefulness.  I'm most
certainly not one of them.  If you don't like using nslookup, there is at
least one other program called dig, that has most/all(?) of the
functionality of nslookup and is a hell of a lot easier to use.

I won't go into dig much here except to say that it is a lot easier to get
this information out of.  I won't bother because nslookup ships with almost
all machines that come with network software.

To run nslookup, you usually just type nslookup.  It will tell you the
server it connects to.  You can specify a different server if you want.
This is useful when you want to tell if your named information is
consistent with other servers.

Getting name to number mappings.

Type the name of the machine.  Typing 'decel' is enough if the machine is
local.

(Once you have run nslookup successfully)
> decel
Server:  ecel.uwa.edu.au
Address:  130.95.4.2

Name:    decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au
Address:  130.95.4.2

>

One curious quirk of some name resolvers is that if you type a
machine name, they will try a number of permutations.  For example if my
machine is in the domain ecel.uwa.edu.au and I try to find a machine
called fred, the resolver will try the following.

  fred.ecel.uwa.edu.au.
  fred.uwa.edu.au.
  fred.edu.au.
  fred.au.
  fred.

This can be useful, but more often than not, you would simply prefer a good
way to make aliases for machines that are commonly referenced.  If you are
running resolv+, you should just be able to put common machines into the
host file.

DIG: dig <machine name>

Getting number to name mappings.

Nslookup defaults to finding you the Address of the name specified.  For
reverse lookups you already have the address and you want to find the
name that goes with it.  If you read and understood the bit above where it
describes how to create the number to name mapping file, you would guess
that you need to find the PTR record instead of the A record.  So you do
the following.

> set type=ptr
> 2.4.95.130.in-addr.arpa
Server:  decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au
Address:  130.95.4.2

2.4.95.130.in-addr.arpa host name = decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au
>

nslookup tells you that the ptr for the machine name
2.4.95.130.in-addr.arpa points to the host decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au.

DIG: dig -x <machine number>

Finding where mail goes when a machine has no IP number.

When a machine is not IP connected, it needs to specify to the world, where
to send the mail so that it can dial up and collect it every now and then.
This is accomplished by setting up an MX record for the site and not giving
it an IP number.  To get the information out of nslookup as to where the
mail goes, do the following.

> set type=mx
> dialix.oz.au
Server:  decel.ecel.uwa.oz.au
Address:  130.95.4.2

Non-authoritative answer:
dialix.oz.au    preference = 100, mail exchanger = uniwa.uwa.OZ.AU
dialix.oz.au    preference = 200, mail exchanger = munnari.OZ.AU
Authoritative answers can be found from:
uniwa.uwa.OZ.AU inet address = 130.95.128.1
munnari.OZ.AU   inet address = 128.250.1.21
munnari.OZ.AU   inet address = 192.43.207.1
mulga.cs.mu.OZ.AU       inet address = 128.250.35.21
mulga.cs.mu.OZ.AU       inet address = 192.43.207.2
dmssyd.syd.dms.CSIRO.AU inet address = 130.155.16.1
ns.UU.NET       inet address = 137.39.1.3

You tell nslookup that you want to search for mx records and then you give
it the name of the machine.  It tells you the preference for the mail
(small means more preferable), and who the mail should be sent to.  It also
includes sites that are authorative (have this name in their named database
files) for this MX record.  There are multiple sites as a backup.  As can
be seen, our local public internet access company dialix would like all of
their mail to be sent to uniwa, where they collect it from.  If uniwa is
not up, send it to munnari and munnari will get it to uniwa eventually.

NOTE: For historical reasons Australia used to be .oz which was changed to
oz.au to move to the ISO standard extensions upon the advent of IP.  We
are now moving to a more normal heirarchy which is where the .edu.au comes
from.  Pity, I liked having oz.

DIG: dig <zone> mx

Getting a list of machines in a domain from nslookup.

Find a server that is authorative for the domain or just generally all
knowing.  To find a good server, find all the soa records for a given
domain.  To do this, you set type=soa and enter the domain just like in the
two previous examples.

Once you have a server type

> ls gu.uwa.edu.au.
[uniwa.uwa.edu.au]
Host or domain name            Internet address
 gu                             server = mackerel.gu.uwa.edu.au
 gu                             server = uniwa.uwa.edu.au
 gu                             130.95.100.3
 snuffle-upagus                 130.95.100.131
 mullet                         130.95.100.2
 mackerel                       130.95.100.3
 marlin                         130.95.100.4
 gugate                         130.95.100.1
 gugate                         130.95.100.129
 helpdesk                       130.95.100.180
 lan                            130.95.100.0
 big-bird                       130.95.100.130

To get a list of all the machines in the domain.

If you wanted to find a list of all of the MX records for the domain, you
can put a -m flag in the ls command.

> ls -m gu.uwa.edu.au.
[uniwa.uwa.edu.au]
Host or domain name            Metric Host
 gu                             100  mackerel.gu.uwa.edu.au
 gu                             200  uniwa.uwa.edu.au

This only works for a limited selection of the different types.

DIG: dig axfr <zone> @<server>



Appendix A


;
;       This file holds the information on root name servers needed to
;       initialize cache of Internet domain name servers
;       (e.g. reference this file in the "cache  .  <file>"
;       configuration file of BIND domain name servers).
;
;       This file is made available by InterNIC registration services
;       under anonymous FTP as
;           file                /domain/named.root
;           on server           FTP.RS.INTERNIC.NET
;       -OR- under Gopher at RS.INTERNIC.NET
;           under menu          InterNIC Registration Services (NSI)
;              submenu          InterNIC Registration Archives
;           file                named.root
;
;       last update:    April 21, 1993
;       related version of root zone:   930421
;
                        99999999 IN  NS    NS.INTERNIC.NET.
NS.INTERNIC.NET.         99999999     A     198.41.0.4
                        99999999     NS    KAVA.NISC.SRI.COM.
KAVA.NISC.SRI.COM.       99999999     A     192.33.33.24
                        99999999     NS    C.NYSER.NET.
C.NYSER.NET.             99999999     A     192.33.4.12
                        99999999     NS    TERP.UMD.EDU.
TERP.UMD.EDU.            99999999     A     128.8.10.90
                        99999999     NS    NS.NASA.GOV.
NS.NASA.GOV.             99999999     A     128.102.16.10
                         99999999     A     192.52.195.10
                        99999999     NS    NS.NIC.DDN.MIL.
NS.NIC.DDN.MIL.          99999999     A     192.112.36.4
                        99999999     NS    AOS.ARL.ARMY.MIL.
AOS.ARL.ARMY.MIL.        99999999     A     128.63.4.82
                         99999999     A     192.5.25.82
                        99999999     NS    NIC.NORDU.NET.
NIC.NORDU.NET.           99999999     A     192.36.148.17
; End of File


Appendix B

An Excerpt from
RFC 1340		    Assigned Numbers		       July 1992


			       MACHINE NAMES

   These are the Official Machine Names	as they	appear in the Domain Name
   System HINFO	records	and the	NIC Host Table.	 Their use is described	in
   RFC-952 [53].

   A machine name or CPU type may be up	to 40 characters taken from the
   set of uppercase letters, digits, and the two punctuation characters
   hyphen and slash.  It must start with a letter, and end with	a letter
   or digit.

      ALTO				    DEC-1080
      ALTOS-6800			    DEC-1090
      AMDAHL-V7				    DEC-1090B
      APOLLO				    DEC-1090T
      ATARI-104ST			    DEC-2020T
      ATT-3B1				    DEC-2040
      ATT-3B2				    DEC-2040T
      ATT-3B20				    DEC-2050T
      ATT-7300				    DEC-2060
      BBN-C/60				    DEC-2060T
      BURROUGHS-B/29			    DEC-2065
      BURROUGHS-B/4800			    DEC-FALCON
      BUTTERFLY				    DEC-KS10
      C/30				    DEC-VAX-11730
      C/70				    DORADO
      CADLINC				    DPS8/70M
      CADR				    ELXSI-6400
      CDC-170				    EVEREX-386
      CDC-170/750			    FOONLY-F2
      CDC-173				    FOONLY-F3
      CELERITY-1200			    FOONLY-F4
      CLUB-386				    GOULD
      COMPAQ-386/20			    GOULD-6050
      COMTEN-3690			    GOULD-6080
      CP8040				    GOULD-9050
      CRAY-1				    GOULD-9080
      CRAY-X/MP				    H-316
      CRAY-2				    H-60/68
      CTIWS-117				    H-68
      DANDELION				    H-68/80
      DEC-10				    H-89
      DEC-1050				    HONEYWELL-DPS-6
      DEC-1077				    HONEYWELL-DPS-8/70
      HP3000				    ONYX-Z8000
      HP3000/64				    PDP-11
      IBM-158				    PDP-11/3
      IBM-360/67			    PDP-11/23
      IBM-370/3033			    PDP-11/24
      IBM-3081				    PDP-11/34
      IBM-3084QX			    PDP-11/40
      IBM-3101				    PDP-11/44
      IBM-4331				    PDP-11/45
      IBM-4341				    PDP-11/50
      IBM-4361				    PDP-11/70
      IBM-4381				    PDP-11/73
      IBM-4956				    PE-7/32
      IBM-6152				    PE-3205
      IBM-PC				    PERQ
      IBM-PC/AT				    PLEXUS-P/60
      IBM-PC/RT				    PLI
      IBM-PC/XT				    PLURIBUS
      IBM-SERIES/1			    PRIME-2350
      IMAGEN				    PRIME-2450
      IMAGEN-8/300			    PRIME-2755
      IMSAI				    PRIME-9655
      INTEGRATED-SOLUTIONS		    PRIME-9755
      INTEGRATED-SOLUTIONS-68K		    PRIME-9955II
      INTEGRATED-SOLUTIONS-CREATOR	    PRIME-2250
      INTEGRATED-SOLUTIONS-CREATOR-8	    PRIME-2655
      INTEL-386				    PRIME-9955
      INTEL-IPSC			    PRIME-9950
      IS-1				    PRIME-9650
      IS-68010				    PRIME-9750
      LMI				    PRIME-2250
      LSI-11				    PRIME-750
      LSI-11/2				    PRIME-850
      LSI-11/23				    PRIME-550II
      LSI-11/73				    PYRAMID-90
      M68000				    PYRAMID-90MX
      MAC-II				    PYRAMID-90X
      MASSCOMP				    RIDGE
      MC500				    RIDGE-32
      MC68000				    RIDGE-32C
      MICROPORT				    ROLM-1666
      MICROVAX				    S1-MKIIA
      MICROVAX-I			    SMI
      MV/8000				    SEQUENT-BALANCE-8000
      NAS3-5				    SIEMENS
      NCR-COMTEN-3690			    SILICON-GRAPHICS
      NEXT/N1000-316			    SILICON-GRAPHICS-IRIS
      NOW				    SGI-IRIS-2400
      SGI-IRIS-2500			    SUN-3/50
      SGI-IRIS-3010			    SUN-3/60
      SGI-IRIS-3020			    SUN-3/75
      SGI-IRIS-3030			    SUN-3/80
      SGI-IRIS-3110			    SUN-3/110
      SGI-IRIS-3115			    SUN-3/140
      SGI-IRIS-3120			    SUN-3/150
      SGI-IRIS-3130			    SUN-3/160
      SGI-IRIS-4D/20			    SUN-3/180
      SGI-IRIS-4D/20G			    SUN-3/200
      SGI-IRIS-4D/25			    SUN-3/260
      SGI-IRIS-4D/25G			    SUN-3/280
      SGI-IRIS-4D/25S			    SUN-3/470
      SGI-IRIS-4D/50			    SUN-3/480
      SGI-IRIS-4D/50G			    SUN-4/60
      SGI-IRIS-4D/50GT			    SUN-4/110
      SGI-IRIS-4D/60			    SUN-4/150
      SGI-IRIS-4D/60G			    SUN-4/200
      SGI-IRIS-4D/60T			    SUN-4/260
      SGI-IRIS-4D/60GT			    SUN-4/280
      SGI-IRIS-4D/70			    SUN-4/330
      SGI-IRIS-4D/70G			    SUN-4/370
      SGI-IRIS-4D/70GT			    SUN-4/390
      SGI-IRIS-4D/80GT			    SUN-50
      SGI-IRIS-4D/80S			    SUN-100
      SGI-IRIS-4D/120GTX		    SUN-120
      SGI-IRIS-4D/120S			    SUN-130
      SGI-IRIS-4D/210GTX		    SUN-150
      SGI-IRIS-4D/210S			    SUN-170
      SGI-IRIS-4D/220GTX		    SUN-386i/250
      SGI-IRIS-4D/220S			    SUN-68000
      SGI-IRIS-4D/240GTX		    SYMBOLICS-3600
      SGI-IRIS-4D/240S			    SYMBOLICS-3670
      SGI-IRIS-4D/280GTX		    SYMMETRIC-375
      SGI-IRIS-4D/280S			    SYMULT
      SGI-IRIS-CS/12			    TANDEM-TXP
      SGI-IRIS-4SERVER-8		    TANDY-6000
      SPERRY-DCP/10			    TEK-6130
      SUN				    TI-EXPLORER
      SUN-2				    TP-4000
      SUN-2/50				    TRS-80
      SUN-2/100				    UNIVAC-1100
      SUN-2/120				    UNIVAC-1100/60
      SUN-2/130				    UNIVAC-1100/62
      SUN-2/140				    UNIVAC-1100/63
      SUN-2/150				    UNIVAC-1100/64
      SUN-2/160				    UNIVAC-1100/70
      SUN-2/170				    UNIVAC-1160
      UNKNOWN
      VAX-11/725
      VAX-11/730
      VAX-11/750
      VAX-11/780
      VAX-11/785
      VAX-11/790
      VAX-11/8600
      VAX-8600
      WANG-PC002
      WANG-VS100
      WANG-VS400
      WYSE-386
      XEROX-1108
      XEROX-8010
      ZENITH-148

			       SYSTEM NAMES

   These are the Official System Names as they appear in the Domain Name
   System HINFO	records	and the	NIC Host Table.	 Their use is described
   in RFC-952 [53].

   A system name may be	up to 40 characters taken from the set of upper-
   case	letters, digits, and the three punctuation characters hyphen,
   period, and slash.  It must start with a letter, and	end with a
   letter or digit.

   AEGIS		     LISP		       SUN OS 3.5
   APOLLO		     LISPM		       SUN OS 4.0
   AIX/370		     LOCUS		       SWIFT
   AIX-PS/2		     MACOS		       TAC
   BS-2000		     MINOS		       TANDEM
   CEDAR		     MOS		       TENEX
   CGW			     MPE5		       TOPS10
   CHORUS		     MSDOS		       TOPS20
   CHRYSALIS		     MULTICS		       TOS
   CMOS			     MUSIC		       TP3010
   CMS			     MUSIC/SP		       TRSDOS
   COS			     MVS		       ULTRIX
   CPIX			     MVS/SP		       UNIX
   CTOS			     NEXUS		       UNIX-BSD
   CTSS			     NMS		       UNIX-V1AT
   DCN			     NONSTOP		       UNIX-V
   DDNOS		     NOS-2		       UNIX-V.1
   DOMAIN		     NTOS		       UNIX-V.2
   DOS			     OS/DDP		       UNIX-V.3
   EDX			     OS/2		       UNIX-PC
   ELF			     OS4		       UNKNOWN
   EMBOS		     OS86		       UT2D
   EMMOS		     OSX		       V
   EPOS			     PCDOS		       VM
   FOONEX		     PERQ/OS		       VM/370
   FUZZ			     PLI		       VM/CMS
   GCOS			     PSDOS/MIT		       VM/SP
   GPOS			     PRIMOS		       VMS
   HDOS			     RMX/RDOS		       VMS/EUNICE
   IMAGEN		     ROS		       VRTX
   INTERCOM		     RSX11M		       WAITS
   IMPRESS		     RTE-A		       WANG
   INTERLISP		     SATOPS		       WIN32
   IOS			     SCO-XENIX/386	       X11R3
   IRIX			     SCS		       XDE
   ISI-68020		     SIMP		       XENIX
   ITS			     SUN



Appendix C     Installing DNS on a Sun when running NIS

====================
 2)     How to get DNS to be used when running NIS ?

        First setup the appropriate /etc/resolv.conf file.
        Something like this should do the "trick".

        ;
        ; Data file for a client.
        ;
        domain          local domain
        nameserver      address of primary domain nameserver
        nameserver      address of secondary domain nameserver

        where:  "local domain" is the domain part of the hostnames.
                 For example, if your hostname is "thor.ece.uc.edu"
                 your "local domain" is "ece.uc.edu".

        You will need to put a copy of this resolv.conf on
        all NIS(YP) servers including slaves.

        Under SunOS 4.1 and greater, change the "B=" at the top
        of the /var/yp/Makefile to "B=-b" and setup NIS in the
        usual fashion.

        You will need reboot or restart ypserv for these changes
        to take affect.

        Under 4.0.x, edit the Makefile or apply the following "diff":

*** Makefile.orig       Wed Jan 10 13:22:11 1990
--- Makefile    Wed Jan 10 13:22:01 1990
***************
*** 63 ****
!                   | $(MAKEDBM) - $(YPDBDIR)/$(DOM)/hosts.byname; \
--- 63 ----
!                   | $(MAKEDBM) -b - $(YPDBDIR)/$(DOM)/hosts.byname; \
***************
*** 66 ****
!                   | $(MAKEDBM) - $(YPDBDIR)/$(DOM)/hosts.byaddr; \
--- 66 ----
!                   | $(MAKEDBM) -b - $(YPDBDIR)/$(DOM)/hosts.byaddr; \
====================

--
Craig Richmond.  Computer Officer -  Dept of Economics (morning) 380 3860
  University of Western Australia    Dept of Education (afternoon)   2368
craig@ecel.uwa.edu.au Dvorak Keyboards RULE!  "Messes are only acceptable
if users make them.  Applications aren't allowed this freedom" I.M.VI 2-4
.
        &dDUUCP - Unix to Unix Copy&d@
Óéóôåíá ðåòåóùìëé æáêìï÷ ðï ôåìåæïîõ.

Åóìé  uucp  ðòá÷éìøîï  óëïîæéçõòéòï÷áîï,  ôï  åçï éóðïìøúï÷áîéå
÷ùçìñäéô ðòéíåòîï ôáë:

   uucp -r moj_fajl  'pulsar!fajl_tam'

ðåòåûìåô  moj_fajl  îá  õäáìåîîõà  íáûéîõ  pulsar. Èïôñ, óëïòåå
÷óåçï îå  óäåìáåô,  éú-úá  ïçòáîéþåîéê  îá  ðòá÷á  äïóôõðá.  Á,
÷ðòïþåí, ôáëáñ ëïíáîäá óëïòåå ÷óåçï óòáâïôáåô:

   uucp -r moj_fajl  'pulsar!~'

þåòåú îåëïôïòïå ÷òåíñ üôïô æáêì ÷ù óíïöåôå ïâîáòõöéôø îá íáûéîå
pulsar ÷ ëáôáìïçå

    /usr/spool/uucppublic/

÷ üôïô ëáôáìïç òáúòåûåîï ëïðéòï÷áîéå ó õäáìåîîùè íáûéî, äìñ îå-
çï éóðïìøúõåôóñ óðåãéáìøîïå ïâïúîáþåîéå: "~"

Ðõóôø ÷áó îå õäé÷ìñåô, þôï ÷ ëïíáîäå uucp  éóðïìøúï÷áìéóø  ïäé-
îáòîùå  ëá÷ùþëé.  Ïîé  îõöîù, þôïâù úáüëòáîéòï÷áôø "!" é "~" ïô
÷áûåçï ëïíáîäîïçï éîôåòðòåôáôïòá ksh éìé bash. Ëìàþ -r ÷ ëïíáî-
äå uucp îõöåî, þôïâù ÎÅ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÌÑÔØ îáûõ íáûéîõ îåíåäìåîîï îáþé-
îáôø ú÷ïîéôø îá pulsar. Ïîá óáíá  ðïú÷ïîéô,  ÷  ðòåäõóíïôòåîîïå
äìñ üôïçï ÷òåíñ.

uucp ðïääåòöé÷áåôóñ îá ä÷õè õòï÷îñè:
  1. Ðïìøúï÷áôåìøóëéê. Üôï ëïíáîäù uucp - ðïóôáîï÷ëá æáêìá
÷ ïþåòåäø îá õäáìåîîõà ðåòåóùìëõ, é uux - ðïóôáîï÷ëá
÷ ïþåòåäø îá ðåòåóùìëõ õäáìåîîïê ëïíáîäù.

 2.  Óéóôåíîùê.  Ðåòéïäéþåóëé,  á÷ôïíáôéþåóëé úáðõóëáåôóñ äåíïî
uucico - (UUCP Copy in Copy out). Ïî óïú÷áîé÷áåôóñ ó õäáìåîîùíé
íáûéîáíé  ðï  ôåìåæïîõ.  Îá  õäáìåîîïê íáûéîå ôáëöå úáðõóëáåôóñ
"÷óôòåþîùê" äåíïî uucico. Îáû äåíïî "ðòïôáìëé÷áåô" îá õäáìåîîõà
íáûéîõ  ÷óå æáêìù, ëïôïòùå ë üôïíõ ÷òåíåîé îáëïðéìéóø ÷ ïþåòåäé
îá ïôðòá÷ëõ ôõäá. Ðïóìå üôïçï  ïî  "ðòéîéíáåô"  æáêìù,  ëïôïòùå
ðòéçïôï÷éìá  äìñ  îáó  õäáìåîîáñ  íáûéîá (éè ë îáí ðòïôáìëé÷áåô
"÷óôòåþîùê" äåíïî uucico, á îáû ðòéîéíáåô). Ðïóìå  üôïçï  óåáîó
uucico  úáëáîþé÷áåôóñ.  Á  ðïìøúï÷áôåìé ïâîáòõöé÷áàô, þôï õ îéè
÷ïúîéëìé îï÷ùå æáêìù.

   Ðòåäðïìáçáåôóñ, þôï óéóôåíîùå áäíéîéóôòáôïòù îá îáûåê  é  îá
õäáìåîîïê  íáûéîå îå úáâùìé ðòá÷éìøîï ïðéóáôø é ðòïëïîæéçõòéòï-
÷áôø óéóôåíõ UUCP.

        &dDËïîæéçõòáãéñ îáûåê íáûéîù ëáë UUCP ëìéåîôá.&d@

Ðïóìå üôïçï îáûá íáûéîá óíïöåô ú÷ïîéôø îá  õäáìåîîùå  íáûéîù  é
ðïóùìáôø/úáâéòáôø ïôôõäá æáêìù. Äìñ üôïçï íù äïìöîù úáäáôø:

1. Îáûå óïâóô÷åîîïå UUCP éíñ.
2. Éíñ(éíåîá) õäáìåîîïê(ùè) UUCP óéóôåíù.
3. Ôåìåæïîîùê îïíåò(á), ðï ëïôïòïíõ îõöîï ôõäá ú÷ïîéôø.
4. Login é ðáòïìø, ëïôïòùå ÷ùäåìåîù ôáí äìñ îáûåçï uucp-account'á.
5. Ðïòô, ë ëïôïòïíõ ðïäëìàþåî îáû íïäåí.
6. Îáâïòýéë - ïðéóáîéå "AT" ëïíáîä äìñ õðòá÷ìåîéñ îáûéí íïäåíïí.

Üôé äáîîùå úáäáàôóñ ÷ îåóëïìøëéè ëïîæéçõòáãéïîîùè æáêìáè, ëïôï-
òùå äïìöîù ìåöáôø ÷ ëáôáìïçå /etc/uucp/ (éìé   /usr/lib/uucp/ ,
éìé    /usr/lib/uucp/taylor_config  )  (éìé   ÷   ëáëïí  îéâõäø
äòõçïí, óí. man uucp äìñ âïìåå ôïþîïê éîæïòíáãéé). Üôï æáêìù:

Config          #   úáäáåô éíñ îáûåê íáûéîù (é íîïçïå äòõçïå) ;
Systems         #   ïðéóù÷áåô õäáìåîîùå uucp-óéóôåíù: éíñ,  îï-
                #   íåò ôåìåæïîá, uucp-logname, uucp-passwd ;
Devices         #   ðïòôù, ë ëïôïòùí ðïäëìàþåîù íïäåíù.
Dialers         #   ïðéóù÷áåô  íïäåíù-îáâïòýéëé (óéóôåíõ AT-ëï-
                #   íáîä).
(Á ÷ Linux ïîé îáúù÷áàôóñ: config, sys, port, dial)

Éôáë, ðòåäóôá÷éí  ëìáóóéþåóëéê óìõþáê. Õ ÷áó ïäéî Hayes-óï÷íåó-
ôéíùê  íïäåí  V32/V42bis   îá   14400  baud  (GVC,  ZyXEL,  US-
Robotics...), ðïäëìàþåîîùê ë ðïóìåäï÷áôåìøîïíõ ðïòôõ /dev/modem
(åóìé õ ÷áó  ðïòô îáúù÷áåôóñ /dev/contty03, ÷áí îéëôï îå íåûáåô
óäåìáôø óéí÷ïìéþåóëéê  ìéîë  ln  -s /dev/contty03 /dev/modem îå
ôáë ìé ?). Éíñ ÷áûåçï õúìá fedfuru.

×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ.  Îá âïìøûéîóô÷å Unix-ï÷ ÷ùäåìåîù òáúäåìøîùå óðåãéáìø-
îùå æáêìù äìñ ïäîïçï é ôïçï-öå ðïòôá: ôåòíéîáìøîáñ  ìéîéñ  (äìñ
ðïäëìàþåîéñ  ôåòíéîáìá  éìé  íïäåíá, ÎÁ ëïôïòùê âõäõô ú÷ïîéôø -
éóðïìøúõåôóñ äìñ getty éìé ttymon), é ìéîéñ ó íïäåíîùí õðòá÷ìå-
îéåí,  îá  ÷ùèïä  -  îáðòéíåò, þôïâ ú÷ïîéôø ÎÁÒÕÖÕ íïäåíïí. Üôé
óðåãéáìøîùå æáêìù é îáúù÷áàôóñ ðï òáúîïíõ, îáðòéíåò:

SunOS:   /dev/ttyy01   IN, /dev/ttyz01  OUT
Linux:   /dev/ttyS1    IN, /dev/cua1    OUT
ISC:     /dev/ttyFD01  IN, /dev/ttyFM01 OUT
SVR4/88: /dev/contty00 IN, /dev/??????? OUT

###óìåäõàýéê áâúáã îáðéóáî "íåìëéí ûòéæôïí"(íïöîï îå þéôáôø)###
Îá óáíïí äåìå ÷óå îå óï÷óåí ôáë. Ãéôéòõà Linux-Serial-HOWTO:
> There has been some discussion  on  the  merits of /dev/mouse
> and /dev/modem. I strongly discourage the use of these links.
> In particular,  if you are planning  on using your  modem for
> dialin you will run into problems because the lock files will
> not work correctly if  you  use /dev/modem. Also, Taylor UUCP
  does not support symlinks either. Ïäîáëï uugetty ðïú÷ïìñåô
  ëïòòåëôîï ïôòáâáôù÷áôø üôõ óéôõáãéà. Óí. ðáòáíåôò ALTLOCK ÷
  /etc/defaults/getty æáêìå.
################_ëïîåã_"íåìëïçï ûòéæôá"_#######################

  ×áí  îáäï ðïäëìàþéôøóñ ë ä÷õí uucp-õúìáí:
1: Õúåì Òåìëïí, éíñ õúìá kiae, ôåìåæïîù:  9469984,  9469994. ×ù
   úáòåçéóôòéòï÷áîù ôáí ðïä éíåîåí/ðáòïìåí uufedurp/ABCd8
2: ×áûå  íïóëï÷óëïå  ïôäåìåîéå,  éíñ õúìá fedfond, ôåìåæïî 095-
   125-7623.  ×ù  úáòåçéóôòéòï÷áîù   ôáí   ðïä   éíåîåí/ðáòïìåí
   uufedurp/KLmn10

× ëáôáìïçå /etc/uucp òåäáëôéòõåí æáêìù Systems, Devices, Dialers

Systems: ------- Õäáìåîîùå íáûéîù -----------------------------
kiae Any modem1 19200 946-9984 "" \n\r\d\r\d\r ogin:-BREAK-ogin:
                                   uufedurp ssword: ABCd8
fedfond Any modem1 19200 8w095-125-7623 "" \n\r ogin:-BREAK-ogin:
                                   uufedurp ssword: KLmn10

Devices: --------------- Ïðéóáîéå ðïòôï÷ ----------------------
modem1 contty03 - 19200 gvc1440

Dialers: --------------- Ëïíáîäù íïäåíï÷ ----------------------
gvc1440 =,-, "" \M\dATZ\r\c OK\r \EATDP\T\r\c CONNECT \m\c

---------------- Üôï ÷óå --------------------------------------

###óìåäõàýéê áâúáã îáðéóáî "íåìëéí ûòéæôïí"(íïöîï îå þéôáôø)###
Á äáìøûå éäåô ïðéóáîéå Taylor-uucp. Ðòïâìåíá ÷ ôïí, þôï ÷ óôáî-
äáòôîïê ðïóôá÷ëå SVR4/88 _îåô_ Taylor-uucp, á  åóôø ôïìøëï ô.î.
HoneyDanBer-uucp,  ïî  öå  BNU  (Basic  Networking  Utilities).
Taylor îï÷åå é çéâþå, ë ôïíõ öå ðïääåòöé÷áåô ä÷á æïòíáôá ëïîæé-
çõòáãéïîîùè æáêìï÷  -  ôòáäéãéïîîùê  (Config, Systems, Devices,
Dialers, ...)  é ó÷ïê (config, sys, port, dial, ...). Åóôø ëïî-
÷åòôåò ôõäá-ïâòáôîï.  ×  Linuxå  Taylor-uucp óëïíðéìéòï÷áî ôáë,
þôïâù      óîáþáìá       éóëáôø      Taylor-ëïîæéçõòáãéà      ÷
/usr/lib/uucp/taylor_config/,  åóìé  ôáí îéþåçï  îåô  -  éóëáôø
HDB-ëïîæéçõòáãéà  ÷   /usr/lib/uucp/hdb_config/.  IMHO  çìá÷îùê
éú®ñî HDB - îå÷ïúíïöîïóôø õëáúù÷áôø áìøôåòîáôé÷îùå îïíåòá ôåìå-
æïîï÷.
################_ëïîåã_"íåìëïçï ûòéæôá"_#######################

###óìåäõàýéê áâúáã îáðéóáî "íåìëéí ûòéæôïí"(íïöîï îå þéôáôø)###
Åóìé ÷ù éóðïìøúõåôå îå õóôáòå÷ûéê BNU-uucp, á Taylor-uucp 1.05:
× ëáôáìïçå /usr/lib/uucp/taylor_config óïúäáåí æáêìù config,
sys, port, dial óìåäõàýåçï óïäåòöáîéñ:
/* Ðòéíåþáîéå: ÷ äéóôòéâõôé÷áè RedHat Linux ëïîæéçõòáãéïîîùå æáêìù
uucp äïìöîù ìåöáôø ÷ /etc/uucp/ */

config: -------------------------------------------------------
hostname     fedfuru        #  Îáûå óïâóô÷åîîïå éíñ

sys: ------- Õäáìåîîùå íáûéîù ---------------------------------
system kiae          # Õúåì Òåìëïí ############################
myname   fedfuru
time Any
port  modem1         # Éíñ ïðéóáîéñ ðïòôá ÷ æáêìå port
speed 38400
chat  ogin:-BREAK-ogin: uufedurp ssword: ABCd8
phone 946-9984
alternate            # ×ôïòïê ôåìåæïîîùê îïíåò.
phone  946-9994

system fedfond       # Íïóëï÷óëïå ïôäåìåîéå ##################
time Any
myname   fedfuru
port  modem1         # Éíñ ïðéóáîéñ ðïòôá ÷ æáêìå port
speed 38400
chat  ogin:-BREAK-ogin: uufedurp ssword: KLmn10
phone 8=095-125-7623

port: --------------- Ïðéóáîéå ðïòôï÷ ------------------------
port    modem1       # Ïâïúîáþåîéå ðïòôá  éú æáêìá   sys
type    modem
device  /dev/modem
speed   38400
dialer  gvc1440      # Éíñ îáâïòýéëá-íïäåíá ÷ æáêìå  dial

dial: --------------- Ëïíáîäù íïäåíï÷ ------------------------
dialer     gvc1440   # Ïâïúîáþåîéå îáâïòýéëá éú æáêìá  port

# Óôòïëá éîéãéáìéúáãéé íïäåíá.
# ×íåóôï \T âõäåô ðïäóôá÷ìåî ôåìåæïîîùê îïíåò
chat       "" ATZ OK ATH0E0Q0 OK ATDP\T CONNECT
# ATZ - úáçòõúéôø profile 0
# ATH0 - ðï÷åóéôø ôòõâëõ
# ATE0 - no echo
# ATQ0 - ÷ù÷ïäéôø ëïä ÷ïú÷òáôá

chat-fail  BUSY                # ×ïóðòéîéíáôø ëáë ïûéâëõ îáâïòá
chat-fail  ERROR
chat-fail  NO\sCARRIER
chat-fail  NO\sDIALTONE
---------------------------------------------------------------
################_ëïîåã_"íåìëïçï ûòéæôá"_#######################

×óå.  Ëìéåîôóëáñ  þáóôø  UUCP  óëïîæéçõòéòï÷áîá.  Ôåðåòø, þôïâù
"ðòïôïìëîõôø"   ðïóìáîîùå   æáêìù,   äïóôáôïþîï    ðåòéïäéþåóëé
÷ùðïìîñôø ëïíáîäù:

uucico -s kiae
uucico -s fedfond

Á åýå ìõþûå, äïâá÷éôø üôé ëïíáîäù ÷ crontab, þôïâù ïîé ÷ùðïìîñ-
ìéóø á÷ôïíáôéþåóëé, ðï îåóëïìøëï òáú ÷ óõôëé.

        &dDËïîæéçõòéòï÷áîéå UUCP ó éóðïìøúï÷áîéåí sysadm&d@.

×óå ÷ùûåðåòåþéóìåîîùå îáóôòïêëé íïöîï óäåìáôø, éóðïìøúõñ õôéìé-
ôõ   óéóôåíîïçï   áäíéîéóôòáôïòá  sysadm.  Îáäï  ÷ïêôé  ÷  íåîà
network_services / basic_network

        &dDËïîæéçõòéòï÷áîéå óåò÷åòîïê þáóôé UUCP.&d@

Éôáë, íù õöå íïöåí ú÷ïîéôø îá þõöéå íáûéîù, é ðåòåóùìáôø îá îéè
æáêìù. Ôåðåòø îõöîï óäåìáôø, þôïâù þõöéå íáûéîù (ëìéåîôù) íïçìé
ú÷ïîéôø îáí. Äìñ üôïçï îõöîï:

1: Éíåôø  ïðéóáîéå ú÷ïîñýåê îáí uucp-óéóôåíù ÷ æáêìå Systems  -
   äìñ ëìéåîôá ôáëïå öå, ëáë é äìñ óåò÷åòá.
2: Ðòï÷åòéôø ðòá÷á äïóôõðá äìñ ëìéåîôá ÷ æáêìå Permitions
2: Úá÷åóôé äìñ îåçï óðåãéáìøîùê uucp-login
3: Õâåäéôøóñ, þôï íïäåí óôïéô ÷ "Auto-answer" òåöéíå, é îá ðïòô
   /dev/modem  úáðõýåîá ðòïçòáííá getty (éìé ttymon), ðïú÷ïìñà-
   ýáñ ìïçéîéôøóñ ðï ôåìåæïîõ îá ðïòô /dev/modem

1.  Ïðéóáîéå  äïâá÷ìñåôóñ  ÷  æáêì  Systems,  (îïíåò ôåìåæïîá é
    îáú÷áîéå   ðïòôá   îå   ïâñúáôåìøîù),  åóìé  íù  óáíé    îå
    óïâéòáåíóñ ôõäá ú÷ïîéôø, îï ñ âù ðïóï÷åôï÷áì éè ÷ðéóáôø, äìñ
    åäéîïïâòáúéñ.

2. × æáêìå /etc/passwd úá÷åóôé óôòïþëõ ÷éäá:

uupetrov:x:1002:14:UU Petrov:/var/spool/uucp:/usr/lib/uucp/uucico

   ÷ùðïìîéôø ëïíáîäù:
pwconv
passwd uupetrov

3. Ìàâïê ôåòíéîáìøîïê ðòïçòáííïê "÷ïêôé" ÷ íïäåíîùê ðïòô é  ÷ù-
   ðïìîéôø ëïíáîäù

atz0         # Úáçòõúéôø ðïìøúï÷áôåìøóëéê profile 0
ats0=1       # Òåçéóôò0=1 - óîéíáôø ôòõâëõ ðïóìå 1-çï ú÷ïîëá
at&w0        # Óïèòáîéôø ôåëõýéê setup ÷ profile 0
at&y0        # Þôïâù ðòé ÷ëìàþåîéé ðéôáîéñ úáçòõöáìóñ ðòïæáêì 0

# at&f       # úáçòõúéôø úá÷ïäóëéå õóôáîï÷ëé, åóìé ÷ù úáðõôáìéóø
             # ó ðòïæáêìáíé, íïöîï óäåìáôø íïäåíõ "reset"

×÷éäõ   ïôóõôóô÷éñ   ëïííõîéëáãéïîîùè   ðòïçòáíí   ÷  SVR4  (úá
éóëìàþåîéåí óõíáóûåäûåçï "cu"), éóðïìøúõêôå "echo".

     echo atz0   > /dev/modem
     echo ats0=0 > /dev/modem
     echo at&w0  > /dev/modem         # é ôáë äáìåå

Á åýå ìõþûå gold, ôáí åóôø òåöéí ðòñíïê ó÷ñúé ó ìàâùí ðïòôïí.

4. × æáêìå /etc/inittab éíåôø óôòïþëõ ÷éäá:

c3:234:respawn:/usr/lib/saf/ttymon -g -d /dev/modem   -l contty


        &dDÞôï çäå ìåöéô ÷ óéóôåíå UUCP.&d@

/usr/bin/uucp     - ðåòåóìáôø æáêìù ó/îá õäáìåîîõà uucp-óéóôåíõ
/usr/bin/uux      - ÷ùðïìîéôø ëïíáîäõ îá õäáìåîîïê uucp-óéóôåíå
/usr/bin/uustat   - óôáôéóôéëá ðï ÷ùðïìîåîîùí ðåòåóùìëáí

/usr/lib/uucp/uu* - óéóôåíîùå õôéìéôù UUCP

/etc/uucp/              - ëáôáìïç  ëïîæéçõòáãéïîîùè æáêìï÷ UUCP

  /usr/lib/uucp/taylor_config    - ëïîæéçõòáãéñ UUCP ÷ Linux
  /usr/lib/uucp/                 - ëïîæéçõòáãéñ UUCP ÷ äòõçéè
                                   óéóôåíáè

/var/spool/uucppublic     - ëáôáìïç ÷ ëïôïòùê íïöîï  ðåòåóùìáôø
                            æáêìù ó õäáìåîîùè íáûéî

/usr/spool/mqueue         - ïþåòåäé ïôðòá÷ìñåíïê üìåëôòïîîïê ðïþôù
   /usr/ucblib/mqueue     - éìé úäåóø üôá ïþåòåäø ?
/var/spool/uucp/"íáûéîá"  - ïþåòåäø æáêìï÷ îá ïôðòá÷ëõ îá "íáûéîõ"
/var/spool/uucp/.Log      - óôáôéóôéëá ï òáâïôå uucp

        &dDÏóôáìïóø îáóôòïéôø îáûõ üìåëôòïîîõà ðïþôõ.&d@

Åóìé õ ÷áó óáíùê ðòïóôåêûéê óìõþáê: ÷óñ ÷áûá ðïþôá ðòïèïäéô þå-
òåú ïäéî "úîáàýéê" host, ó ëïôïòùí ÷ù óïåäéîåîù ðï uucp, ôï îá-
äï ÷ æáêìå /etc/sendmail.cf éíåôø ôáëõà óôòïëõ:

. . .
# "Smart" relay host (may be null)
DSuucp-dom:kiae
. . .

×  üôïí  óìõþáå  ÷óñ  ÷áûá  ÷îåûîññ ðïþôá (ô.å. ïôðòá÷ìñåíáñ úá
ðòåäåìù ÷áûåê ìïëáìøîïê óåôé) âõäåô ðåòåðòá÷ìñôøóñ ðï  uucp  îá
uucp-õúåì  "kiae"  é  äáìøîåêûåê  åå  äïóôá÷ëïê  âõäåô ïúáâïþåî
éíåîîï kiae. Ðòåäðïìáçáåôóñ, þôï ïî õóðåûîï  óðòá÷éôóñ  ó  üôïê
úáäáþåê.

Á  åýå  þôïâù  âùìï  ïðéóáîéå  uucp-dom  (îéöå ÷ ôïí öå æáêìå).
Ëóôáôé, þôïâù ÷óåè ïëïîþáôåìøîï úáðõôáôø, sendmail.cf îá  Motoî
role ìåöéô ÷ï÷óå îå ÷ /etc/, á ÷ /usr/ucblib/.

Åóìé õ ÷áó ëáëïê-ìéâï äòõçïê óìõþáê - ôï üôï -  ôñöåìùê óìõþáê.
Äåòúáêôå, õóðåèï÷ ÷áí!

# É îáäï óäåìáôø, þôïâ óåîäíáéì îå ïôòåúáì 8-ê âéô õ ðïóùìáåíïê ðïþôù
# Åóìé sendmail8.x.x, ôï ÷ sendmail.cf:
# strip message body to 7 bits on input?
O7False


# Á åýå âù÷áåô, þôï sendmail îå úîáåô, ëáë ðòá÷éìøîï îáúù÷áåôóñ
# îáûá íáûéîá. Ôïçäá íù ðéûåí þôï-ôï ÷ ôáëïí óôéìå:

Cwlocalhost feduru.urup.ru feduru.mss.ru

        &dDÐòï÷åòëá òáâïôïóðïóïâîïóôé é ïôìáäëá ëïîæéçõòáãéé.&d@

Äìñ îáþáìá ðòï÷åòéí, ðòá÷éìøîï ìé ðïäóïåäéîåî íïäåí.
Úáðõóëáåí ðòïçòáííõ cu - üíõìñôïò ôåòíéîáìá.

   cu -l /dev/modem    # Éìé ëáë ôáí õ ÷áó üôïô ðïòô îáúù÷áåôóñ

Ðïóìå üôïçï ÷ù  ðåòåëìàþéôåóø îá òáâïôõ óï ó÷ïéí íïäåíîùí  ðïò-
ôïí.  ×óå, þôï ÷ù  âõäåôå îáâéòáôø ó ëìá÷éáôõòù, âõäåô ðåòåîáð-
òá÷ìñôøóñ ÷ ðïòô /dev/modem , ÷óå, þôï "ðòéèïäéô" ó  üôïçï ðïò-
ôá, âõäåô  òéóï÷áôøóñ  îá  ÷áûåí  ôåòíéîáìå. Ðïðòïâõêôå íïäåíïí
îáâòáôø ôåìåæïîîùê îïíåò

   atdp100

Ðòï÷åòøôå, ðòá÷éìøîï  ìé óëïîæéçõòéòï÷áî "ðïòô" íïäåíá é ïðéóá-
îéå óéóôåíù ÷ æáêìå Systems.

   cu pulsar

Ðòï÷åòøôå ðòá÷á äïóôõðá ë æáêìáí /dev/modem, /dev/contty*. Äïì-
öîï âùôø (???):

 crw-rw----   1 root     uucp       ...         /dev/contty0
 crw-rw----   1 root     uucp       ...         /dev/modem

Úáðõóôéôå uucico  ó  íáëóéíáìøîùí õòï÷îåí ÷ùäáþé ïôìáäïþîïê éî-
æïòíáãéé. Úáðõóëáôø îáäï éú ðïä ðïìøúï÷áôåìñ uucp

   /usr/lib/uucp/uucico -r1 -x9 -f -s pulsar
   /usr/lib/uucp/uucico -x all -f -s kiae

Á úáôåí ðïóíïôòéôå îá  óïäåòöáîéå  æáêìï÷ óï óôáôéóôéëïê uucp ÷
ëáôáìïçå /var/spool/uucp :

   .Admin/audit.local
   .Log/
   .Status/
   ERRLOG
   LOGFILE
   SYSLOG

Îáðòéíåò, ôáëïê ëïíáîäïê

   tail -f /var/uucp/.Admin/audit.local &
   tail -f /var/uucp/.Log/uucico/kiae

        &dDÐï òåúõìøôáôáí ðåòåðéóëé&d@.

###óìåäõàýéê áâúáã îáðéóáî "íåìëéí ûòéæôïí"(íïöîï îå þéôáôø)####
Dmitry Mayorov<di@tfoms.spb.su> Compulsory Health Insurance Fund
Phone: +7 (812) 112-3517                  St. Petersburg, Russia
> Îá÷åûáì æéìøôòï÷ îá sendmail, rmail,
> á ÷ïô üôï îåðïîñôîï. Éìé ïîé îáõþéìéóø ÷óå éú ëïé8 ÷ éóï ðåòå-
> ÷ïòáþé÷áôø îá ìåôõ ?

Îåô, ëïîåþîï,  ðïôòåâï÷áìïóø  ìåþéôø.  Äåìï óéìøîï õðòïóôéìï ôï
ïâóôïñôåìøóô÷ï, þôï  ÷îõôòé  óåôé ÷åúäå ISO. Ðåòåëïäéòï÷áôø ðï-
üôïíõ íîå îáäï ôïìøëï ôï, þôï éäåô þåòåú UUCP, ôï  âéûø îáòõöõ.
Äìñ üôïçï ðòéûìïóø:

1. Ðïðòá÷éôø sendmail.cf:

# RelCom UUCP - with ISO 8859-5 to KOI-8 translation
Muucp-koi, P=/usr/local/bin/_uux, F=mDFMhu, S=52/31, R=21, M=100000,
                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ íïê, óí. îéöå
           A=_uux - -r -a$f -gC $h!rmail ($u)

2. Óäåìáôø /usr/local/bin/_uux éú ôòåè óôòïë:
#!/bin/sh
PATH=:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:
/usr/local/bin/iso-koi | /usr/bin/uux $*

(iso-koi - ðïîñôîï ëáëïê æéìøôò)

Üôï ÷óå, îá óáíïí äåìå, ÷åóøíá çòñúîùê hack - ÷òñä ìé óôïéô åçï
÷ëìàþáôø ÷ õþåâîéë. Ïîï, ëïîåþîï,  òáâïôáåô,  îï  ÷ïô  îáäï  ðï
ëòáêîåê  íåòå åýå é ðòá÷éìøîùê ëïä ÷ïú÷òáôá ëáë-ôï ïâåóðåþéôø -
ó ðòï÷åòëïê ïûéâïë é ðòïþéíé æåîåþëáíé.

     Þôïâù ðòéîéíáåíáñ ðïþôá éú KOI ðòå÷òáýáìáóø ÷ ISO, äïóôáôïþîï:

1. Ðåòåéíåîï÷áôø rmail ÷ /usr/local/bin/__rmail;
2. Óäåìáôø ó÷ïê rmail, ôïöå éú ôòåè óôòïþåë:

#!/bin/sh
PATH=:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:
/usr/local/bin/koi-iso | /usr/local/bin/__rmail $*

×ùûåõëáúáîîõà üëúåëõãéà  îáäï ðòïéú÷ïäéôø éíåîîï îáä rmail, ðï-
ôïíõ þôï rbmail ðòï÷åòñåô ëïîôòïìøîùå óõííù.

Á ÷ïô rbmail ÷ SVR4/88 óï÷óåí îåô. Îáäï éóëáôø éóèïäîéëé, óïâé-
òáôø... Á RelCom (ðï ëòáêîåê íåòå  íïê  ðòï÷áêäåò)  éíåîîï  åçï
ðïìøúõåô. Üôï  ôòåôøñ  ðòéþéîá  (ðïóìå ïôóõôóô÷éñ Taylor-uucp é
õäïâîïçï Mail-user áçåîôa),  ðï ëïôïòïê  ñ  îå  óôáì  ðïäîéíáôø
uucp/e-mail îá Motorolå.

--
Dmitry Mayorov<di@tfoms.spb.su> Compulsory Health Insurance Fund
Phone: +7 (812) 112-3517                 St. Petersburg, Russia
        -- Ëïîåã ãéôáôù --
################_ëïîåã_"íåìëïçï ûòéæôá"_#######################
.
        &dDÓéóôåíá ðåþáôé ÷ Unix. LP spoolling&d@
          (ïðéóáîá óéóôåíá ðåþáôé ÷ System V)


     Ðåþáôáôø,  ëïîåþîï,  íïöîï é ôáë: cat file > /dev/lp. Îï ÷
íîïçïðïìøúï÷áôåìøóëïê óéóôåíå ôáëïê æïëõó  îå  ÷óåçäá  ðòïêäåô.
Ðïüôïíõ ðåþáôáåíùê æáêì óôá÷ñô ÷ ïþåòåäø îá ðåþáôø.

     Éíååí ðòéîôåò. Õ ðòéîôåòá åóôø
     ÉÍÑ_ÐÒÉÎÔÅÒÁ - ðòéäõíù÷áåôóñ áäíéîéóôòáôïòïí.
     ÐÏÒÔ_ÐÒÉÎÔÅÒÁ   -   óðåãéáìøîùê   æáêì   ÷   ëïôïòùê  îáäï
÷ùôáìëé÷áôø äáîîùå äìñ ðåþáôé.
     ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÎÁÑ_ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ  -  ðòïçòáííá,  ëïôïòáñ  ëáë  òáú é
âõäåô üôéí úáîéíáôøóñ.

     Åóìé  õ  îáó  îïòíáìøîï  óëïîæéçõòåîá  óéóôåíá  ðåþáôé, ôï
ðåþáôáôøóñ íïöîï ôáë:

    lp -d ÉÍÑ_ÐÒÉÎÔÅÒÁ  file
        éìé,  åóìé íù èïôéí îáðåþáôáôø îá "default" ðòéîôåòå
    cat file | lp

    lpstat          Ðïóíïôòåôø ÷ ëáëïí óïóôïñîéé ïþåòåäø ðåþáôé

    cancel [éäåîôéæéëáôïò_úáðòïóá ...] [ðòéîôåò ...]
                    Óòõâéôø úáðòïó îá ðåþáôø

lp  ðòïóôï óëìáäù÷áåô æáêì ÷ SPOOL ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ. ÄÅÍÏÎ ÐÅÞÁÔÉ lpshed
ïâîáòõöé÷áåô ÷îï÷ø ðïóôõðé÷ûéê æáêì, óôá÷éô åçï  ÷  ïþåòåäø  îá
ðåþáôø,   é,   ëïçäá   ïþåòåäø   äïèïäéô,   úáðõóëáåô   îáëïîåã
ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÎÕÀ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÕ, ÷èïä  ëïôïòïê  âåòåôóñ  éú  ðåþáôáåíïçï
æáêìá, á åå ÷ù÷ïä ðåòåîáðòá÷ìñåôóñ îá ÐÏÒÔ_ÐÒÉÎÔÅÒÁ.

        &dDÐïäëìàþéôø ë óéóôåíå îï÷ùê ðòéîôåò&d@

    lpadmin -p LJ_printer -i /usr/bin/lj_print  -v /dev/lpt2
            éìé
    lpadmin -p Nash_Nowyj_Printer -m standard -v /dev/contty
    enable  Nash_Nowyj_Printer
    accept  Nash_Nowyj_Printer

  accept - ðïú÷ïìñåô óôá÷éôø ÷ ïþåòåäø ðåþáôø îá üôïí ðòéîôåòå
  enable - òáúòåûáåô ðåþáôáôø óôïñýéå ÷ ïþåòåäé úáäáîéñ

        -p Éíñ_Îï÷ïçï_Ðòéîôåòá
        -v ÐÏÒÔ_ÐÒÉÎÔÅÒÁ
        -i ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÎÁÑ_ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ -  íáòûòõôîïå  éíñ ðòïçòáííù,
                                     ëïôïòáñ ðåþáôáåô
                éìé

        -m ÍÏÄÅÌØ_ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ   -  éíñ "íïäåìé"  ôáëïê  ðòïçòáííù,
                                 ìåöáýåê  ÷  ëáôáìïçå
                                 /usr/lib/lp/model

        ×íåóôå ó óéóôåíïê îáëïðìåîéñ ÷ù÷ïäá îá ðòéîôåòù ðïóôá÷-
        ìñàôóñ ïâòáúãù éîôåòæåêóîùè ðòïçòáíí. Ïîé  ðòåäóôá÷ìñàô
        óïâïê  shell-ðòïãåäõòù, ïâåóðåþé÷áàýéå ó÷ñúø íåöäõ ðìá-
        îéòï÷ýéëïí lpshed é õóôòïêóô÷áíé.  Ïâòáúãù  èòáîñôóñ  ÷
        ëáôáìïçå  /usr/lib/lp/model é äïóôõðîù lpadmin ó ïðãéåê
        -m.

        &dDÐòéíåòù&d@

lpadmin -pstar1 -cstars -estar -v/dev/xpit0
lpadmin -pstar1 -cstars -i/udd/print/inter -v/dev/xpit0
lpadmin -pstar1 -cstars -mdumb -v/dev/xpit0

lpadmin -xstar1        Ìéë÷éäéòï÷áôø ðòéîôåò star1

/usr/lib/lp/interface         Ëáôáìïç éîôåòæåêóîùè ðòïçòáíí
/usr/lib/lp/model             Ïâòáúãù éîôåòæåêóîùè ðòïçòáíí
.

        &dDÇòáæéþåóëáñ ïâïìïþëá X-Windows System&d@.

Äìñ  îáþáìá  îåíîïçï  éóôïòéé é ïâýéè íåóô. Ðòåäóôá÷éí, þôï îáí
îõöîï îáðéóáôø ðòïçòáííõ, ëïôïòáñ âõäåô òáâïôáôø ÷  çòáæéþåóëïí
òåöéíå. Îáí ðïôòåâõåôóñ: ïðòáûé÷áôø ëìá÷éáôõòõ, óîéíáôø óïâùôéñ
é ëïïòäéîáôù íùûé, òéóï÷áôø îá üëòáîå, ... Ëáë üôï äåìáìïóø  îá
MS-DOSå?  Ïþåîø  ðòïóôï.  Ðéûåí ïäîõ âïìøûõà ðòïçòáííõ, ÷ îåê -
÷óå: é ìïçéëá, é ïâòáâïôëá óïâùôéê, é óìåöåîéå úá ðåòåíåýåîéñíé
íùûé,  îõ, á ëïçäá ôòåâõåôóñ þôï-ôï îáòéóï÷áôø, íù äáåí ëïíáîäõ
îá úáðéóø ÷ ðïòôù EGA ëïîôòïììåòá, òéóõåí ðéëóåì...  Þåòåú  çïä
ðïñ÷ìñåôóñ  ëïîôòïììåò  VGA,  åýå  þåòåú  çïä  SVGA 800x600, 16
ã÷åôï÷, ÷óìåä úá îéí  UVGA  1024x768,  256  ã÷åôï÷,  úáôåí  XGA
1280x1024, 16Íâ ã÷åôï÷...

        &dDÏóîï÷îáñ éäåñ X Windows&d@.

Éíååí   ä÷å  îåúá÷éóéíùè  ðòïçòáííù.  Ïäîá  õíååô  òéóï÷áôø  îá
çòáæéþåóëïí íïîéôïòå, é ÷ïïâýå, ïâóìõöé÷áôø ÷óå üôï öåìåúï. Ïîá
îáúù÷áåôóñ  X-óåò÷åò.  ×ôïòáñ  ðòïçòáííá - îáúù÷áåí åå ëìéåîô X
Windows, òéóï÷áôø æéúéþåóëé  îå  õíååô.  Úáôï  ïîá  úîáåô,  þôï
éíåîîï  îáäï  òéóï÷áôø,  é  õíååô  ëïíáîäï÷áôø.  Ëïíáîäù  ôéðá:
"îáòéóï÷áôø ðòñíïõçïìøîéë", "ðòï÷åóôé ìéîéà",  "ïôëòùôø  ïëîï",
"÷ù÷åóôé  óéí÷ïì ÷ úáäáîîïí æïîôå", "ïðòïóéôø ëïïòäéîáôù íùûé",
é ô.ð.  ðåòåäáàôóñ X-óåò÷åòõ, á  ôïô  éè  éóðïìîñåô  -  òéóõåô.
Æïòíáô     é    óðåãéæéëáãéé    üôéè    ëïíáîä    ïðõâìéëï÷áîù,
óôáîäáòôéúï÷áîù, é ûéòïëï éú÷åóôîù. ×óå ÷íåóôå  ïîé  îáúù÷áàôóñ
"Ðòïôïëïì X Windows".

        Éôáë, ðï÷ôïòéí.

X-óåò÷åò. Ðòïçòáííá, ëïôïòáñ îáðéóáîá óðåãéáìøîï ðïä ëïîëòåôîïå
æéúéþåóëïå õóôòïêóô÷ï  (éíååôóñ  ÷ ÷éäõ - íïîéôïò, çòáæëïîôòïì-
ìåò, íùûø  é ëìá÷éáôõòá), õíååô  îá îåí òéóï÷áôø, é õíååô ðïîé-
íáôø ëïíáîäù òéóï÷áîéñ ðï ðòïôïëïìõ X Windows System.

X-ëìéåîô. Ðòéëìáäîáñ ðòïçòáííá, ïâåóðåþé÷áàýáñ çòáæéþåóëéê  éî-
ôåòæåêó ó ðïìøúï÷áôåìåí. Ëïíáîäù äìñ òéóï÷áîéñ  îá üëòáîå ðåòå-
äáåô X óåò÷åòõ ðï ðòïôïëïìõ X Windows System.

X-ôåòíéîáì. Ñýéë (íïîéôïò, çòáæëïîôòïììåò, íùûø, ëìá÷éáôõòá, îõ
é, åóôåóô÷åîîï, ðòïãåóóïò é  ïðåòáôé÷îáñ  ðáíñôø),  îá  ëïôïòïí
úáðõýåîá  ðòïçòáííá  X-óåò÷åò. X-ôåòíéîáìïí íïöåô óìõöéôø óáíáñ
ïâùëîï÷åîîáñ çòáæéþåóëáñ Unix-òáâïþáñ  óôáîãéñ,  îá  ëïôïòïê  X
óåò÷åò  ÷ùðïìîñåôóñ,  ëáë  ïäîá  éú  íîïçéè  ðòéëìáäîùè  úáäáþ.
Óðåãéáìéúéòï÷áîîùê X-terminal - ñýéë,  îá  ëïôïòïí  úáðõóëáåôóñ
ôïìøëï  X óåò÷åò, é îéþåçï ëòïíå. Íïöîï éóðïìøúï÷áôø PC ðïä MS-
DOSïí, îá ëïôïòïí úáðõýåîá DOSï÷óëáñ ðòïçòáííá,  òåáìéúõàýáñ  X
óåò÷åò.

Xlib  -  âéâìéïôåëá  C-éûîùè  æõîëãéê,  òåáìéúõàýéè  ðòïôïëïì X
Windows  System.  Ó  ðïíïýøà  üôïê  âéâìéïôåëé   íïöîï   ðéóáôø
çòáæéþåóëéå ðòïçòáííù - X-ëìéåîôù.

        Þôï íù ó üôïçï éíååí.

Íù   ðïìõþáåí   õîé÷åòóáìøîùê  GAPI  -  (Graphical  Application
Programming Interface) - óòåäóô÷ï ðòïçòáííéòï÷áîéñ  çòáæéþåóëéè
ðòéìïöåîéê.  Ðïìøúï÷áôåìøóëéå  çòáæéþåóëéå  ðòïçòáííù  ðòé üôïí
ðïìîïóôøà ïô÷ñúáîù ïô öåìåúá, ïô  ëïîëòåôîïçï  çòáæëïîôòïììåòá.
Ï öåìåúå ðõóôø âåóðïëïéôóñ X-óåò÷åò.

Ðòïôïëïì  X Windows õíååô "åúäéôø" ðï óåôé: îáðòéíåò ðï TCP/IP,
éìé ðï  DEC-net.  Ðïüôïíõ  Xóåò÷åò  íïöåô  ëòõôéôøóñ  îá  ïäîïê
íáûéîå,  á  X-ëìéåîô - îá äòõçïê. Ôï åóôø, ëáòôéîëá òéóõåôóñ îá
ïäîïê íáûéîå, á ðòïçòáííá, ëïôïòáñ åå ïâåóðåþé÷áåô  -  ëòõôéôóñ
îá äòõçïê.

X-óåò÷åò óðïóïâåî ïâóìõöé÷áôø óòáúõ íîïçï ëìéåîôï÷, ðòéþåí ÷óåè
- ïäîï÷òåíåîîï. Îá îáûåí çòáæéþåóëïí üëòáîå íïöåô âùôø  ïôëòùôï
óòáúõ  íîïçï  ïëïî  - ëáöäïå ïëîï ðïòïöäáåôóñ åçï óïâóô÷åîîùí X
ëìéåîôïí. Ëìéåîôù üôé íïçõô âùôø úáðõýåîù é îá îáûåê íáûéîå  (ë
ëïôïòïê  ðïäëìàþåîá çòáæéþåóëáñ ðïäóéóôåíá), é îá õäáìåîîùè íá-
ûéîáè, óïåäéîåîîîùè ó îáíé ðï óåôé.

        Þåçï îáí üôï óôïéô.

Ðïîñôîï þåçï. Òåóõòóï÷. X Windows ïþåîø ìàâéô òåóõòóù - ðáíñôø,
ðòïãåóóïò, äéóë.  Óðïóïâåî  ó®åóôø éè ÷ îåïçòáîéþåîîùè ëïìéþåó-
ô÷áè. Á åýå ÷åäø îáäï ðòïçòáííéòï÷áôø. (Ë óþáóôøà,  îå ÷óåí îá-
äï). Ëôï ÷éäåì, ëáë ÷ùçìñäñô ðòïçòáííù äìñ MS  Windows éìé Mac,
íïöåô ðòåäóôá÷éôø  óåâå  ÷îåûîéê  ÷éä  éóèïäîùè  ôåëóôï÷ X-ï÷ïê
ðòïçòáííù.

        &dDËáë üôï úáðõóëáåôóñ&d@.

Ðõóôø ÷  îáûåê óåôé åóôø íáûéîá  ó çòáæéþåóëïê ðïäóéóôåíïê  é X
óåò÷åòïí, é óåôå÷ïê áäòåó üôïê íáûéîù pcat107.foms.msk.ru

 îá pcat107 îõöîï ÷ùðïìîéôø ëïíáîäõ:

    xhost +    # òáúòåûéôø X-ï÷ùí ðòïçòáííáí ó ÌÀÂÏÊ íáûéîù
               # òéóï÷áôø îá üëòáîå íáûéîù pcat107

Úáðõóëáåí îá îáûåí  ëïíðøàôåòå  X-ï÷õà ðòïçòáííõ, ôáë, þôïâù åå
ïëïûëï òéóï÷áìïóø  îá  íïîéôïòå  pcat107.  Äìñ   üôïçï îá îáûåí
ëïíðøàôåòå îõöîï ÷ùðïìîéôø ëïíáîäõ:

    xterm -display pcat107:0.0 &

        &dDÂéâìéïôåëé, Motif, é ÷ïêîá ëòõçìùè é ë÷áäòáôîùè ëîïðïë&d@.

Íïöîï  ðéóáôø  X-ï÷ùå  ðòïçòáííù,  éóðïìøúõñ  âéâìéïôåëõ  Xlib.
Íîïçéå ôáë é ðéûõô, èïôñ üôï ÷åóøíá ôñöåìï - õö âïìøîï  îå÷ùóïë
õòï÷åîø  Xlib'á.  × ðïíïýø ðòïçòáííéóôáí âùìï óïúäáîï îåóëïìøëï
toolkit'ï÷ - âéâìéïôåë âïìåå ÷ùóïëïçï õòï÷îñ, ÷ ëïôïòùè  òåáìé-
úï÷áîù  òáúìéþîùå  widget'ù.  Widget  -  îåðåòå÷ïäéíùê ôåòíéî X
Windows.   Óëìååî   éú   ä÷õè   óìï÷   -   Window   é    Gadget
(ðòéóðïóïâìåîéå),  ñ÷ìñåôóñ çòáæéþåóëéí ïâ®åëôïí ó ðòé÷ñúáîîùíé
ë îåíõ ó÷ïêóô÷áíé é òåáëãéñíé îá äåêóô÷éñ ðïìøúï÷áôåìñ. Ðòéíåòù
widgetow:  "ëîïðëá",  "íåîàûëá",  "ïëïûëï  ó ôåëóôïí", "ìéîåêëá
ðòïëòõôëé",...

Éú÷åóôîù óìåäõàýéå toolkit'ù:

Xaw    -
          Anthena  Widgets.  Ïþåîø þåòîï-âåìùê,  ïþåîø ðìïóëéê,
          ÷åóøíá îåâïçáôùê. Úáôï - âåóðìáôîùê. Ðïóíïôòéôå,  ëáë
          ÷ùçìñäñô ðòïçòáííù xterm, xedit,  xman.  Ïîé óäåìáîîù
          îá Xaw.

xview  -
          Îáâïò âéâìéïôåë é ïâ®åëôï÷, éóðïìøúï÷áîîùè ÷ òåáìéúá-
          ãéé îáâïòá ðïìøúï÷áôåìøóëéè  õôéìéô Sun-ï÷óëïê ÷åòóéé
          X Windows  - "Open Windows". ×åóøíá óéíðáôéþîï. Ëòõç-
          ìùå  ëîïðëé,  "ûðòéãù-éçïìëé" (úáíåþáôåìøîáñ  ÷åýø!),
          ïþåîø  èïòïûï  ðòïäõíáîîùê éîôåòæåêó  ðïìøúï÷áôåìñ, ÷
          ôïí þéóìå  áëôé÷îï éóðïìøúõåíáñ ôòåè-ëîïðïþîáñ  íùûø.
          Éóèïäîùå ôåëóôù âéâìéïôåë xview ïôëòùôù, ðòåäïóôá÷ìñ-
          àôóñ âåóðìáôîï.  Ïäîáëï  îáâïò DeskSet - 15 ðïìøúï÷á-
          ôåìøóëéè õôéìéô ÷èïäñýéè ÷ OpenWindows, óäåìáîîùê  îá
          âéâìéïôåëå xview,  SunSoft çïôï÷ ðòåäïóôá÷éôø  ôïìøëï
          úá ðìáôõ. × âéîáòîïí  ÷éäå  - ÷åóøíá äåûå÷ï ($100). ×
          éóèïäîùè ôåëóôáè - ÷åóøíá äïòïçï ($200K)

Motif -
          Âéâìéïôåëá ðïóôá÷ìñàôóñ ïòçáîéúáãéåê OSF úá îå óï÷óåí
          íáìåîøëõà ðìáôõ. Éóèïäîùå  ôåëóôù âéâìéïôåë îåäïóôõð-
          îù, ìéâï þòåúíåòîï äïòïçé. Ëîïðëé -  ë÷áäòáôîùå, äá é
          ÷ïïâýå Motif'ï÷óëéå ðòéìïöåîéñ  äï âåúïâòáúéñ îáðïíé-
          îáàô MS  Windows (þôï, IMHO, ñ÷ìñåôóñ óåòøåúîùí ðòåó-
          ôõðìåîéåí)

× âïòøâå BSD é Unix V ðïâåäéì, ëáë éú÷åóôîï, System V, á ÷ ÷ïê-
îå ëòõçìùè é ë÷áäòáôîùè ëîïðïë ÷ùéçòáì Motif.

        &dDËïîæéçõòéòï÷áîéå X Windows&d@

× Linux éóðïìøúõåôóñ X11 ÷ òåáìéúáãéé XFree86.
Þôïâù åçï óëïîæéçõòéòï÷áôø, ÷ùðïìîéôå ëïíáîäõ
xf86config

        &dDÚáðõóë X Windows&d@.

Îá îåëïôïòùè íáûéîáè ïî óáí úáðõóëáåôóñ. Á ôáëöå  éîïçäá õäáåô-
óñ úáðõóôéôø åçï ÷òõþîõà ëïíáîäáíé: startx é/éìé openwin

        Solaris:

1. Õóôáîï÷éôå ðåòåíåîîùå ïëòõöåîéñ:

OPENWINHOME=/usr/openwin                 export OPENWINHOME
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/openwin/lib         export LD_LIBRARY_PATH
PATH=/usr/openwin/bin:$PATH              export PATH
XAPPLERESDIR=/usr/openwin/lib/app-defaults export XAPPLERESDIR

2. Úáðõóôéôå X Windows ëïíáîäïê

  openwin

        "Îïòíáìøîùå" Unix'ù:

1. Õóôáîï÷éôå ðåòåíåîîùå ïëòõöåîéñ:

PATH=/usr/bin/X11:$PATH
XAPPLERESDIR=/usr/lib/X11/app-defaults

2. Úáðõóôéôå X Windows ëïíáîäïê

   startx

        "Îåîïòíáìøîùå" Unix'ù (Unixware).

Ëïçäá òåçéóôòéòõåôå ðïìøúï÷áôåìñ, ïô÷åôøôå Yes îá ÷ïðòïó "Èïôé-
ôå  çòáæéþåóëéê  DeskTop". Ôïçäá ðïóìå login'á X Windows  âõäåô
úáðõóëáôøóñ á÷ôïíáôéþåóëé. Åóìé ÷ù ðòïúå÷áìé, é ïô÷åôéìé No, ôï
îéëáëéí ïóíùóìåîîùí óðïóïâïí  úáðõóôéôø  X Windows äìñ óåâñ ÷áí
îå õäáóôóñ.

        Îáóôòïêëé ðïìøúï÷áôåìøóëïçï ïëòõöåîéñ X Windows

Ðòé îáìéþéé  ðïìøúï÷áôåìøóëéè îáóôòïåþîùè æáêìï÷, ìåöáýéè ÷ äï-
íáûîåí ëáôáìïçå ðïìøúï÷áôåìñ, éóðïìøúõàôóñ ïîé.  Åóìé  éè  îåô,
éóðïìøúõàôóñ   óôáîäáòôîùå,   ïâýåóô÷åîîùå,  ïâùþîï  ìåöáýéå  ÷
ëáôáìïçå /usr/lib/X11 éìé /usr/openwin/lib

Ðåòóïîáìøîùå é ïâýåóô÷åîîùå ðïìøúï÷áôåìøóëéå îáóôòïêëé èòáîñôóñ
÷ æáêìáè:

  $HOME/.Xdefaults
  $HOME/.OWdefaults
  /usr/lib/X11/Xdefaults
  /usr/openwin/lib/Xdefaults
  /usr/openwin/lib/app-defaults/*

Ïëòõöåîéå (desktop)  - ô.å. ðòïçòáííù, ëïôïòùå óôáòôõàô á÷ôïíá-
ôéþåóëé ðòé úáðõóëå X Windows îáèïäéôóñ ÷ æáêìáè:

     Solaris:

  $HOME/.openwin-init
  /usr/openwin/lib/openwin-init

    "Îïòíáìøîîùå" X windows:

  $HOME/.xinitrc
  /usr/lib/X11/xinit/xinitrc

Îáóôòïêëé window-manager'a  -  ô.å.  -  ðï÷åäåîéå ïëïî, íåîàûëé
ðïìøúï÷áôåìñ, òáóëìáäëá ëïíáîä îá ëìá÷éûé íùûëé, ...

     Solaris:

  $HOME/.openwin-menu
  $HOME/.openwin-menu-*

  /usr/openwin/lib/openwin-menu
  /usr/openwin/lib/openwin-menu-*

     Linux

  $HOME/.fvwmrc
  /usr/lib/X11/fvwm/system.fvwmrc

.
        &dDÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒ VI, ÓÐÉÓÏË ËÏÍÁÎÄ&d@

        &dD &d@       &dDÒÅÖÉÍÙ&d@:
×÷ïäá == ESC ====> Ëïíáîäîùê == :Q ==> Òåäáëôïòá ed
 ^                  |     ^                |
 |----aAiIcCrRs <---+     |----- vi -------+

        &dD &d@       &dDÐÅÒÅÍÅÝÅÎÉÅ ÐÏ ÆÁÊÌÕ&d@
<óôòåìëé>,hjkl
^U/^D   ôáâõìñãéñ ÷÷åòè/÷îéú
^F/^B   óôòáîéãõ ÷îéú/÷÷åòè
^E/^Y   ðïä÷éîõôøóñ îá óôòïëõ ÷îéú/÷÷åòè
w/b/e   ÷ðåòåä/îáúáä îá óìï÷ï/÷ ëïîåã óìï÷á
W/B/E   ÷ðåòåä/îáúáä îá óìï÷ï/÷ ëïîåã ïðòïâåìåîîïçï óìï÷á
 (/)    îáúáä/÷ðåòåä îá ðòåäìïöåîéå
 {/}    îáúáä/÷ðåòåä îá áâúáã
[[/]]   îáúáä/÷ðåòåä îá æõîëãéà éìé óåëãéà
%       îáêôé ðáòîõà óëïâëõ ( éìé {
<n>G    îá óôòïëõ <n>
<n>|    ÷ ëïìïîëõ <n>
H/M/L   ÷ îáþáìï/óåòåäéîõ/ëïîåã üëòáîá
z/z./z- ôåëõýõà óôòïëõ ÷ îáþáìï/óåòåäéîõ/ëïîåã üëòáîá
^/$/0   îáþáìï/ëïîåã óôòïëé

        &dD &d@       &dDÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÔÅËÓÔÁ&d@
x       õîéþôïöéôø óéí÷ïì
X       úáâïê
J       óëìåéôø óôòïëé

        &dD &d@       &dD× ÒÅÖÉÍÙ ××ÏÄÁ&d@
a/i / A/I       ÷óôá÷ëá úá/ðåòåä _ / ëïîãïí/îáþáìïí óôòïëé
R       òåöéí úáíåîù
r       âõë÷á îá âõë÷õ
s       âõë÷á îá âõë÷ù
S
o/O     ÷óôá÷éôø óôòïëõ ðïä/îáä _
C$      Úáíåîéôø ëïîåã óôòïëé

        &dD &d@       &dDÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ&d@
^G      ï ôåëõýåí æáêìå é óôòïëå

        &dD &d@       &dDÏÔËÁÔËÁ&d@
u       ïôëáôëá (ïäîá)
^L/^R   ðåòåòéóï÷áôø

        &dD &d@       &dDÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ × ÒÅÖÉÍÅ ××ÏÄÁ&d@
ESC     ÷åòîõôøóñ ÷ ëïíáîäîùê òåöéí
Úáâïê   Úáâïê
^W      Õâòáôø óìï÷ï
^U      Õâòáôø óôòïëõ
^V      ×óôá÷éôø CRTL-óéí÷ïì[ù]

        &dD &d@       &dDÏÐÅÒÁÔÏÒÙ Ó ÐÏÚÉÃÉÏÎÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ&d@
p/P     ÷óðïíîéôø æòáçíåîô úá/ðåòåä _

<n> ["<âõë÷á_âõæåò>] <ëïíáîäá> [<m><ëïíáîäá ðïúéãéïîéòï÷áîéñ>]
  ÷åóø æòáçíåîô úáðïíéîáåôóñ!    éìé ðï÷ôïò ëïíáîäù äìñ óôòïëé
d       õîéþôïöáôø æòáçíåîô
y       úáðïíéîáôø æòáç
c       úáíåîéôø æòáçíåîô (==> ÷ òåöéí ÷÷ïäá )
</>     óä÷éîõôø ÷ìå÷ï/÷ðòá÷ï
! ëïíáîäá       ðòïðõóôéôø æòáçíåîô þåòåú æéìøôò

        &dD &d@       &dDÐÒÉÍÅÒÙ&d@
7yy     úáðïíîéôø 7 óôòïë ÷ îåéíåîï÷áîîïí âõæåòå
"aAd{   äïâá÷éôø ë âõæ a ó õäáìåîéåí ïô _ äï îáþáìá áâúáãá
!G sort ïôóïòôéòï÷áôø óôòïëé ïô ëõòóïòá é äï ëïîãá

        &dD &d@       &dD"ÍÁËÒÏËÏÍÁÎÄÙ"&d@
:map  ëìá÷éûá_éíñ_íáëòï ôåìï_íáëòïëïíáîäù  <CR>
:map! ëìá÷éûá_éíñ_íáëòï ôåìï_íáëòïëïíáîäù  <CR>  - ÷ òåöéíå ÷÷ïäá
:ab   óïëòáýåîéå        óïëòáýáåíùê_ôåëóô  <CR>  - ÷ òåöéíå ÷÷ïäá

        &dD &d@       &dDÐÏÉÓË&d@
?óôòïëá         éóëáôø ÷÷åòè
/óôòïëá         éóëáôø ÷îéú
n               ðï÷ôïòéôø ðïéóë
N               ÷åòîõôøóñ îá ðïóìåäîàà îáêäåîîõà óôòïëõ

        &dD &d@       &dDÐÏÉÓË_Ó_ÚÁÍÅÎÏÊ&d@
:s/òåç_÷ùòáö/úáíåîá/gc   - çìïâáìøîùê ó ðïäô÷åòöäåîéåí
:Q/vi                      ÷èïä / ÷ùèïä ÷ òåöéí ed
:g/óôòïëá                - ðïóôá÷éôø ÷éúõáìøîùê æéìøôò
:+5                        ä÷éöåîéå ðï æáêìõ

        &dD ÒÅÄÁËÔÏÒ_ED. ×ÈÏÄ : &d@/&dD (ÎÁÄÏÌÇÏ Q)&d@ ×ÙÈÏÄ CR / (VI)

^^      Ðåòåêôé ÷ áìøôåòîáôé÷îïå ïëîï

:[1,$] w [>>] [file]   úáðéóáôø ÷ file [ïô 1 äï $ óôòïëé]
:q[!]  úáëïîþéôø óåáîó [æïòóéòï÷áîîï]
:[15]r [file] éìé [!komanda]   ÷óôá÷éôø ðïóìå [15] óôò
:e     òåäáëôéòï÷áôø îï÷ùê æáêì
:n     òåäáëôéòï÷áôø óìåäõàýéê æáêì
:sh    ÷ùêôé ÷ Shell
:! ëïíáîäá  úáðõóôéôø îá ÷ùðïìîåîéå Shelloí

        &dD &d@       &dDÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÁ ÒÅÖÉÍÏ× VI&d@
:set nu / nonu   îõíåòï÷áôø/îåîõíåòï÷áôø óôòïëé
:set smd<CR>     ðïëáúù÷áôø ôåëõýéê òåöéí
EXINIT="ëïîæéçõòáãéïîîùå ëïíáîäù"       - ðåòåíåîîáñ ïëòõöåîéñ
.exrc                           - æáêì ó ëïíáîäáíé ëïîæéçõòáãéé
.
        &dDËáë ðïäëìàþéôø òõóóëéå æïîôù ë ëïíðøàôåòõ ó X11.&d@

1. Óïúäáåí ëáôáìïç cyrfonts. Ëïðéòõåí ôõäá   æáêìù     *.bdf

   mkdir cyrfonts
   cp *.bdf cyrfonts

2. ×  ëáôáìïçå   ó   æïîôáíé   óïúäáåí  ïçìá÷ìåîéå  æïîôï÷  äìñ
X-server'á : fonts.dir

   cd cyrfonts
   mkfontdir

3. Õëáúù÷áåí X-server'õ, þôïâ ïî âòáì æïîôù éú îáûåçï ëáôáìïçá

   xset +fp $HOME/cyfonts
   xset fp rehash

4. Ðïìøúõåíóñ òõóóëéíé æïîôáíé.

   xterm -fn koi9x15
   mailtool -fn koi6x10

   é ô.ä.

        &dDÞôïâù òõóóëéå æïîôù ÷ëìàþáìéóø é îáèïäéìéóø ðï õíïìþáîéà.&d@

5. Äï úáðõóëá X-Windows õóôáîï÷éôø ðåòåíåîîõà ïëòõöåîéñ FONTPATH

   Åóìé õ ÷áó Bourne Shell  /bin/sh éìé bash éìé ksh

FONTPATH=$HOME/cyrfonts:         export FONTPATH

   Åóìé óõäøâá õçïòáúäéìá ðïìøúï÷áôøóñ C-Shell  /bin/csh  éìé  tcsh

setenv FONTPATH $HOME/cyrfonts:

6. Éìé óëïðéòï÷áôø æïîôù ÷ äéòåëôïòéà óï óôáîäáòôîùíé æïîôáíé.

   cp *.bdf /usr/lib/X11/fonts/misc
   cd /usr/lib/X11/fonts/misc
   mkfontdir
   xset fp rehash

7. Õóôáîï÷éôø æïîô ðï õíïìþáîéà ÷ ó÷ïåí .Xdefaults  æáêìå.

   Äïâá÷éôø ÷ æáêì .Xdefaults ôáëéå óôòïþëé:

font.name:              koi9x15
icon.font.name:         koi6x10

XTerm*font:             koi6x10
XTerm*VT100*font1:	koi6x10
XTerm*VT100*font2:	koi8x13
XTerm*VT100*font3:	misc16
XTerm*VT100*font4:	misc24
XTerm*VT100*font5:	demos8x14
XTerm*VT100*font6:	demos8x16

emacs.font:	        koi9x15
emacs.default_font:	koi9x15

        &dDÅóìé õ ÷áó SunOs 4.1.1 é, óïïô÷åôóô÷åîîï, NeWS&d@

Ôïçäá ÷óñ ÷ùûåïðéóáîîáñ  ðòïãåäõòá  îå óòáâïôáåô. Õ NeWS óï÷åò-
ûåîîï óïâóô÷åîîùê æïòíáô æïîôï÷.

1. Ðòåïâòáúõåí æïîôù ÷ æïòíáô NeWS

convertfont *.bdf

2. Óïúäáåí ïçìá÷ìåîéå äìñ NeWS server'á
bldfamily

3. Ðïäëìàþáåí æïîôù ÷ ôïþîïóôé, ëáë ÷ óôáîäáòôîïí X11

xset +fp `pwd`     # Äïðïìîñåí ëáôáìïç, ðïäëìàþáåí æïîôù.
xset  fp rehash    # Þôïâ óåò÷åò ðåòåúáþéôáì ëáôáìïçé ó æïîôáíé

÷óå.

Åýå íïöîï ÷ æáêì Synonims.list ÷ïôëîõôø óôòïþëõ ó aliaóáíé.
Éîáþå æïîôù âõäõô âòáôøóñ ôïìøëï ðï éíåîé æáêìï÷.

        &dDÒåäáëôéòï÷áîéå æïîôï÷.&d@

Îåëïôïòùå ëïíðìåëôôù X-Windows éíåàô òåäáëôïò æïîôï÷. Ïî íïöåô îáúù÷áôøóñ
xfed, fontedit, xfd. Åóìé õ ÷áó ôáëï÷ïçï îåô, ðïðòïâõêôå îáêé éóèïäîéëé..

xfed font.bdf

convertfont -v font    ðïìõþáåí   font.vfp
fontedit font.vfp

úáôåí  convertfont  -b ?? font.vfp   é ðïìõþáåí font.ff

×ÓÅ. Äáìåå ðï÷ôïòéôø ðõîëô ðåò÷ùê.

        &dDÐïäëìàþåîéå òõóóëïê ëìá÷éáôõòù ÷ X-Windows&d@

Äïóôáîøôå  æáêìù  ó  òáóëìáäëïê  ëìá÷éáôõòù. (Éè íïöîï îáêôé ÷ï
íîïçé íåóôáè, ÷ þáóôîïóôé úäåóø). ×ùðïìîéôå ëïíáîäõ

   xmodmap   æáêì-ó-òáóëìáäëïê.xmm

Ðåòåëìàþáôåìø òõó/ìáô - ëìá÷éûá CapsLock
Þôïâù ïôëìàþéôø òõóóëõà ëìá÷éáôõòõ, ÷ùðïìîéôôå ëïíáîäõ

   xmodmap   default.xmm

        &dDÐïäëìàþåîéå òõóóëïê ëìá÷éáôõòù ÷ XFree86&d@
<!--
 Anthony Dragunov <Anthony.Dragunov@p111.f1.n5010.z2.fidonet.org>
-->

 XF86Config:

 Section Keyboard
 LeftAlt      Meta
 AltGr        ModeShift
 Right_Ctl    ModeLock
 ScrollLock   ScrollLock
 EndSection

×åûáåô  ðåòåëìàþáôåìø  îá  ðòá÷ùê Ctrl, ðòé üôïí åýå é ìáíðïþëá
CapsLock âõäåô úáçïòáôøóñ.


        &dDÐïäëìàþåîéå òõóóëïê ëìá÷éáôõòù ÷ OpenWindows îá SUN&d@

×ïúøíéôå   æáêì  ó  òáóëìáäëïê  äìñ  SUNá  (îáðòéíåò  õ  íåîñ),
ðïíåóôéôå ÷ ó÷ïåí äïíáûîåí  ëáôáìïçå  ðïä  éíåîåí  .keytable  é
úáðõóôéôå openwin. Ðåòåëìàþáôåìø òõó/ìáô - ëìá÷éûá ðòá÷ùê AltGraph

        &dDÇäå ÷óå ìåöéô&d@

        Óí. ëáôáìïç òõóéæéëáãéé ¡ ../CYRILLIC/

        &dDÅóìé þôï-ôï îå ðïìõþéìïóø.&d@

1. Åóìé õ ÷áó Solaris 2.3, ôï:

×ï ÷óåè "òïäîùè" (ëïôïòùå îå X11) Sun'ï÷óëéè ðòïçòáííáè òõóóëéè
âõë÷ îå âõäåô. Ëáë ôï: textedit, cmdtool, mailtool

2.  Ðïóôá÷øôå  ó÷åöéê  Solaris  2.5 éìé 2.4. Åóìé îå íïöåôå, ôï
éóðïìøúõêôå ÷íåóôï îéè emacs, xterm, xedit.

3. Éìé  òáúâéòáêôåóø  óáíïóôïñôåìøîï  ó  ôáëéíé  ðïîñôéñíé  ëáë
ctype, LC_LOCALE, LC_CTYPE, -lc_basic_locale , NLS, and so on.

èïôñ ÷óå öå íïöåôå ðïðòïâï÷áôø:

LC_LOCALE=iso_8859_1 export LC_LOCALE
LC_CTYPE=iso_8859_1  export LC_CTYPE
LANG=iso_8859_1      export LANG

        &dDÅóìé ÷óå òá÷îï þôï-ôï îå ðïìõþéìïóø.&d@

Ðéûéôå  ðéóøíá,  çïóðïäá. Îï ðåòåä üôéí ïâòáôéôåóø ë óéóôåíîïíõ
áäíéîéóôòáôïòõ.

 moshkow@ipsun.ras.ru ¡  mailto:moshkow@ipsun.ras.ru

        &dDÁ åýå ñ õíåà òõóéæéãéòï÷áôø, îï îå îáðéóáì éîóôòõëãéé:&d@

Óéóôåíîáñ ëïîóïìø Linux - ðïäëìàþåîéå òõóóëéè ûòéæôï÷ îá üëòáîå
é ðåòåëìàþáôåìñ ëìá÷éáôõòù îá ðòá÷ùê ALT.

.

        &dDÐÕÔÅ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌØ ÐÏ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÍ ÆÁÊÌÁÍ Unix&d@.

        Ëïòîå÷ïê ëáôáìïç "/"

bin     - ëáôáìïç îáéâïìåå õðïôòåâéôåìøîùè ëïíáîä ðïìøúï÷áôåìñ.
sbin    - õôéìéôù óéóôåíîïçï áäíéîéóôòáôïòá
          üôï ÷óå, þôï õ îåçï âõäåô ÷ ïäîïðïìøúï÷áôåìøóëïí òåöéíå
dev     - "õóôòïêóô÷á" - óðåãéáìøîùå æáêìù
etc     - íåóôï äìñ ëïîæéçõòáãéïîîùè æáêìï÷
tmp     - ëáôáìïç ÷òåíåîîùè æáêìï÷ - äìñ óéóôåíù é äìñ  ðïìøúï-
          ÷áôåìåê. Þéóôéôóñ ðòé ëáöäïê úáçòõúëå.
lib     - âéâìéïôåëé  é æáêìù, éóðïìøúõåíùå ëïíðéìñôïòáíé, òáú-
          äåìñåíùå âéâìéïôåëé
shlib   - òáúäåìñåíùå âéâìéïôåëé
usr     - óôòáûîï çï÷ïòéôø, îï þåçï ôáí ôïìøëï îåô
mnt     - "äåöõòîùê" ëáôáìïç, äìñ ðïäíïîôéòï÷áîéñ
          æáêìï÷ùè óéóôåí
var     - éúíåîñåíùå ëïîæéçõòáãéïîîùå é óìõöåâîùå æáêìù
home    - úäåóø öé÷õô "userù"
export  - "üëóðïòôéòõåíùå" æáêìù. × þáóôîïóôé, óïäåòöéô æáêìï÷ùå
          óéóôåíù äìñ âåúäéóëï÷ùè ëìéåîôï÷, íïîôéòõàýéè éè ðï NFS
proc    - ðóå÷äï-æáêìï÷áñ óéóôåíá ïôïâòáöáåô óïóôïñîéå úáðõýåîîùè
          ðòïãåóóï÷
stand   - òáúäåì ó úáçòõúïþîùíé æáêìáíé (unix, kdebug)
tftpboot  "úáçòõúþéëé" äìñ âåúäéóëï÷ùè ëìéåîôï÷
unix    - ñäòï ïðåòáãéïîîïê óéóôåíù. - ïâùëîï÷åîîùê ÷ùðïìîñåíùê
          æáêì. ×ïúíïöîï, þôï ìåöéô ïî îå ÷ /, é îáúù÷áåôóñ  ðï
          äòõçïíõ (îáðòéíåò vmunix, vmlinuz)
lost+found - ëáôáìïç, ëõäá ðòé òåíïîôå æáêìï÷ïê óéóôåíù óëìáäù-
          ÷áàôóñ æáêìù, "ðïôåòñ÷ûéå" ó÷ïé éíåîá.

        Ëáôáìïç /etc  -  íåóôï äìñ ëïîæéçõòáãéïîîùè æáêìï÷
        --------------------------------------------------
passwd     úäåóø ïðòåäåìåîù ÷óå ðïìøúï÷áôåìé
shadow     éè ðáòïìé (÷ úáëïäéòï÷áîîïí ÷éäå)
group      çòõððù ðïìøúï÷áôåìåê
aliases    óéîïîéíù ðïþôï÷ùè áäòåóï÷ ìïëáìøîùè ðïìøúï÷áôåìåê
ftpusers   óðéóïë ðïìøúï÷áôåìåê, îá ëïôïòùè îåìøúñ ftp-éôøóñ
shells     óðéóïë îïòíáìøîùè "shell'ï÷"

issue      æáêì,  óïäåòöéíïå  ëïôïòïçï  ÷ùäáåôóñ îá üëòáî ðåòåä
           ðòéçìáûåîéåí ë ÷èïäõ ÷ óéóôåíõ.
motd       æáêì, óïäåòöéíïå ëïôïòïçï ÷ùäáåôóñ  îá  üëòáî  ðïóìå
           ðòéçìáûåîéñ ë ÷èïäõ ÷ óéóôåíõ.

ttydefs    ðáòáíåôòù ôåòíéîáìøîùè ìéîéê

TIMEZONE   æáêì  ó  éîæïòíáãéåê ï þáóï÷ïí ðïñóå, ÷ ëïôïòïí
           îáèïäéôóñ ëïíð®àôåò

uucp       ëïîæéçõòáãéïîîùå æáêìù óéóôåíù UUCP
mail       ëïîæéçõòáãéïîîùå æáêìù óéóôåíù mailx/sendmail

vfstab     ôáâìéãá íïîôéòõåíùè æáêìï÷ùè óéóôåí
dfs/dfstab ôáâìéãá üëóðïòôéòõåíùè ÷ NFS ëáôáìïçï÷
auto_home  ëáòôù á÷ôïíáôéþåóëé íïîôéòõåíùè ëáôáìïçï÷ äìñ automount
auto_master
format.dat ðáòáíåôòù ÷óåè ÷ïúíïöîùè äéóëï÷

hosts      éíåîá é IP áäòåóá ìïëáìøîùè host'ï÷
networks   úáäáåô óéí÷ïìéþåóëéå éíåîá IP óåôåê
netmasks   net íáóëé IP óåôåê
ethers     ethernet'îùå áäòåóá âåúäéóëï÷ùè ëìéåîôï÷
hosts.equiv     óðéóïë host'ï÷, ëïôïòùí ðïú÷ïìåîï äåìáôø õ îáó rsh
defaultdomain   úáäáåô NDS äïíåî

resolv.conf     ëôï óìõöéô îáí DNS óåò÷åòïí
inetd.conf ëïîæéçõòáãéïîîùê æáêì inetd äåíïîá
services   óïïô÷åôóô÷éå îïíåòï÷ TCP ðïòôï÷ éè óéí÷ïìéþåóëéí éíåîáí
named.boot óôáòôï÷áñ ëïîæéçõòáãéñ óåò÷åòá DNS

inittab    óèåíá òáâïôù ðòïãåóóá init.

rc0.d/     ëáôáìïçé ó ëïíáîäîùíé æáêìáíé, ëïôïòùå úáðõóëá-
rc2.d/     àô  ðòé  ðåòåèïäå  îá/ó óïïô÷åôóô÷õàýåçï õòï÷îñ
rc3.d/     ÷ùðïìîåîéñ
init.d/    á üôïí ëáôáìïçå ìåöáô ëïðéé ×ÓÅÈ ôáëéè æáêìï÷ ÷íåóôå

rc0, rc2, rc3   Ëïíáîäîùå æáêìù, ëïôïòùå éè úáðõóëáàô

magic      Ôáâìéãá ó "íáçéþåóëéíé þéóìáíé". Éóðïìøúõåôóñ ëïíáî-
           äïê file äìñ ïðòåäåìåîéñ ôéðá âéîáòîïçï æáêìá.
termcap    æáêì ó ïðéóáîéñíé ôåòíéîáìï÷ ÷ æïòíáôå termcap

wtmp       Æáêì ó éîæïòíáãéåê ï óåáîóáè òáâïôù ðïìøúï÷áôåìåê  ÷
           óéóôåíå. Òåëïíåîäõåôóñ éîïçäá ïðõóôïûáôø åçï.

        Ëáôáìïç /usr

sadm            - æáêìù óéóôåíîïçï áäíéîéóôòáôïòá
adm             - îáëáðìé÷áåíáñ  éîæïòíáãéñ  ï òáâïôå óéóôåíù é
                  ðïìøúï÷áôåìåê
bin             - õôéìéôù
sbin            - õôéìéôù óéóôåíîïçï áäíéîéóôòáôïòá
ucb/bin         - õôéìéôù, èáòáëôåòîùå äìñ BSD Unix

mail            - ëáôáìïç  ðïþôï÷ïê  óìõöâù.
man             - äïëõíåîôáãéñ óéóôåíù ÷ man æïòíáôå
tmp             - ÷òåíåîîùå æáêìù. Ïþéýáåôóñ ðòé úáçòõúëå
include         - include æáêìù äìñ ëïíðéìñôïòá C

lib             - âéâìéïôåëé  -  óéóôåíîùå,   ðïìøúï÷áôåìøóëéå,
                  òáúäåìñåíùå  é  óôáôéþåóëéå,  á ôáë öå íîïçéå
                  óìõöåâîùå ëáôáìïçé îáþéîáàôóñ ïôóàäá.
 /usr/lib/acct      õôéìéôù äìñ óâïòá óôáôéóôéëé
 /usr/lib/terminfo  âáúá äáîîùè ó ïðéóáîéñíé  ôåòíéîáìï÷.
 /usr/lib/lp    ëáôáìïç óéóôåíù LP óðõìéîçá  ðåþáôé
 /usr/lib/uucp  ëáôáìïç óéóôåíù UUCP ðåòåóùìëé æáêìï÷ ðï íïäåíõ

spool           - íåóôï äìñ óìõöåâîùè ÷òåíåîîùè æáêìï÷
 /usr/spool/lp      ëáôáìïçé äìñ òáâïôù óéóôåíù óðõìéîçá ðåþáôé
 /usr/spool/cron/crontabs     ëïíáîäù, ÷ùðïìîñåíùå ðï òáóðéóáîéà
 /usr/spool/cron/atjobs       ðïóôá÷ìåîîùå îá ÷ùðïìîåîéå
 /usr/spool/uucp              óðõìéîç óéóôåíù uucp

/usr/local      - GNU-óîùê ëáôáìïç

/var            - ìïëáìøîùå óìõöåâîùå æáêìù
 /var/yp/Makefile - ëïîæéçõòáôïò NIS
 /var/named       - ëáòôù ïðéóáîéñ DNS

.
        &dDÐòéíåò ëïîæéçõòáãéïîîùè æáêìï÷ DNS äìñ standalone óåôé&d@.

Úáäáþá: óëïîæéçõòéòï÷áôø DNS-óåò÷éó ÷ ïôäåìøîïóôïñýåê ìïëáìøîïê
óåôé.

            äïíåî:           foms.msk.ru
            áäòåóá:          198.8.3.0
            áäòåóá:          198.8.2.0
            DNS óåò÷åò:      server.foms.msk.ru

Äìñ üôïçï îõöîï úáðïìîéôø æáêìù:

  /etc/named.boot
  /var/named/named.root
  /var/named/primary/local.reverse
  /var/named/primary/foms.msk.ru
  /var/named/primary/foms-hosts-spisok
  /var/named/primary/198.8.2.reverse
  /var/named/primary/198.8.3.reverse

é úáðõóëáôø ðòé îáþáìøîïê úáçòõúëå äåíïîá /sbin/in.named

Ðòéíåòîïå  óïäåòöáîéå  ëïîæéçõòáãéïîîùè  æáêìï÷ ðòé÷åäåîï îéöå.
Ðåòåäåìáêôå  éè  ðïä  ëïîëòåôîõà   ëïîæéçõòáãéà   ÷áûåê   óåôé.
Ðòéâìéúéôåìøîáñ  éäåïìïçéñ  ôáëï÷á:  óåò÷éó  DNS ðïääåòöé÷áåôóñ
äåíïîïí  named.  Named  ðòé  óôáòôå  óþéôù÷áåô  æáêì  óôáòôï÷ïê
ëïîæéçõòáãéé  /etc/named.boot  . × îåí õëáúù÷áåôóñ, ëáë úï÷åôóñ
îáû äïíåî, é ÷ ëáëéè æáêìáè ìåöáô ïðéóáîéñ éíåî  èïóôï÷  îáûåçï
äïíåîá  (ðáòáíåôò primary). Íù äïìöîù ìïëáìøîï ðïääåòöé÷áôø ôòé
ëáòôù ïðéóáîéê:

   foms.msk.ru    -  ÷óå èïóôù îáûåçï äïíåîá.
   3.8.198        - "ïâòáýåîîáñ" ëáòôá îáûåçï äïíåîá (ðòïóôï
                     ðåòå÷ïòáþé÷áåí îáûé IP-áäòåóá úáäïí îáðåòåä)
   0.0.127        -  úáþåí ôòåâõåôóñ åýå ëáòôá îáûåê "local-network"
                     éú÷åóôîï ôïìøëï òáúòáâïôþéëáí DNS, ïäîáëï
                     åå ôïöå îõöîï ïðéóáôø.

   ÷ /etc/named.boot úáðéóáîï, ÷ ëáëéè æáêìáè ìåöáô ïðéóáîéñ
    äïíåîï÷, named éè óþéôù÷áåô, é îáþéîáåô ÷åýáôø îá ÷åóø íéò.

;############## ¡ /etc/named.boot #############################
; type     domain                source host/file   backup file
;
directory /var/named
cache      .                     named.root
primary    0.0.127.in-addr.arpa  primary/local.reverse
primary    foms.msk.ru           primary/foms.msk.ru
primary    3.8.198.in-addr.arpa  primary/198.8.3.reverse
primary    2.8.198.in-addr.arpa  primary/198.8.2.reverse

; Úïîù, äìñ ëïôïòùè íù óìõöéí òåúåò÷îùí name-óåò÷åòïí
; secondary gatelink.fr          134.214.100.1 s/gatelink.fr
; secondary 214.134.in-addr.arpa 134.214.100.1 s/134.214
;############## ëïîåã æáêìá ###################################

;############## ¡ /var/named/named.root #######################
; Initial cache data for root domain servers 11-may-94
;;;;Get it from ¡ /ftp@FTP.RS.INTERNIC.NET:/domain/named.root;;
.                       99999999 IN  NS    NS.INTERNIC.NET.
NS.INTERNIC.NET.        99999999     A     198.41.0.4
.                       99999999     NS    NS1.ISI.EDU.
NS1.ISI.EDU.            99999999     A     128.9.0.107
.                       99999999     NS    KAVA.NISC.SRI.COM.
KAVA.NISC.SRI.COM.      99999999     A     192.33.33.24
.                       99999999     NS    C.NYSER.NET.
C.NYSER.NET.            99999999     A     192.33.4.12
.                       99999999     NS    TERP.UMD.EDU.
TERP.UMD.EDU.           99999999     A     128.8.10.90
.                       99999999     NS    NS.NASA.GOV.
NS.NASA.GOV.            99999999     A     128.102.16.10
                        99999999     A     192.52.195.10
.                       99999999     NS    NS.NIC.DDN.MIL.
NS.NIC.DDN.MIL.         99999999     A     192.112.36.4
.                       99999999     NS    AOS.ARL.ARMY.MIL.
AOS.ARL.ARMY.MIL.       99999999     A     128.63.4.82
                        99999999     A     192.5.25.82
.                       99999999     NS    NIC.NORDU.NET.
NIC.NORDU.NET.          99999999     A     192.36.148.17


;############## ëïîåã æáêìá ###################################

;############## ¡ /var/named/primary/local.reverse ############
; local dns file local.reverse 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa
;
@  IN   SOA  server.foms.msk.ru. moshkow.server.foms.msk.ru. (
		94061801	; Serial (yymmddxx)
		10800		; Refresh 3 hours
		3600		; Retry   1 hour
		3600000 	; Expire  1000 hours
		86400 )		; Minimum 24 hours
   IN   NS	server.foms.msk.ru.
1  IN   PTR	localhost.
;############## ëïîåã æáêìá ###################################

;############## ¡ /var/named/primary/foms.msk.ru ############
; foms.msk.ru zone hosts file for DNS-server server.foms.msk.ru
;
@  IN  SOA server.foms.msk.ru. moshkow.server.foms.msk.ru. (
		95031802	; Serial (yymmddxx)
		10800		; Refresh 3 hours
		3600		; Retry   1 hour
		3600000 	; Expire  1000 hours
		86400 )		; Minimum 24 hours

	NS	server.foms.msk.ru.
	MX      0	server.foms.msk.ru.

;	MX	20	ipsun.ac.msk.su.
;	MX	30	mailhost.kiae.su.
;	NS	ipsun.ac.msk.ru.

localhost	A	127.0.0.1

$INCLUDE /var/named/primary/foms-hosts-spisok

;; Åóìé èïôéôå  ïôðõóôéôø ó÷ïê ðïääïíåî   *.develop.foms.msk.ru
;; îá ÷ùóåìëé, óáíïóôïñôåìøîï ðïääåòöé÷áôø ó÷ïê äïíåî.
;margo.develop	IN	A	193.95.100.4
;develop	IN	NS	margo.develop.foms.msk.ru.
;############## ëïîåã æáêìá ###################################

;############## ¡ /var/named/primary/foms-hosts-spisok ########
;;;;;;;;;;;; Hosts in foms.msk.ru zone ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

; Our main server with DNS, ftp, gopher, www, mailrelay, NFS,
;
server    A     198.8.2.1         ; e1x70 ethernet
          A     198.8.3.1         ; m3760 ethernet
          A     193.124.158.33    ; sl0   slip link
          MX	0	mailrelay
          HINFO	Motorola88/110 "SVR4.1/88"
	  WKS   198.8.2.1   UDP ( time domain name )
          WKS   198.8.2.1   TCP ( echo telnet hostnames domain )
mailrelay CNAME server
ftp	  CNAME server
fedfond	  CNAME server

; Host s20
;
s20	A	198.8.2.20
        MX	0	mailrelay
        MX	20	linux
        HINFO	Besta/31 UNIX-V.3
besta	CNAME	s20

; Host pcat101
;
pcat101	A	198.8.2.101
 	MX	0	mailrelay
 	HINFO	PC486/66DX2 "MSDOS 6.2"
pc101	CNAME	pcat101
guest   CNAME	pcat101

; Host pcat106
;
pcat107	A	198.8.3.107            ; eth0
        A       193.124.158.34         ; sl0 slip link
 	MX      0       pcat107
 	MX	10      mailrelay
 	HINFO	PC486/66DX2 "Linux 1.2.1"
pc107	CNAME	pcat101
linux	CNAME	pcat101
;############## ëïîåã æáêìá ###################################

;############## ¡ /var/named/primary/198.8.2.reverse ##########
@  IN  SOA  server.foms.msk.ru. moshkow.server.foms.msk.ru. (
		94102501        ; Serial
		10800		; Refresh 3 hours
		3600		; Retry   1 hour
		3600000 	; Expire  1000 hours
		86400 )		; Minimum 24 hours
	NS	server.foms.msk.ru.

; Reverse-name   [ttl]		PTR	Real-name-dot
;
1	PTR	 server.foms.msk.ru.
20	PTR	    s20.foms.msk.ru.
101	PTR	pcat101.foms.msk.ru.
;############## ëïîåã æáêìá ###################################

;############## ¡ /var/named/primary/198.8.3.reverse ##########
@  IN  SOA  server.foms.msk.ru. moshkow.server.foms.msk.ru. (
		94102501        ; Serial
		10800		; Refresh 3 hours
		3600		; Retry   1 hour
		3600000 	; Expire  1000 hours
		86400 )		; Minimum 24 hours
	NS	server.foms.msk.ru.

; Reverse-name  [ttl]   PTR     Real-name-dot
;
1	PTR      server.foms.msk.ru.
106	PTR	pcat106.foms.msk.ru.
107	PTR	pcat107.foms.msk.ru.
;############## ëïîåã æáêìá ###################################
.
        &dDËîéöëé ðòï Unix&d@

     Òåëïíåîäõàôóñ  ìàâùå  ëîéçé  ÷  ô÷åòäïê  ïâìïöëå éíðïòôîùè
á÷ôïòï÷  ÷  ðåòå÷ïäå  îá  òõóóëéê,   ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏ   ðåòå÷ïäù   ëîéç
éúäáôåìøóô÷á  O'Raily, ÷óå ïóôáìøîùå (úá òåäþáêûéí éóëìàþåîéåí)
- îå òåëïíåîäõàôóñ.  Ô.å.,  îáðéóáîîùå  óï÷ëáíé  (éâï  õþåâîéëé
äïìöîù    ðéóáôø    ðòïæåóóéïîáìøîùå    ðòåðïäá÷áôåìé,   á   îå
ðòïæåóóéïîáìøîùå ðòïçòáííéóôù) é ÷ íñçëïê ïâìïöëå (åóôåóô÷åîîï,
îå óþéôáñ éúäáôåìøóô÷á O'Raily)

     Îá òõóóëïí åóôø:

        &dDËåòîéçáî, Ðáêë&d@

Ëåòîéçáî,   Ðáêë,  îáú÷áîéå  ðïþåíõ-ôï  ðåòå÷åìé  ëáë  "UNIX  -
õîé÷åòóáìøîáñ  óòåäá  ðòïçòáííéòï÷áîéñ".  Warning!  Ðòé  îáâïòå
òõóóëïçï éúäáîéñ îáìñðáìé ÏËÅÁÎ áþéðñôïë é áûéðïë ÷ þáóôé regex
é îå ôïìøëï.  Þéôáôø åå  imho  îáäï  ÷  ðáòáììåìø  ó  manpages,
ïôäá÷áñ ïîùí ðòéïòéôåô ÷ óôòåíîùè óéôõáãéñè.

 Îå óíïôòñ îá üôï - ïôìéþîáñ ëîéöëá. Íîå âùìï äáöå éîôåòåóîï åå
 þéôáôø.

        &dDÇïôøå&d@

Çïôøå  "Òõëï÷ïäóô÷ï  ðï  ïðåòáãéïîîïê  óéóôåíå  UNIX".  Ôïþîåå,
SysV.release-unknown. Îï ôïöå îéþåçï äìñ îáþáìá.

        &dDÂáõòî&d@

Âáõòî (îáú÷áîéå ñ úáâùì) èïòïûáñ ëîéöëá é troff ïðéóáî. Óôáòáñ,
éú óåòéé "óï óôòåìïþëáíé" éú-÷á "Íéò".

        &dDÉîíïó85&d@

Âåìñëï÷  Òáâï÷åò  Æòéäíáî  -- þôï-ôï îá ôåíõ Éîíïó85. Éîôåòåóîï
ðïþéôáôø.

  Îï óéìøîï õóôáòåìá. ÍÏÖÎÏ ÎÅ ÞÉÔÁÔØ

        &dDÍïòéó Äö. Âáè. Áòèéôåëôõòá ïðåòáãéïîîïê óéóôåíù Unix&d@

Ïþåîø  ôïìëï÷ï  é äïóôõðîï ïðéóáîù "ðïôòïèá" - éäåé é áìçïòéôíù
òåáìéúáãéé ñäòá. Ïðéóáîéå Unix éúîõôòé. Îáðéóáîá îá "ñúùëå C" ó
ëïííåîôáòéñíé.  Ëîéçá  ÷åóøíá  óôáòáñ, îï ôåí îå íåîåå ôåí, ëôï
úáèïþåô õúîáôø âïìøûå - ÞÉÔÁÔØ ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÀ.

Âáè  Íïòéó  --  òõóóëéê  ðåòå÷ïä  åçï  ëîéçé èïäéì ÷ ÷éäå 480Ëâ
áòèé÷á. ¡ ../BACH/

        &dD"Íïâéìøîáñ ïðåò. óéóôåíá"&d@

Âåìñëï÷  é  Co. "Íïâéìøîáñ ïðåò. óéóôåíá" (ïòáîöå÷áñ ëîéöåþëá ÷
íñçëïê ïâìïöëå) -- ëïíðéìñãéñ éú POSIX  óôáîäáòôï÷  ÷òåíåî  ïë.
1989ç. Íáìåîøëáñ ôáëáñ, èïòïûá ëáë óðòá÷ïþîéë.

é åýå äï÷ïìøîï íîïçï äòõçéè...

        &dD"UNIX/òõëï÷ïäóô÷ï óéóôåíîïçï áäíéîéóôòáôïòá"&d@

"UNIX/òõëï÷ïäóô÷ï óéóôåíîïçï áäíéîéóôòáôïòá", Ü÷é Îåíåô, Çáòô
Óîáêäåò, Óëïôô Óéâáó, Ôòåîô Ò.Èåîô. Ëéå÷, bhv, 1997. 830 óôò.,
50 ôò.

       Ïþåîø,  ïþåîø  äïóôïêîáñ  ëîéöëá. Ðïíïçáåô ðïþôé ïô ÷óåè
âïìåúîåê. Åäéîóô÷åîîïå, þôï ïôóõôóô÷õåô - Éîôåòîåô security,  á
×ÓÅ ïóôáìøîïå åóôø. ÏÂÑÚÁÔÅÌØÎÏ ËÕÐÉÔØ.

        &dD"Linux/÷÷åäåîéå ÷ ïðåòáãéïîîõà óéóôåíõ"&d@

Á÷ôïòá ÷ùñóîà ðïúöå. Ëéå÷, bhv, 1997. 760 óôò.

     Éúäáôåìøóô÷ï    bhv,    éú÷åóôîïå    ÷ùðïóëïí   îåóëïìøëéè
÷ùóïëïëìáóîùè ëîéç ðï Unix, îá üôïô òáú îáðåþáôáìï  ïôëòï÷åîîõà
èáìôõòõ.  Ïòéçéîáì  âùì  ÷åóøíá íïçïóìï÷åî é îåòñûìé÷ï îáðéóáî.
Ðåòå÷ïä åýå èõöå ïòéçéîáìá. ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÞÅÓËÉ ÎÅ ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÀ.

        &dD * Çäå ëõðéôø * &d@

&dDÉúäáôåìøóô÷ï BHV"&d@

Úá ðïóìåäîåå ÷òåíñ éúäáìï îåóëïìøëï ïþåîø ëáþåóô÷åîîùè  ðåòå÷ïäîùè ëîéç
ðï Unix é Internet

"BHV - Íïóë÷á" 270-2032

 1. "Äïí ôåèîéþåóëïê ëîéçé"   Ìåîéîóëéê ðò., 40           (095) 137 6019
                                                                    0633*

 2. "Âéâìéï-Çìïâõó"           õì. Íñóîéãëáñ, 6            (095) 928 8744

 3. "Íïìïäáñ Ç÷áòäéñ"         õì. Â. Ðïìñîëá, 28          (095) 238 0032
                                                                    5001*

 4. "Ãåîôò-Ôåèîéëá"           õì. Ðåôòï÷ëá, 15            (095) 924 3624

 5. ÔÄ "Íïóë÷á"               õì. Ô÷åòóëáñ, 8             (095) 229 7355

 6. "Äïí ëîéçé"               õì. Îï÷ùê Áòâáô, 8          (095) 203 8242

 7. "Äïí ðåäáçïçéþåóëïê       õì. Âïìøûáñ Äíéôòï÷ëá,      (095) 229 4392
        ëîéçé"                       7/5

 8. "Íéò"                     Ìåîéîçòáäóëéê ðò., 78       (095) 152 8282

 9. "Îï÷ùê"                   û. Üîôõúéáóôï÷, 24          (095) 362 0923

 10. "ÒéÓ"                    õì. Ëòáóîïçï íáñëá, 11      (095) 313 8345

 11. "Òéäáó"                  Îï÷ïäáîéìï÷óëáñ îáâ., 9     (095) 954 3044

 12. "Ëîïòõó"                 Íéìàôéîóëéê ðåò., 19/4      (095) 928 6269

 13. "Íéäéëó"                 Ìåîéîóëéê ðò., 29           (095) 955 4101

 14. "Äåóó"                   Òïçïöóëéê ÷áì, 15           (095) 366 9295

______________________________________________________
* - ôåìåæïîù, çäå þôï-ôï íïçõô óëáúáôø ðòï îáìéþéå ëîéç


       ÌÉÔÅË  -  íåìëïïðôï÷áñ  ôïòçï÷ìñ  ïô  "ËîïÒõóá" 911-9863
911-9742 õì.  Îéëïìï-Ñíóëáñ,  45  ðïä.2.  Éäôé  ïô  í.Ôáçáîóëáñ
ëïìøãå÷áñ,   ðï  Óáäï÷ïíõ  ëïìøãõ  ÷îéú  äï  â.Äòï÷ñîîïçï  ðåò,
úá÷åòîõôø ôõäá é äï õðïòá ÷ õì.  Îéëïìï-Ñíóëõà. Ðåòåêôé õìéãõ é
îáðòá÷ï   äï   45  äïíá(ôáí  íåèï÷ïå  áôåìøå)  ÷èïä  óï  ä÷ïòá.
Ðïìõðïä÷áì

Éîæïòíáãéà é íïöîï ðïìõþéôø
http://www.book.ru ¡ http://www.book.ru
http://www.bhv.ru  ¡ http://www.bhv.ru

.
        &dDÎåóëïìøëï õðòá÷ìñàýéè ëïíáîä Hayes-óï÷íåóôéíïçï íïäåíá&d@
        (Ëïíðéìñãééñ éú äïëõíåîôáãéé íïäåíï÷ ZyXEL 1496*, GVC-1440)

AT&F0           Factory setting
                Éìé îá ZyXEL ÷ëìàþéôø íïäåí ó îáöáôïê ëîïðëïê
                Enter éìé Data/Voice

ATZ0            Úáçòõúéôø profile 0
AT&V            Òáóðåþáôáôø setup
AT&W0           Óïèòáîéôø setup ÷ profile 0
AT&Y0           Ðòé ÷ëìàþåîéé úáçòõöáôø profile 0

ATE0            ×ùëìàþéôø üèï

atdpÔÅÌÅÆÏÎÎÙÊ ÎÏÍÅÒ       Ðõìøóï÷ùê îáâïò îïíåòá

+++             ×ùêôé   éú connect'á ÷ ëïíáîäîùê òåöéí
ATO             ×åòîõôøóñ éú ëïíáîäîïçï òåöéíá ÷ CONNECT
ATH             Ðïìïöéôø ôòõâëõ

ATA             Ðïäîñôø ôòõâëõ  é ïô÷åôéôø îá ú÷ïîïë
ATS0=2          Óîéíáôø ôòõâëõ ðïóìå 2-çï ú÷ïîëá

        &dDËïíáîäù, ëïôïòùå ïâùþîï é óáíé ðï óåâå õóôáîï÷ìåîù&d@.


AT&P1           Make / break 33/67 (Europe)

ATQ0            ×ïú÷òáýáôø ëïä ÷ïú÷òáôá
ATV1            Ëïä ÷ïú÷òáôá ôåëóôï÷ùê

        &dDËïíáîäù, ëïôïòùå ÷ïúíïöîï úáèïþåôóñ õóôáîï÷éôø&d@.

AT&L1           × òåöéí ÷ùäåìåîîùè ìéîéê
AT\N5           Úáðòåôéôø óïåäéîåîéå ÂÅÚ óöáôéñ MNP5 éìé V42bis
ATB6            Ðïóôá÷éôø óëïòïóôø 2400 é îéöå
ATL0            Óáíùê ôéèéê ú÷õë
ATM0            Speaker always off

        &dDËïíáîäù GVC-1440&d@

B_      B1 Bell mode                (*)
        B2 Autoscan mode

D_      R originate call in answer mode
        W whait for second dialtone
        , pause
        @ wait for 5 seconds silence
        ! flash
        ; return to command mode after dialing

H       1 make busy

I [0-4] info

L       2 medium speacker

M       0 internal speacker off
        1 internal speacker on until carrier
        2
        3

O       0 return to data mode
        1 return to data mode and initiate equaliser retrain

Òåçéóôòù

s0 autoanswer ring          0
s1 ring counter             0
s2 Escape code character    +
s3 CR character             13
s4 LF character             10
s5 BS character             8

S6 dial tone whait time      2 sec
S7 remote carrier whait time 45 sec
s8 comma pause time           2 sec
s9 carrier dettect responce time 6  *1/10 sec
s10 carrier loss time         14   *1/10 sec
s11 touch tone dialing speed  95   ms
s12 esc character detect time 50   1/50 sec

s14 bitmap

s16 bitmap

s18 modem test timer          0
s21 bitmap
s22 bitmap
s23 bitmap

s25 DTR delay             5 sec
s26 RTS to CTS delay interval     1   *1/100 sec
s27 bitmap
s28 bitmap
.
        &dDËïîæéçõòéòï÷áîéå óåò÷åòá HTTPD é æïòíáô ñúùëá HTML&d@

<BASE TARGET="firstframe">

<blink>×îéíáîéå</blink> Üôïô ôåëóô âõäåô óìåçëá âïìåå äïóôõðîùí
äìñ ðïîéíáîéñ,  åóìé ÷ù ðïóíïôòéôå îá îåçï ÷  éóèïäîïí  ÷éäå  -
&dD"Document source"&d@


        &dDÆáêìù ÷ ëáôáìïçáè ó äïëõíåîôáíé&d@

index.html       Åóìé ðòïóñô ÷ùäáôø ëáôáìïç, ôï ÷ùäáàô index
                 åóìé åçï îåô, ÷ùäáåôóñ ðòïóôï ïçìá÷ìåîéå ëáôáìïçá
HEADER.html      Åçï óïäåòöéíïå äïâá÷ìñåôóñ ðåòåä îáþáìïí ìéóôéîçá
README.html      Åçï óïäåòöéíïå äïâá÷ìñåôóñ ë ëïîãõ ìéóôéîçá

.htaccess        Õðòá÷ìñàýéê æáêì ó ìïëáìøîùíé îáóôòïêëáíé ôåëõýåê äéòåëôïòéé

Òáúïâòáôøóñ óôïéô ó  üôéíé  èáòáëôåòéóôéëáíé:
 Alias  - çäå ôï äïìöîá ìåöáôø òáóûéæòï÷ëá. á óåò÷åò âõäåô
                       åå ðïäóôá÷ìñôø.
×ïô ôïìøëï çäå ?


        &dDÓðåãóéí÷ïìù:&d@

Îõöîï úáäá÷áôø ôáë:

           &  -  &amp;
           "  -  &quot;
           >  -  &gt;
           <  -  &LT;
          >>  -  &gt;&gt;
          <<  -  &LT;&LT;
         (C)  -  &COPY;   éìé &#169
         (R)  -  &REG;
              -  &#151
              -  &#150
          <=  -  &LT;=
          >=  -  &GT;=
 Extra space  -  &#160;

        &dDÚáçïìï÷ëé&d@

        <title> Úáçïìï÷ïë ÷óåçï äïëõíåîôá </title>

        <h2> Úáçïìï÷ïë 2-çï õòï÷îñ </h2>

        <A HREF="Dokument.html#A1.4.1.1">Óóùìëá îá ðïäòáúäåì ÷ äïëõíåîôå</A>

        <A HREF="#2" taget=newwindow>Óóùìëá ïôëòù÷áåíáñ ÷ äòõçïí ïëîå</A>

        <A NAME = "A1.4.1.1">Ôáë üôï íåóôï äïìöîï âùôø ðïíåþåîï ÷ Äïëõíåîôå</A>

        &dDÎåîõíåòï÷áîîùê  óðéóïë           (Unnumbered list)&d@
<ul>
   <li> Ïäîá ðïúéãéñ
   <li> Äòõçáñ ðïúéãéñ
</ul>

        &dDÐòïîõíåòï÷áîîùê  óðéóïë           (Numbered list)&d@
<ol>
   <li> Ðåò÷áñ ðïúéãéñ
   <li> ×ôïòáñ ðïúéãéñ
</ol>

        &dDÅóôø ôáë öå é âïìåå "íåìëéå" óðéóëé:&d@
<menu><li>1<li>2</menu>,
<dir><li>1<li>2</dir>


        &dDÓðéóëé ó ðïäúáçïìï÷ëáíé           (Definition list)&d@
<dl [compact] >
<dt> Îáú÷áîéå ðõîëôá
           <dd> Ôåëóô, òáóðéóù÷áàýéê óïäåòöéíïå ðõîëôá
<dt> Îáú÷áîéå ðõîëôá
           <dd> Ôåëóô, òáóðéóù÷áàýéê óïäåòöéíïå äòõçïçï ðõîëôá
</dl>

<pre>
        Ðòåæïòíáôéòï÷áîîùê     æòáçíåîô ôåëóôá
</pre>
<pre width="80">
        Ðòåæïòíáôéòï÷áîîùê     æòáçíåîô ôåëóôá ÷ ûéòéîõ 80
</pre><pre>

<BLOCKQUOTE>
	Õóôáîá÷ìé÷áåô ïâýéê ïôóôõð ÷ðòá÷ï.
        ×ùîåóåîîùê ÷ðòá÷ï æòáçíåîô ôåëóôá

</BLOCKQUOTE>

        Çïòéúïîôáìøîáñ þåòôá <hr>

        Ïëïîþáîéå ðáòáçòáæá  <p>

        Öåóôëéê ëïîåã óôòïëé <br>

<nobr>
     Ôåëóô íåöäõ üôéíé ôáçáíé îå âõäåô ðåòåîïóéôøóñ
      îá îï÷õà óôïòëõ ëáëéí âù äìéîîùí ïî îå âùì
</nobr>

        &dDÆéúéþåóëéå óôéìé&d@

<b>     Bold öéòîùê ôåëóô       </b>
<i>     Itallic ëõòóé÷ ôåëóô    </i>
<u>     Underline ðïäþåòëîõôùê       </u> Òáâïôáåô ôïìøëï ÷ Netscape 3
<tt>    Typewriter ôåëóô ó æïîôïí æéëóéòï÷áîîïê ûéòéîù </tt>
<blink> Blink íéçáàýéê ôåëóô      </blink>
<strike>Strike ðåòåþåòëîõôùê ôåëóô</strike>

        &dDÌïçéþåóëéå óôéìé&d@

<DFN>  Definition. Ïðòåäåìñåíïå óìï÷ï  italic
<EM>   Emphasis.   Õäáòåîéå            italic
<CITE> Titles of books. Ãéôáôá         italic
<CODE> Programm.   Ðòïçòáííîùê ôåëóô   fixed
<KBD>  User keyboard entry.            bold fixed
<SAMP> Status message                  fixed
<VAR>  Variable.                       italic      </var>
<STRONG>  Strong emphasis.             bold        </strong>
<ADDRESS> ×ùäåìñåôóñ áäòåó             italic      </address>

        &dDÕðòá÷ìåîéå ã÷åôáíé é æïîôáíé&d@
_BODY_ ôáçé óòáâáôù÷áàô ôïìøëï åóìé òáóðïìïöåîù ÷ óáíïí îáþáìå äïëõíåîôá
<body bgcolor="#000000" text="#ffffff" link="#FFFF00" vlink="#0000ff">
         Á ôáë õóôáîá÷ìé÷áàô óïâóô÷åîîùå ã÷åôá ÷ï ÷óåí äïëõíåîôå
<BODY bgcolor="#000000" LINK="#ff0000" text="#ffddbb" vlink="#aaaaaa">
         Á ôáë äåìáìé ôòáõòîùå ëïìåòá, ëïçäá ðòïôåóôï÷áìé.

<font size=+1 color=red face="Helvetica">
Ôåëóô âÏìøûåçï òáúíåòá, é ðïëòáûåîîùê ÷ ëòáóîùê ã÷åô, ó úáäáîîùí ôéðïí æïîôá
</font>

<basefont size=3>
Äáìøûå ðïêäåô ôåëóô ó æïîôïí úáäáîîïçï òáúíåòá
</basefont>

<bgsound src=soundfile.au loop=10>  á ôáë öå background ú÷õë

        &dDÔáë ÷ùçìñäéô ïâùþîáñ óóùìëá.&d@

<A HREF="Lightweight.html">Low impact</A> <P>

        &dDÔáë ÷óôá÷ìñàô ëáòôéîëõ&d@

<img src="kartinka.xbm">
<img src="kartinka.gif" align=top align=middle> Åóìé îõöåî ôåëóô óâïëõ
                                               ïô ëáòôéîëé
<img src="kartinka.jpg" align=left hspace=10>   Ïôóôõð ôåëóôá ïô ëáòôéîëé
<img src="kartinka.gif" LOWSRC=kartinka_bw.gif ÁLT="×÷åòè" height=102 width=50
>
  ALT    - þôï îáðéóáôø, åóìé ëáòôéîëá îå þéôáåôóñ,
  LOWRES - ðåòåä òéóï÷áîéåí âïìøûïê ëáòôéîëé úáçòõúéôø üôõ - íáìåîøëõà

<BODY background="/icons/designer/bk.gif">
         Ôáë ðïäëìáäù÷áàô BACKGROUND
</BODY>

        &dDÔáâìéþëé -&d@

<table border=1 cellspacing=5 cellpadding=5 bgcolor=#00ffff>
<tr><td> tr - úáäáåô óôòïëõ Óôïìâåã</td><td>Óôïìâåã</td></tr>
</table>
<caption>×îõôòé ôáâìéãù íïöåô âùôø ôáëïê ôáç, Ðïäúáçïìï÷ïë?</caption>

<table width=300>
<tr><td> Ôáâìéþëá æéëóéòï÷áîîïê ûéòéîù,</td><td>îå úá÷éóñýáñ ïô òáúííåòï÷ ÷îõôòåîîåçï ôåëóôá</td></tr>
</table>

</pre>
<center><HR width=275 size=6 align=center>
<TABLE BORDER=6><TR>
<TD><IMG SRC="/~moshkow/moshkow_small.gif" HEIGHT=44 WIDTH=32 ></TD>
<TD><b><A HREF="/~moshkow/">Back to my home page</A></b><br>
                                  <em>moshkow@ipsun.ras.ru</em></TD>
<TD><IMG SRC="/~moshkow/moshkow_small.gif" HEIGHT=44 WIDTH=32 ></TD>
</TR></TABLE>
</center>
<pre>

        &dD×óôòïåîîáñ imagemap&d@

<A HREF="/misc/bottom.map">
<IMG SRC="/images/navigation_bar.gif" WIDTH=468 HEIGHT=32
BORDER=0 USEMAP="#navmap" ISMAP></A>
<MAP NAME="navmap">
<AREA COORDS="0,0,63,31" HREF="/index.html">
<AREA COORDS="63,0,136,31" HREF="/comprod/mirror/index.html">
<AREA COORDS="136,0,203,31" HREF="/assist/customer_service">
<AREA COORDS="203,0,267,31" HREF="/toc.html">
<AREA COORDS="267,0,329,31" HREF="/search/index.html">
<AREA COORDS="329,0,415,31" HREF="/ads/index.html">
<AREA COORDS="415,0,466,31" HREF="http://cgi.netscape.com/cgi-bin/showframes.cgi">
<AREA COORDS="0,0,467,31" HREF="/index.html">
</MAP>

        &dDÏ ðòïôïëïìå HTTP/1.*&d@

Ëìéåîô  ïôëòù÷áåô  tcp óïåäéîåîéå ó èïóôïí www.host.com îá ðïòô
(ïâùþîï 80) é çï÷ïòéô ôõäá

GET /local/url/file/name.html HTTP/1.0
Host: www.host.com
Http_referer: url_äïëõíåîôá_îá_ëïôïòïí_óôïñì_ëìéåîô
Åýå îåëïôïòïå ëïìéþåóô÷ï úáçïìï÷ëï÷,
ëïôïòùå òáóóëáúù÷áàô óåò÷åòõ, ëôï ó îéí éíååô äåìï.
×óå ïîé, ëòïíå GET îåïâñúáôåìøîù
. . .
^M^J       - ðõóôáñ óôòïëá - ëïîåã úáçïìï÷ëï÷ - ëïîåã úáðòïóá

Ïâòáôîï ÷ù÷áìé÷áåôóñ ïô÷åô óåò÷åòá:

http-ûîùå úáçïìï÷ëé
îá îåóëïìøëéè óôòïëáè
^M^J        - ðõóôáñ óôòïëá
Óïâóô÷åîîï úáðòïûåîîùê äïëõíåîô as is

&dDÕðòáöîåîéå:&d@ óëáöéôå

$ telnet www 80
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
GET /index.html HTTP/1.0

É ðïôïí ä÷á òáúá îáöíéôå îá Enter

        &dDSSI - Server Side Includes&d@

Ðïìîáñ óðåãéæéëáãéñ ìåöéô, îáðòéíåò îá www.apache.org ¡ http://www.module.vympel.msk.ru/mirror/apache/docs/mod_include.html

1. Þôïâù  SSI  ÷ùðïìîñìéóø,  îåïâèïäéíï  úáäáôø ÷ ëïîæéçõòáãéïîîùè
æáêìáè óåò÷åòá:

/etc/httpd/conf/access.conf :------------------------
<Directory /home/httpd/docs>  # "×ëìàþéôø"
Options All # Options Includes
/etc/httpd/conf/srm.conf :------------------------
AddType text/x-server-parsed-html .shtml
  éìé äáöå
AddType text/x-server-parsed-html .html

2. SSI ïôòáâáôù÷áàôóñ ôïìøëï ÷ æáêìáè ó òáóûéòåîéåí .shtml

Ðòéíåòù:

<!--#exec cmd="ls -l" -->
<!--#include virtual="bottom.html" -->


<!--#element attribute=value attribute=value ... -->

The  value  will  often be enclosed in double quotes; many comî
mands only allow a single attribute-value pair.

The allowed ELEMENTS are:

config  - ðáòáíåôòù ðáòóéîçá
    Áôòéâõôù config
     errmsg  - óïïâýåîéå ïâ ïûéâëå, ðïóùìáåíïå ëìéåîôõ
     sizefmt - æïòíáô òáúíåòá æáêìá
     timefmt - æïòíáô äáôù íïäéæéëáãéé æáêìá
     var     - îáðåþáôáôø éíñ ðåòåíåîîïê

exec    - ÷ùðïìîéôø shell éìé CGI-óëòéðô
     cgi     - (%-encoded) URL relative path to the CGI script.
     cmd     - ÷ùðïìîéôø shell

fsize   - îáðåþáôáôø òáúíåò æáêìá
     file    - ïôîïóéôåìøîïå éíñ æáêìá
     virtual -(%-encoded) URL-path relative æáêìá

flastmod - ðïóìåäîîåå ÷òåíñ íïäéæéëáãéé æáêìá

include  - ÷óôá÷éôø äïëõíåîô
     file    - ÷óôá÷ìñåíùê æáêì
     virtual - URL - ôïìøëï îá üôïí öå èïóôå

Include variables

These  are  available  for the echo command, and to any program
invoked by the document.

DATE_GMT
     The current date in Greenwich Mean Time.
DATE_LOCAL
     The current date in the local time zone.
DOCUMENT_NAME
     The filename (excluding directories) of the document requested
     by the user.
DOCUMENT_URI
     The (%-decoded) URL path of the document requested by the user.
     Note that in the case of nested
     include files, this is not then URL for the current document.
LAST_MODIFIED
     The last modification date of the document requested by the user.


If server side includes are enabled, you will see data values below:

The date is:                      <!--#echo var="DATE_LOCAL"-->
The current version of the server <!--#echo var="SERVER_SOFTWARE"-->
The CGI gateway version           <!--#echo var="GATEWAY_INTERFACE"-->
The server name                   <!--#echo var="SERVER_NAME"--><br>
This file is called:              <!--#echo var="DOCUMENT_NAME"-->
This file's URI                   <!--#echo var="DOCUMENT_URI"-->
The query string                  <!--#echo var="QUERY_STRING_UNESCAPED"-->
This file was last modified:      <!--#echo var="LAST_MODIFIED" -->
The size of the unprocessed file  <!--#fsize virtual="httpd.txt"-->
sample.html was last modified     <!--#flastmod virtual="httpd.txt"-->
You are using                     <!--#echo var="HTTP_USER_AGENT"-->
You came from                     <!--#echo var="HTTP_REFERER"-->

        &dDCGI - óðåãéæéëáãéñ éîôåòæåêóá íåöäõ óåò÷åòïí httpd&d@

é ÷îåûîéíé, ÷ùúù÷áåíùíé ðòïçòáííáíé - gateeway'ñíé.
Óáí CGI-script äïìöåî ìåöáôø ÷ /home/httpd/cgi-bin
ôïçäá åçï îáèïäñô (éìé ÷ äòõçéè ëáôáìïçáè, ïðéóáîîùè ÷ acces.conf
 Äáîîùå   ðåòåäáàôóñ   ÷  ëïíáîäîïê  óôòïëå,  þåòåú  ðåòåíåîîùå
ïëòõöåîéñ,  é   þåòåú   óôáîäáòôîùê   ÷÷ïä.   ×ïú÷òáýáàôóñ   îá
óôáîäáòôîùê ÷ù÷ïä, ÷ îáþáìå äïìöîá óôïñôø "÷ïìûåâîáñ óôòïëá"

Åóìé äïâá÷éôø ÷ ëïîîæéçõòáãéïîîùê æáêì
/etc/httpd/conf/srm.conf :------------------------
AddType application/x-httpd-cgi .cgi
 Ôï  CGI-óëòéðôù  íïöîï  âõäåô  ëìáóø ÷ ìàâïê ðïäëáôáìïç äåòå÷á
äïëõíåîôï÷ - ó òáóûéòåîéåí .cgi

        &dDÆïòíù é éîäåëóù&d@

×ïêôé ÷ æáêì, é óðïúéãéïîéòï÷áôøóñ îá óôòïëõ ó ûáâìïîïí "cl"
http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/file.html#cl

Request for a CGI script with no extra path information and no query.
http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi-bin/test-cgi

Request for a script with extra path information, and no query.
http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi-bin/test-cgi/extra/path

Request for a script with no extra path information, and an ISINDEX query.
http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi-bin/test-cgi?query

Request for a script with extra path information as well as an ISINDEX query.
http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi-bin/test-cgi/extra/path?a+query

×ùúù÷áåôóñ ïäîá é ôá öå ðòïçòáííá, îï åê ðåòåäáåôóñ 0,1,1 éìé 2 áòçõíåîôá:
extra path - "äïâá÷ïþîùê íáòûòõô", éäõýéê ÷óìåä úá éíåîåí åëúåûîéëá
query      - äìéîîáñ óôòïëá ðïóìå úîáëá "?"

îá extra path òáâïôáåô image map - éí ðåòåäáåôóñ éíñ ïðéóáôåìñ ëáòôéîëé
query ðåòåäáåôóñ úáðïìîåîîùí ISINDEX

        &dDCGI-óëòéðôõ ðåòåäáàôóñ ôáëéå ðáòáíåôòù:&d@

Ðáòáíåôòù ðåòåäáàôóñ ÷ ðåòåíåîîùè ïëòõöåîéñ.

REMOTE_ADDR=127.0.0.1
REMOTE_HOST=localhost
HTTP_REFERER=http://www.ac.msk.su:80/cgi-bin/html-KOI?KSP/bachurin.txt

REQUEST_METHOD=GET

QUERY_STRING=query
PATH_INFO=/marshrut
PATH_TRANSLATED=/home/httpd/docs/marshrut

SCRIPT_NAME=/cgi-bin/proba
HTTP_USER_AGENT=NCSA Mosaic for the X Window System/2.4  libwww/2.12 modified


Á ôåðåòø ÷ïô ëáë ïæïòíìñàôóñ æïòíù ó checkbox'áíé:

<FORM ACTION="http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi-bin/test-cgi" METHOD="POST">
<INPUT TYPE="checkbox" NAME="button" VALUE="on">     Press me. <P>
<INPUT TYPE="submit" VALUE="Submit"> <P>
</FORM>

# ISINDEX - ðáòáíåôò úáðòïóá ðåòåäáåôóñ ðòçïçòáííå CGI ÷ $1

# × æïòíå METHOD=GET - ôáí ÷ùúù÷áåôóñ ëïíáîäá ëïôïòïê ðåòåäáåôóñ
# áòçõíåîô ÷ ðåòåíåîîïê ïëòõöåîéñ QUERY_STRING
# http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi-bin/test-cgi?button1=on&button2=off

# Á ÷ïô ëáë òáâïôáåô POST, é PUT. Äïðïìîéôåìøîáñ éîæïòíáãéñ ðòïôáìëé÷áåôóñ
ëìéåîôïí îá óåò÷åò. Óåò÷åò ðïäáåô åå cgi-ðòïçòáííå îá óôáîäáòôîùê ÷÷ïä.
äìéîá ðïóùìáåíïçï æáêìá õóôáîá÷ìé÷áåôóñ ÷ ðåòåíåîîïê ïëòõöåîéñ CONTENT_LENGTH
á ôéð äáîîùè - ÷ CONTENT_TYPE

FORM ACTION="http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi-bin/test-cgi" METHOD="POST"

<FORM ACTION="/cgi-bin/proba" METHOD="GET">
<INPUT TYPE=hidden   NAME="pg" size=0  VALUE="hidden from user information">
            ^^^^^ ðïìå ðïìåúîï þôïâ èòáîéôø éîæïòíáãéà ï "óåáîóå"
<INPUT TYPE=checkbox NAME="button" VALUE="on">      Press me. <P>
<INPUT TYPE=submit                 VALUE="Submit">
<INPUT TYPE=reset                  VALUE="Clear form">
<INPUT TYPE=text     NAME=d0       VALUE=""  SIZE=12 MAXLENGTH=32>
<INPUT TYPE=password NAME=passwd>
<INPUT TYPE=image    NAME=point    SRC="map.gif">
<TEXTAREA  NAME="comments" ROWS=2 COLS=60>Ôåëóô ÷îõôòé æïòíù</TEXTAREA>

   <SELECT NAME=what MULTIPLE>
      <OPTION VALUE=web  SELECTED>the Web
      <OPTION VALUE=news >Usenet
   </SELECT>

</FORM>

        &dDÞôï íù ðïóùìáåí ëìéåîôõ ïâòáôîï:&d@

Content-type: text/html

Óïäåòöéíïå, ëïôïòïå ëéäáåôóñ óë÷ïúø îáûåçï óåò÷åòá - ëìéåîôõ

        Åóìé ñ çåîåòà îå óïäåòöéíïå, á ôïìøëï óóùìëõ, ôï:

Location: /path/doc.txt
      éìé
Location: gopher://gopher.ncsa.uiuc.edu/


        Çåîåòéí ôåëóô ÷ þéóôïí óåò÷åòîïí ÷éäå - ïî ðïåäåô
ëìéåîôõ óòáúõ, âåú äïðïìîéôåìøîïê æéìøôòáãéé:

--- start of output ---
HTTP/1.0 200 OK
Date: Tuesday, 26-Dec-95 15:17:10 GMT
Server: NCSA/1.3
MIME-version: 1.0
Content-type: text/html
Last-modified: Tuesday, 24-Dec-95 15:15:41 GMT
Content-length: 3132

This is a plaintext document generated on the fly just for you.
--- end of output ---
Ðïäóôá÷ìñêôå ôõäá óïïô÷åôóô÷õàýéå úîáþåîéñ ðåòåíåîîùè
$SERVER_PROTOCOL $SERVER_SOFTWARE


        &dDÆåîåþëé&d@
 <!-- at the beginning of EACH line commented out; Ëïííåîôáòéê -->
 Á÷ôïðïäóôáîï÷ëá URL ó timeout'ïí. Ðïäóôá÷éôø ÷ îáþáìï äïëõíåîôá:

<META HTTP-EQUIV="Refresh" CONTENT="12; URL=http://www.ras.ru/~moshkow/">

    Äáìøûå éäåô íåóôîùê HTML-äïëõíåîô - ëïôïòùê þåòåú 12 óåëõîä âõäåô
á÷ôïíáôéþåóëé úáíåîåî îá ÷ùûåõëáúáîîùê URL

<form method=POST action="mailto:rauli@megabaud.fi">
I'm entering for the first time from (city, state/country) <INPUT size=60 name="From">
<br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Click here (only the first time, please)"><p>
</form>


Content-type: text/html
Set-Cookie: cookiename=valueofcookie; expires=Saturday, 28-Feb-96 23:59:59 GMT; path=/cgi-bin/mycgiprogram
Üôá ûôõþëá âõäåô á÷ôïíáôïí ïôóùìáôøóñ ÷ îáû óåò÷åò ëìéåîôïí, ëáë ôïìøëï ïî åå ðïìõþéì

Åóìé  óëáúáôø  ôáë,  ôï  ëìéåîô ïóôáîåôóñ îá óôáòïí íåóô, é îå
âõäåô ðåòåèïäéôø ðï óóùìëå
Status: 204 No Content


        &dDÚáëòùôéå ëáôáìïçï÷ äìñ ÷îåûîéè ëìéåîôï÷&d@

Óïúäáåí ÷ ëáôáìïçå æáêì   .htaccess         ôáëïçï óïäåòöáîéñ

<Limit GET>
order allow,deny
allow from all
deny from polimos.ras.ru
</Limit>

        &dDÓí. ôáë öå&d@

Ëïîóôáîôéî Ïëòáéîåã. Õþåâîéë ðï HTML éú Äõâîù ¡ http://sundg0.jinr.dubna.su/wguide/
Æòåêíù é ðòïþéå äïðïìîåîéñ, ÷ïúîéëûéå ÷ HTML 2.0 é HTML 3 ¡ ../WEBMASTER/html20new.txt
.
        &dDÉóôïòéé éú öéúîé áäíéîéóôòáôïòá unix, éìé Çòáâìé&d@

        &dDÉóôïòéñ 1 óï óþáóôìé÷ùí ëïîãïí. Éóðïòþåîîùê /etc/passwd&d@

&dD
> Ïäéî ôï÷áòéý (îå ñ :), üôï éú Ëïíé) òåûéì  ó÷ïåíõ root'y ÷íåóôï ðïìïöåîîïçï
> /sbin/sh óäåìáôø /bin/ksh
> Äìñ þåçï ïôòåäáëôéòï÷áì /etc/passwd, îï îåõäáþîï, ïûéâóñ é îáúîáþéì
> /sbin/ksh.
> Ðòïâï÷áìé:
> $ su root -c /sbin/sh
> Îå ðïíïçìï. Ôåðåòø ïî çïòøëï ðìáþåô é èáëåòá úï÷åô.
> Íïöåûø ðïíïþø, éìé óõòï÷ïå: ðåòåõóôáîï÷é àîéè?
&d@

Üôï  íù ðòïèïäéìé. Ëìáóóéëá.  Ðåò÷ï îá ðåò÷ï "îéëïçäá, ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ,
îå íåîñê shell õ óõðåòàúåòá..." :-)

1.  Äáôø  ëïíáîäõ  df,  ðïóíïôòåôø  íéîïò/íáöïò  õ  äå÷áêóá, îá
ëïôïòùê íïîôéòõåôóñ ëïòåîø, é úáôåí ðïþéôáôø íáîõáì ðï ëïíáîäå

   mknod    # mkdev, mknode, mksf -  óïúäáôø óðåãéáìøîùê æáêì
            # éìé ëáë ôáí åýå ïîá îáúù÷áåôóñ

é úáðéóáôø îá âõíáöëå ëïíáîäõ, ëïôïòïê óïúäáåôóñ
óðåã-æáêì /dev/root (éìé ëõäá ôáí íïîôéòõåôóñ "/"

2. Úáçòõúéôøóñ ó éîóôáììñãéïîîïçï óôòéííåòá/äéóëåôù/CD.
é ôáí çäå õèïä îá install/update/system maintance ðïêôé îá
"system maintence" (üôï ÷óåçï îá÷óåçï shell root'ï÷ùê)

Ïóôáìïóø óíïîôéòï÷áôø   /dev/root îá /mnt
é òåäáëôéòï÷áôø /mnt/etc/passwd

&dDÚáóáäá No 1&d@

Óòáúõ    ðïóìå   úáçòõúëé   íéîé-óéóôåíù   óðåãéáìøîùè   æáêìï÷
óïïô÷åôóô÷õàýéè öåóôëïíõ äéóëõ îåô (!). Óäåìáôø åçï  òõþëáíé  -
ëïíáîäá mknode õöå úáðéóáîá îá âõíáöëå.

&dDÚáóáäá No 2&d@

Òåäáëôïò  vi  îå  úáðõóëáåôóñ  (Îåô  terminfo)  Îõ é þåòô ó îéí.
Ðòéäõíáåûø þôï îéâõäø.  Îáðòéíåò

echo "toor::0:0:Yet another Super-User:/:" >> /mnt/etc/passwd
                                                 ^^^^^^

ïâòáôé ÷îéíáîéå þôï >>   á îå >  (Õçáäáê ðïþåíõ :-)


á íïöîï é ôáë:
PATH=$PATH:/mnt/bin:/mnt/usr/bin export PATH
TERMINFO=/mnt/usr/lib/terminfo   # éìé çäå ïî ôáí

Ëïòïþå  -  ôù  äïíá  ðïôòåîéòõêóñ, á ðïôïí ÷ Ëïíé îáðéûé ôïþîùå
éíåîá æáêìï÷ é ëïíáîä, á  ôï  âïàóø  îåïâõþåîîùê  áäíéî  óíïöåô
ðòïíáèîõôøóñ ðáòõ òáú, á úäåóø ðòïíáèé÷áôøóñ îåìøúñ.

        &dDÉóôïòéñ 2 ðïþôé ï ôïí öå. Éóðïòþåîîùê /etc/fstab&d@

 Date: 20 Apr 1997
 From: Bernshtam Pavel (barnshte@CS.bgu.ac.il)

Õ  íåîñ  ôïöå  âùìï  - úáðïòôéì ñ /etc/fstab é óäåìáì reboot îå
úáíåôé÷ ïûéâëé - âáâáè - ðïäîéíáåôóñ (á üôï âùì  Axil  ó  SunOS
4.1) ÷ single user.

ñ äåìáà ls - Command not found - ðïîñôîï - îå úáíïõîôéì /usr

ðïóíïôòåì ñ îá äòõçïí SUN'å þôï åóôø ÷ /sbin - îáûåì mount,
ïâòáäï÷áìóñ - óäåìáì mount /usr.

Åóôø VI!

Ðïíõþáìóñ  ðïëá  õóôáîï÷éì îõöîùê set TERM ó ðïìþáóá - úáðõóôéì
VI.  ïôëòù÷áà fstab - æéçîñ óï óôòïëáíé (÷ïô ïîï - îå òáâïôáêôå
÷  PICO, õþéôå VI !!!), éóðòá÷éì, save'ìà - á root partition ôï
READ ONLY !!!

Äåìáà stop-A.

Óìá÷á âïçõ, ðïóï÷åôï÷áìé íîå, þôï ÷ boot-íïîéôïòå íïöîï óäåìáôø
b  -rw  (úáíáõîôéôø  ó  write),  ðïóìå  üôïçï  ñ  ðï÷ôïòéì  ÷óà
ðòïãåäõòõ ó mount é VI é éóðòá÷éì /etc/fstab.

á... åýå úáâùì - VI îå úáðõóëáìóñ ðïëá ñ /var îå úáíáõîôéì, ô.ë /tmp -
ìéîë îá /var/tmp , á VI âåú /tmp îå éäåô.

        &dDËïíáîäá  rm -rf ÷ SCO&d@

     ×÷éäõ  ôïçï,  þôï  ðïä  ûáâìïî  ".*" ðïäèïäéô ëáôáìïç ".."
ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅ ÄÅÌÁÊÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ rm -r .*

     (Âïìøûéîóô÷ï unix'ï÷  ðòïýáàô ðïäïâîõà ïûéâëõ, îï ÎÅ ×ÓÅ)

&dD
 From: Ðá÷åì Óå÷åòï÷

"...  òåûéì  ñ  îá  îáûåí  SCO-ûîïí óåò÷åòå ó Oraclï÷óëïê âáúïê
òáóþéóôéôø îåíîïçï ó÷ïâïäîïçï íåóôá îá äéóëå..."

  # cd /usr/tmp
  # rm -rf *

çìñöõ, á ôáí ÷óñëéê èìáí ïóôáìóñ /usr/tmp/.X11-0 îõ é ô.ð.
Á ñ ôïçäá

  # rm -rf .*   # ÏÊ!

  # du
ldd: Can not open file
  # df
ldd: Can not open file
  # ls -al
ldd: Can not open file

&d@
. . .

     Õ  üôïê  éóôïòéé  çòõóôîùê  ëïîåã.  ×ù õöå äïçáäáìéóø, þôï
/usr/tmp/.* óïäåòöéô ÷ óåâå /usr/tmp/..  Ðïóìå reboot'á íáûéîá,
îå îáêäñ ëáôáìïçá /usr õöå îå ïöéìá.
.
